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Currently, particle analysis of 2D materials in suspension is commonly restricted to microscopic techniques in the dry state, and thus does not permit an accurate investigation of colloidal suspensions. Colloids in bulk can be assessed by light scattering and diffraction to investigate features such as their hydrodynamic size, charge and concentration. However, the main drawback of such techniques lies in the application of analytical and computational methods based on models assuming particle sphericity which are not representative for 2D materials. Resonance mass measurement (RMM) is a technique which can enable the analysis of 2D materials in suspension without the assumptions of spherical models. Here, we report the application of RMM to measure particle mass and concentration for three types of graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersions. Using micro- and nano-suspended resonating sensors, we were able to decipher gravimetric differences between GO and graphitic materials. Our results support the urge for proper definitions and standardisations of graphene based materials, and offer a new method of characterisation for 2D material colloids in liquid suspension., This work was supported through a studentship offered by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in the Science and Applications of Graphene and Related Nanomaterials (GrapheneNOWNANO CDT; EP/L01548X/1) within the Nanomedicine Lab at the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH) and the National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, UK. The microscopy facilities at the FBMH EM Core Facility and the Bioimaging Facility and the Wellcome Trust were accessed in this study.

The paper presents the method of kinematic road excitation reconstruction based on measured suspension dynamic responses and its reconstruction with use of estimated displacements of unsprung mass as a preliminary approximation of kinematic excitation and tracking control system with a PID controller that allows for faithful reconstruction of unsprung mass accelerations and, in turn, kinematic excitations. The authors performed an experimental verification of the method with use of one axle car trailer and measurements of road profile and acquiring signals of suspension dynamics responses. The signal processing methodology and obtained results are presented for random and determined excitations. The necessary requirements to use the method effectively were defined and its limitations were listed.

Load spectrums for the fatigue analysis were created using suspension responses generated in a simulation of vehicle and suspension vertical dynamics nonlinear model for different conditions of vehicle use. The next stage presented was the use of finite element method and analysis of obtained stresses with its transformation to a set of cycles that are used in the determination of fatigue characteristics. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the stresses field in the vehicle structure and suspension elements was done and later the influence of suspension responses on the fatigue assessment for most loaded parts of suspension and vehicle structure. Lastly conclusions were drawn from the results describing qualitative and quantitative influence of different road class and load conditions on fatigue assessment of vehicle structure and suspension components. Conclusion on the proposed and used methodology also was drawn.

Ensuring the required vehicle service life is one of the most important and topical global engineering challenges. Automobile manufacturers and research engineers around the world are actively working to improve safety and durability testing methods of vehicles, their components and systems. This article touches upon the main issues of comparing the modes of vehicle road operation and the method of forming an adequate program for extreme testing of suspension elements. The developed method has been actively applied in FSUE “NAMI” in the field of research on durability of vehicle components and systems, in particular, of hub units, with the use of mathematical modeling tools and the test base capacities and capabilities.

The necessity of increasing the efficiency of timber trucks by improving the designs of their suspensions has been substantiated. The main disadvantages of traditional suspension structures used in modern logging trucks have been described. A promising design of a modular independent tubular torsion bar suspension for a logging truck has been proposed. The aim of the research consisted of two stages. At the first stage, a mathematical model for the functioning of the proposed torsion bar suspension has been developed. At the second stage, a computer program for a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of this suspension (when driving on an insufficiently equipped forest road) has been made. Time dependences of the angular positions of suspension arm fork and ends of the tubular torsion bars were obtained. The regularities of the influence of the movement speed, average height of irregularities, coefficient of dry friction on the relative spread of vertical loads and suspension indicators of vibration dispersions were revealed.

To study the lead dampers damping effect in the High-Rise frame-shear wall structures, a High-Rise structure is adopted as engineering background. Firstly, the dynamic performance of the structure is analyzed by SAP2000. Secondly, the energy dissipation suspension design is done in this paper. Finally, the nonlinear finite element analysis software ABAQUS is used to analyze the seismic performance of a High-Rise frame-shear wall structure with lead shear dampers under the action of the rare earthquake and compare the elastic-plastic analysis results under the action of different seismic wave. Analysis results show that the structural seismic performance has been improved significantly, A successful engineering case was provided for the application of lead shear dampers in the damping design of high-rise frame-shear wall structures.

As the span of the suspension bridge increases, the height of the main tower and the force on the tower increase. The beam profile volume and pouring weight become larger, which increases the risk of high-altitude construction of the main tower and the upper cross beam. The main bridge of Wufengshan Changjiang River Bridge of Lianzhen Railway is the first rail-cum-road suspension bridge in China. The main span reaches 1092m and the total height of the tower is 191.5m. Taking the engineering practice of the upper cross beam of the main tower of Wufengshan Changjiang River Bridge of Lianzhen Railway as an example, this paper introduces the construction difficulties of the upper cross beam of the main tower, the selection of the upper cross beam construction support, the structural characteristics of the support and the construction process. The upper cross beam is constructed asynchronously with the tower. From the bottom of the upper cross beam to the top of the lower cross beam is 121.5m. The upper cross beam was poured in six times with a total concrete volume of 1918m3. The method of small trusses with bracket and floor steel pipe support is used for construction. The finite element analysis software is used to calculate the super-high support of the upper cross beam, and the support strength, rigidity and stability meet the requirements of the specification. At present, the bridge has been partially put into use, which verifies the rationality of the design and construction of the beam support on the main tower. It has strong reference and guiding value.

Lightweight is more important in electric commercial vehicles, the static simulation analysis is first carried out on the suspension system bracket using the material of steel under three working conditions in this paper. Taking the suspension system bracket connection plate as an example, the bracket connecting plate model of the suspension system is established with thermoplastic composite materials, which is nine-layer three-dimensional model. The pre-processing, solving and post-processing procedures of the stress analysis of the part are introduced, and the stress distribution of different layers is obtained. Results show that the maximum stress of the steel bracket of the suspension system under three working conditions of triple gravity, acceleration of gravity adding steering inertia, acceleration of gravity adding braking inertia are 189.22, 92.48, and 156.9Mpa for steel, which are all less than the ultimate stress of 235Mpa. The maximum stress of each layer of the thermoplastic composite connecting plate meets the design requirements. In the case of the same ply angle, the bottom layer will bear less and less stress, the base layer will bear very little stress, and the main stress will be borne by the reinforcing material, support is provided for the application of thermoplastic composite materials on automobile chassis.

The conditions of operation of non-metallic elements of air suspension of road vehicles are analyzed. The influence of negative temperatures on non-metallic (rubber) elements of an air spring has been studied. An assessment of the possibility of using impregnating compositions for servicing the rubber elements of the air suspension of road vehicles in various temperature conditions has been carried out. It is shown that the use of impregnating compositions when servicing rubber elements of an air suspension allows minimizing cracking of the material and, consequently, increasing the durability of the suspension.

This work deals with a study on the effect of the deformations in flexiblocks (bushings) on the behavior of the vehicle axle suspension mechanisms. The mechanism in study is a representatiove one for the structural group/class of mono-mobile axle suspension systems, namely the guiding mechanism by five points - on five spheres (so called 5SS). In a previous work, it was established that the rigid joint model for this class of mechanisms does not provide results close to the real flexible bushing model, reason for which the research in this paper is directed towards the identification of a theoretical model of joint which, at a lower complexity than that of the real model, would still provide viable results, in terms of axle guidance accuracy in the spatial movement relative to car body. In this regard, static and kinematic models were developed and analyzed by using the MBS (Multi-Body Systems) software solution ADAMS.

The swing cylinder hydro-pneumatic suspension was mainly composed of balance elbow, rocker arm and oil-gas spring, which could convert the rotary motion of the balance elbow into the linear reciprocating motion of the piston. According to the mechanical transfer relationship, the suspension theoretical modelling research had been carried out, and the analytical relationship between key parameters such as suspension stiffness, leverage ratio and balance elbow swing angle were derived. The change trend of suspension characteristics with displacement was also given through programming, which provided a theoretical method for the design of actuators.

Urban subway construction is often in the lower part of the city center road, and there are many municipal pipelines and pipelines in the lower part of the road. Because it involves the life of the surrounding residents, it is difficult to move and change. In the open excavation of foundation pit, the whole suspension construction measures are often used to solve this problem. Within the excavation area of the Yingmentan Station passageway of Lanzhou Rail Transit Line 1, there is a steel pipe municipal water supply pipeline. This municipal water supply pipeline needs integral suspension protection, with a suspension span of 22.5m. The design adopts T-shaped truss beams for overall suspension. This paper uses T-shaped beam design and force analysis research. Provide reference for similar projects.

Cultivation of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is running into several problems, one of these is caused by white root fungus (Rigidoporus lignosus) which causes losses to nutmeg farmers. This fungus is known to be controlled by biological control using microorganisms such as Penicillium sp. This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of application time of Penicillium sp. crude extract against white root fungus (Rigidoporus lignosus) in nutmeg plants. The design used in this study was a non-factorial completely randomized design with the main factor being the application time of Penicilllium sp. crude extract with 4 treatments. Each treatment on 7 replicates. Control without suspension application Penicillium sp. (PK0), Application of Penicillium sp. 7 days before inoculation of Rigidoporus lignosus (PK1), Application of suspension of Penicillium sp. concurrently with Rigidoporus lignosus (PK2) inoculation, Application of suspension of Penicillium sp. 7 days after Rigidoporus lignosus (PK3) inoculation. Total are 28 experimental units. In this case, the test plants used are 11 months old nutmeg. The research parameters consisted of the incubation period, disease incidence and attack intensity. The results showed that the treatment at one-time application of the suspension of Penicillium sp. Significantly affect the intensity of attacks and the incidence of infectious disease pathogens Rigidoporus lignosus. Application time for Penicillium sp. 7 days before the suspension of Rigidoporus lignosus is the best offer in the attack of Rigidoporus lignosus disease.

Economic movements in Indonesia and the logistics and distribution systems that accompany them are highly dependent on road transportation modes. On the other hand, the islands of Sumatra and Java are the centers of concentration for the Indonesian economy where the number of people inhabiting the two islands reaches 80% of the total population of Indonesia. In order to accelerate development and increase the economic integration of Java and Sumatra, it is necessary to build the Sunda Strait Bridge. The main bridge considered incudes the long span suspension bridge. At present, the planning and construction of the long bridge including suspension bridge was greatly affected by the failure of the Taccoma Narrow Bridge on 7 November 1944. Due to the wind load, the bridge structure shook until it finally collapsed. Although the cause of the collapse was not immediately known, it is currently concluded that it was caused by a single degree of freedom torsional flutter caused by self-excited wind load. This phenomenon is classified as an aerodynamic phenomenon on long span bridges. The flutter analysis performed on the Sunda Strait Suspension Bridge using the Direct Flutter Analysis method will be presented in this paper.

Gas suspension calciner is a kind of ideal fluidization process equipment for energy economy. In order to improve the effective of gas suspension calciner, a series of effecting factors such as producer gas component, air-fuel ratio, products moisture and heat dissipation on calciner energy consumption were discussed in this paper, which is based on the research of thermal balance calculation of gas suspension calciner. The study of thermal balance calculation has significant meaning on the energy-saving and the whole refinery energy consumption.

We consider the heavy rigid body dynamics under the assumption that one of the body points (the suspension point) performs the specified high-frequency vibrations of small amplitude along an inclined straight line, and the body mass centre lies on the principal axis of inertia for the suspension point. In the framework of an approximate autonomous system of canonical equations of motion, the question of existence, number, and stability of the body relative equilibrium positions is solved. It is shown that for all such equilibria, the mass centre radius-vector lies in the vertical plane containing the vibration axis. The number of equilibria is four, six or eight depending on the vibration intensity. Sufficient and necessary conditions for their stability are found. The existence of high-frequency periodic motions of the initial non-autonomous system, which are generated by the investigated equilibria, is justified using Poincare’s method. Conclusions about stability (in linear approximation) of these periodic motions are drawn.

According to the structural characteristics of the fixed-cylinder hydro-pneumatic suspension, the force transmission and the construction of the theoretical model were discussed. The non-linear correspondence of the force between the piston and the road wheel was clarified through analytical deduction, and the formula for calculating the stiffness of the suspension was given. The influence factors of suspension leverage ratio and elastic force were simulated and analysed by programming, the conclusions drawn provided ideas for the design of zero stiffness suspension near the equilibrium position.

The self anchored suspension bridge on Jiancai North Road in Xi’an city is a typical cable structure. According to the force transmission characteristics of the cable, the main tower bearing platform is planned to adopt the construction method of laying embedded parts in the bottom layer and pouring the upper layer at one time, which is very different from the traditional layered and phased pouring of the bearing platform. In this paper, the finite element analysis software is used to carry out the fine modeling analysis of the foundation cap and its foundation temperature diffusion area, and the actual simulation of temperature and stress is carried out, and the “temperature stress asynchronous” effect caused by the bottom layer embedded parts and the upper layer pouring construction is studied; by analyzing the asynchronous difference of stress and temperature peak, the transfer law of temperature core area and the temperature field change caused by surface temperature control effect, the construction and monitoring measurement scheme is optimized.

Experiments and numerical simulations were used to study the two-layer paddle stirring system. Glass bead particles and aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution were used as the solid-liquid phases, and the variation of the critical suspension speed of impeller Njs under different parameters was analyzed by testing the parameters of liquid phase viscosity, solid phase particle size, and solid-phase mass fraction. The results showed that the main resistance (surface viscous resistance) increased with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity at particle size d=0.3 and d=0.5 mm, and this factor inhibited the solid-phase diffusion, resulting in an increasing trend of Njs with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity. At particle size d=0.8 and d=1mm, the main resistance (gravity) is not related to the liquid phase viscosity, and the intensity of turbulent pulsation in the kettle is enhanced with the increase of liquid phase viscosity, which is favorable to the solid phase diffusion, and Njs decreases with the increase of liquid phase viscosity. The increase in solid-phase volume fraction increases Njs.

This paper studies the radial suspension force mathematical model of a single-winding bearingless permanent magnet brushless DC motor, which provides a theoretical basis for the precise control of a single-winding motor. First, the physical structure of the single-winding BL-BLDC motor and the principle of radial suspension force generation are introduced. Then, the equivalent magnetic circuit method is used to establish the electromagnetic relationship inside the motor and the virtual displacement method is used to derive and calculate the mathematical model of the radial suspension force. The radial suspension force of the motor is composed of the force generated by the suspension force winding and the unbalanced magnetic pull force generated by the motor rotor deviating from the center position. Finally, the finite element analysis software is used to model and simulate the single-winding motor to analyze the change of the suspension force amplitude under different currents and the influence of different eccentric displacements on the unbalanced magnetic tension of the motor. The results show that the error between the simulation results obtained by the FEA and the theoretical calculation results of the mathematical model is small, which verifies the correctness of the radial suspension force mathematical model of the single-winding BL-BLDC motor.

The article considers the influence of prescription factors (ground chamot, superplasticizer C-3) on the change of the effective viscosity of mechanically activated cement-containing suspensions used in the technology of lightweight concrete mixtures. The synergistic effect of reducing the viscosity of cement-containing suspensions during their activation in high-speed mixers of turbulent type in the presence of C-3 was revealed. Optimized modes of mechanical activation of suspensions that provide the maximum reduction of their effective viscosity.

In this paper, the performance of porcelain and toughened glass suspension insulators artificially polluted with desert contamination is investigated experimentally. The withstand flashover voltage (FOV), and equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) of desert contaminated insulators have been studied and reported. Artificial pollution testing was carried out, and desert contaminations were prepared in advance for four solutions (NaCl, CaSO4, KCl, and CaO) of different concentration levels to investigate the influence of desert contamination on the insulators of transmission lines. The flashover analyses are completed on 11 kV insulators with artificial pollution coatings. The contaminations materials are (a) Desert Salt Pollution-Dry pollution (b) Natural Fog Condition. Results have proven that flashover voltage decreased with the increase in the dry dessert pollution level at constant pressure and temperature condition. However, the study has also revealed that in the case of natural fog conditions, the flashover voltage of porcelain and toughened glass disc insulator became much lower than the dry test. From the results, it can be detected that engineers can predict and plan for the maintenance schedule of the poor performance of the insulators under different effluence environmental conditions. The study tested the effect of AC voltage flashover on the suspension insulators. However, the DC voltage is suggested to be used and results to be compared with the current study.

The kinematic constraint equations of elements of a spherical ball bearing suspension, separator and balls are considered. Based on the equation of motion of the separator and the balls, the angular coordinates of the separator and the trajectory of the centers of mass of the balls relative to the bearing surfaces are determined. Analytical expressions for determining the parameters of the separator and the balls motion are obtained for different ratios between the velocities of rotation of the rotor mounted on the outer ring and the inner ring of the suspension.

In this article the flow of an electrically charged gas suspension in a channel is numerically simulated. It is assumed that the solid component of the gas suspension has a polydisperse composition. Solid component fractions may differ in particle size and density. For the velocity components of the mixture components on the channel surfaces, the Dirichlet boundary conditions were specified, thereby taking into account the wall viscosity. The dynamics of the carrier medium was described by the system of equations of a viscous compressible heat-conducting gas motion. Potentials of different signs are applied to the lateral surfaces of the channel. It was found that due to the action of an electric field, positively charged particles are deposited onto the channel wall with a negative potential. The article studies the effect of particle parameters on the deposition rate of fractions of an electrically charged solid component of the mixture.

This paper put forward the solution of the wheel side deceleration electric drive system of double trailing arm suspension, through the combination of the trailing arm suspension and the electric drive system of wheel side deceleration. And the geometric mathematical model of the double trailing arm suspension based on the four-bar mechanism was established. MATLAB executable file and the program interface was compiled, which quickly located the motor center layout position under the given conditions. When the wheel jumps, the center distance between the motor and the wheel remains unchanged. According to the reasonable parameters of the trailing arm structure provided by MATLAB, CATIA three-dimensional modeling was carried out, and ADAMS was imported for kinematics simulation, which verified the feasibility of the design scheme of the double trailing arm suspension and the MATLAB program.

Suspension-type structures are of excellent seismic performance. It is expected to realize a better anti-seismic effect by integrating the elastic constraints that can absorb the seismic energy with the suspension-type structures. A structure consisting of vertical suspension and lateral elastic support was designed according to seismic damage characteristics for engineering structures, and some hypotheses were made to its stress conditions, which were properly simplified. Next, a basic mechanical model was established, followed by the structural dynamics analysis, so as to obtain the design value of elastic rigidity needed to ensure the minimum vibration amplitude. In the end, the seismic response characteristics and optimal aseismic design of the entire structure were acquired through an equivalent analogy. This study can be taken for reference in the new-type aseismic structural design based on the abovementioned model.

The suspension is one of the most important parts of a motorcycle. The main function of a suspension is to connect the frame with the wheels. During its operation different forces and torques affect this unit. It is important to analyse the behaviour of the suspension during its use. The subject of the article is to present the design and application possibilities of a device suitable for testing the rear suspension of motorcycles. With this equipment it is possible to analyse the rear suspension of motorcycles. During its operation, the test bench moves an artificial obstacle under the wheel. As a result, the equipment simulates the motorcycle’s passing through uneven road surfaces. This way we can analyse a rear suspension of a motorcycle or a suspension fixed to a test frame.

The differences between two types of monorail vehicles are compared, and the configuration of suspension-type monorail vehicle is introduced. The vertical and lateral displacements of carbody under two running conditions are derived from the corresponding directional motions, which is the basis on calculating the vehicle gauge for suspension-type monorail vehicles. A program is written to calculate the displacement and then the results are transformed into vehicle gauges. The validity of the derivation formulas is verified.

Acne vulgaris associated with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) remains one of the most common skin diseases, while lacking of effective and non-resistant treatments. Graphene inclusing graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been triggering abundant attentions due to their astonishing performances in multi research areas. Here, the GO and rGO suspensions with different concentrations and sizes against P. acnes were investigated. The higher the concentration while the smaller the size distribution led to the better the antibacterial performance. And the loss of viability of P. acnes can surprisely achieve 72% under a 100 μg 10 000 mesh rGO existed which was induced by physical puncture and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the physiological activities of P. acnes will reduce the GO to rGO which further accelerate its death. This study will provide a rapid, effective and non-resistant method for the treatment of acne.

In order to solve problems of the low utilization ratio of the material of main cable and wind instability of suspension bridges with super-long-span steel main cables, ANSYS is used in this paper to establish models of a spatial cable suspension bridge and a parallel cable suspension bridge respectively. The dynamic mode, static wind stability and flutter stability of the models are compared by the software. The results show that the spatial suspension bridge has tensional vibration appearing much later, a higher frequency of the cable system, and a higher critical wind speed and a higher critical wind speed for the flutter, compared with the parallel cable suspension bridge. Therefore, the spatial suspension bridge has better wind stability.

This paper addresses the problem of dynamics of vehicle height adjustment for automobile with Double-wishbone electronically-controlled air suspension (ECAS) under considering the effects of suspension geometry and kinematics. The model of vehicle height adjustment consists of air spring model and suspension dynamics model. The air spring model was derived by thermodynamic theory for variable-mass gas charge/discharge system. The suspension dynamics model was formulated by kinematics analysis and dynamics modeling of double-wishbone suspension. Then, the influence of suspension geometry and kinematics on the model of vehicle height adjustment was quantitatively analyzed through simulation. Finally, Simulink-Adams co-simulation results show the accuracy of the model.

In this paper, a new model of univalent hyperboloid space cable system suspension bridge is proposed, and a comparative test model of 15 m space suspension bridge and parallel suspension bridge is made. Vertical load test, horizontal load test, partial load test and moving load test were carried out. The results show that compared with the parallel and space cable suspension bridge, the vertical stiffness of the suspension bridge increases slightly, the lateral stiffness is greatly improved and the torsional rigidity is tremendously improved. The space suspension bridge has good wind resisting stability.

The paper presents the results of direct numerical simulations of the process of oil displacement by nanosuspension with SiO2 particles from two-dimensional micromodels of a porous medium with different values of permeability. In the calculations, the experimentally measured values of the interfacial tension coefficient and the contact angle of wetting were used. The calculations were performed for pure water and a suspension of silicon oxide nanoparticles with a mass concentration of 1%. The computational study was performed using the VOF method. The influence of the displacement fluid flow rate, nanoparticle concentration and core permeability on the efficiency of oil displacement by nanosuspension was studied. As a result of the work, it was shown that the use of nanosuspensions makes it possible to increase the oil recovery factor. It is shown that with an increase in the mass concentration of particles, the value of the oil recovery factor increases.

The effect of the nonuniform concentration of one of the fractions of a two-fraction gas-suspension on the parameters of a shock wave moving from pure gas to a gas-suspension is numerically studied. The motion of a direct shock wave in a two-fraction gas suspension was simulated. The finely dispersed fraction of the gas-suspension had a uniform initial mass content, while larger particles had a nonuniform initial mass content along the y coordinate. It was revealed that in the case of a uniform concentration of all fractions, the shock wave in the channel propagates at a lower speed. It was also found that a nonuniform concentration of the larger particles fraction along the y coordinate affects the spatial distribution of the gas velocity.

A suspension bridge is a long span bridge that has the advantage of the possibility of not having a pillar in the middle and using cables as the primary load bearer. Due to its long spans, the analysis of the bridge should be treated very carefully, especially under an earthquake. The earthquake that occurs will cause ground movement to affect the performance of the bridge structure. Furthermore, various soil conditions will also cause the existence of the bridge structure to experience differences. In this study, a super long-span suspension bridge is analyzed under different soil conditions. It is assumed that each support of the bridge is on the same ground condition and has a uniform ground movement. The bridge is then analyzed relating to the response of the bridge structure due to a uniform earthquake in the form of internal forces and displacement both in terms of static and dynamic analysis. Results show that soft soil induces a more massive internal forces response structure compared to hard soil.

Based on a one-dimensional Smoluchowski equation we have developed the theory of concentration nonlinearity of a suspension of transparent microspheres under the action of a gradient force in an interference laser field. The numerical solution of a system of recurrence equations resulting from the Smoluchowski equation after expansion of the microsphere concentration in the harmonic series has allowed us to determine the dependence of the concentration nonlinearity settling time on the intensity of the incident radiation. In the diffusion limit, we have derived the expression for the optical Kerr coefficient, which is found to be for an aqueous suspension of latex microspheres with a radius of and a concentration of . Diffraction of a probe wave on a light-induced concentration grating is considered as a method for studying a nonlinear concentration response of an artificial highly efficient nonlinear medium for laser radiation of long pulse duration.

Biologically-inspired pumping systems are of great interest in modern engineering since they achieve enhanced efficiency and circumvent the need for moving parts and maintenance. Industrial applications also often feature two-phase flows. In this article, motivated by these applications, the pumping of an electrically-conducting particle-fluid suspension due to metachronal wave propulsion of beating cilia in a two-dimensional channel with heat and mass transfer under a transverse magnetic field is investigated theoretically. The governing equations for mass and momentum conservation for fluid- and particle-phases are formulated by ignoring the inertial forces and invoking the long wavelength approximation. The Jeffrey viscoelastic model is employed to simulate non-Newtonian characteristics. The normalised resulting differential equations are solved analytically. Symbolic software is employed to evaluate the results and simulate the influence of different parameters on flow characteristics. Results are visualised graphically with carefully selected and viable data. With increasing wave number (beta) fluid velocity is accelerated in the core region whereas it is decelerated near the channel wall, for the Newtonian case. With increasing eccentricity of cilia elliptic path (alpha), a similar response is computed as for the wave number. The size of the bolus is enhanced (and quantity of boluses is reduced) with increasing eccentricity of the cilia elliptic path (alpha) and Hartmann (magnetic) number (M) whereas bolus size is decreased (and quantity of boluses is increased) with increasing wave number (beta) and particle volume fraction (C). It is also noted that increasing Schmidt number (S-c) and Soret number (S-r) diminish the concentration magnitudes. Furthermore, Brinkman number (which represents viscous heating effects) significantly boosts the temperature magnitudes. The current analysis provides a useful benchmark for more general computational simulations.

In Russia, dumps of diamond-bearing deposits are characterized by a high content of secondary modified non-magnetic kimberlite minerals of fine size classes (-0.05 mm), the presence of which negatively affects their processing by methods of dense media separation. In the present work, the possibility of determining the concentration of ferrosilicon in a continuous process of dense medium separation by measuring the magnetic properties of a suspension was investigated As a result of experimental studies, the dependences of volumetric concentration of ferrosilicon on the magnetic moment of various grades were obtained, which made it possible to measure the concentration of ferrosilicon in a continuous process of dense media separation by measuring the magnetic properties of the suspension.

The need of M. macrocopa as a natural food can be fulfilled the quality and feed used optimally to support population growth. Protein is a nutrient that directly influences the fecundity and children of M. macrocopa. This study aims to was the effect of different protein concentrations in the suspension of suspension on the fecundity and production of offspring M. macrocopa. This study complete(CRD) consisting of 5 preparations of 4 replications (P0) protein 16.7% (P1) protein 23.75%, (P2) protein 30.80%, (P3) protein 37.85% (P4) protein 44.9%.The parameters used are the fecundity and production of offspring M. macrocopa.M. macropopa culture was do with density of 20 ind/Lwater andfeed changes are carried out every day. The results of this study showed that the different protein concentrations in rice bran suspension had a significantly different effect (p M. macrocopa.that produced the highest fecundity and offspring at a protein concentration of 44.9%, as much as 30.25 ± 0.95 items/parent and child production per parent as much as 28.5 ± 0.57 ind/parent.

Suspension structure, its elastic elements made of elastomers, is described in the paper. This allows to considerably decrease a vehicle’s unsprung weight improving its ride quality. The research is aimed at determining elastomer elastic element’s damping impact on a vehicle’s smooth ride quality. The impact estimate was carried out by comparing simulation modelling results of GAZelle NEXT vehicle’s front suspension and an equivalent suspension with an elastomer elastic element. Dual-mass single-axle suspension model was chosen as a calculation model. The modelling was performed in MATLAB/Simulink software package. Standard suspension key parameters, that is spring rate and shock absorber resistance characteristic, were experimentally obtained for each vehicle. Elastomer element elastic response was obtained at static necking and averaged with respect to loading and unloading characteristics. Damping capacity was estimated basing on the damped oscillations process realized on a special pendulum impact testing machine. “Relative” elastomer damping coefficient was calculated. All the measured parameters were reduced “awheel” by grapho-analytical methods. Vibration acceleration root-meant-square values (RMS) on the car frame and normal awheel response of a vehicle’s motion under various speed conditions over smooth cobbled road served as assessment criteria. Roadbed microprofile mathematic model was realized basing on superposition harmonic function method with various oscillations frequency and amplitude. Analytical findings reveal that a standard suspension with a cylindrical spiral spring and a hydraulic shock absorber outperforms the elastomer elastic element structure in all the given motion modes with respect to the ride quality criteria. The research findings bring about the conclusion that elastomers lack visco-elastic characteristics necessary to provide better ride quality compared to the standard suspension structure.

At present, the calculation method based on statics does not consider the impact of the conductor on the crossing structure under the condition of disconnection or running. Therefore, the research on the element type of the suspension crossing frame and the conductor in numerical calculation and the behaviours of conductor breaking and running were carried out. Through the free swing test of the conductor, it was found that the conductor had certain flexibility under a certain length. Truss element should be selected to discretize the fiber rope of the conductor and crossing frame and this method could simulate the physical characteristics of the conductor and fiber rope objectively and truly. In the case of running line, the horizontal velocity of the conductor had almost no change along the axial direction of the conductor, while the vertical velocity presented a fluctuating distribution along the axial direction. In the case of the broken conductor, the horizontal and vertical velocity of the conductor were fluctuating along the axial direction of the conductor. The height of the conductor not only affected the horizontal velocity of the conductor, but also affected the vertical velocity of the conductor. It had important reference significance for the numerical calculation of nonlinear dynamics of the suspension crossing frame.

The aim of this work was to obtain graphene-like phases (defected graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) as fine suspensions by applying pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of micro-crystalline graphite suspension in water medium. The fundamental (λ = 1064 nm), second (λ = 532 nm), third (λ = 355 nm) and fourth harmonics (λ = 266 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser system (15-ns pulse duration and 10-Hz pulse repetition rate) were used. The morphology of the particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their phase composition and structure were explored by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD) and TEM. The specimens were prepared by drop-casting on a glass substrate (for Raman and GIXRD studies) and on a standard TEM copper mesh for SEM and TEM examination.

In order to obtain a good stability of micro-encapsulated phase change suspension, then study its rheological properties, herein formulated a phase change micro-capsulated suspension and utilized isopropanol/water mixed solution as the base fluid. The particle size distribution, viscosity and rheological properties of micro-encapsulated phase change suspension were measured at different concentrations. The effects of mass fraction, temperature on viscosity were discussed. Based on the classic viscosity formula, a correction factor was introduced to get higher precision viscosity formula. The results show that: a volume ratio of 1:1.75 of isopropanol/water suspension, suspension stability is up to 48h. It is also found that the viscosity decreases with the increase of temperature, but it increases with the increases of mass concentration. The fitted Tomas viscosity formula is reliable when the volume concentration is less than 15.58%, the error could be controlled within 5.7%.

In this paper, the FEM simulation package FLUX2D is utilized as a tool to design a proportional solenoid for the hydraulic proportional suspension damper. The hydraulic proportional suspension damper can be used in vehicle semi-active suspension system due to its adjustable output damping force. In addition, the proportional solenoid plays the most significant role to achieve such a variable output damping force. From previous literatures, three different structures of proportional solenoid will be discussed in this paper. The first one utilizes the stepped conical armature design. Its advantages include low cost, easy manufacturing. However, the limited available linear stroke as well as the poor linearity are its major faults. The second structure uses a special tube consisting of three metal rings that are welded together. Between two magnetic steel rings, there is a non-magnetic copper ring serving to guide the magnetic flux and to produce a linear force/stroke relation. Clearly, higher cost and complex manufacturing process are its major disadvantages. However, larger available linear stroke and good linearity are two promising advantages. In this paper, the third design of proportional solenoid is adopted. The construction of the proportional solenoid is divided into several parts. After assembling these parts together, a ring of air gap with a well-designed geometrical shape exists which can be used to replace the non-magnetic copper ring. Without the copper ring, the expensive and complex welding process can be omitted. Meanwhile, the large available linear stroke as well as good linearity are both preserved. Finally, an experimental test device for measuring the force/stroke relation of proportional solenoid is implemented in this study. It is observed that the simulation results agree quite well with the experimental results.

The paper describes the results of the efficiency analysis of the simulation model of light commercial vehicle GAZ GAZelle NEXT. The efficiency of the model is confirmed by comparing the results of field test and calculation studies of controllability. The model is built in the MSC ADAMS/Car software package. It accounts for the mass-inertial characteristics of sprung and unsprung masses; the model of the suspension system simulates the kinematics and elasto-kinematics of the suspension and steering control, as well as elastic and damping elements. The tire model simulates vertical stiffness and damping, the slip stiffness depends on the vertical load, the longitudinal slip coefficient and the lateral angle of tire relative to the contact surface. The assessment was made by comparing the data obtained experimentally and by calculation. The test is conducted using the Fishhook method applied by NHTS for the vehicle stability analysis. The resulting errors are analyzed based on relative and absolute error values. When analyzing lateral acceleration and yaw rate deviations, the mathematical statistical tools are employed: average deviation, dispersion, root-mean-square deviation. The discrepancy between the results and the deviation of the average values does not exceed 10%. Minor deviations and scatter of results shows the efficiency of the simulation model and that this model can be employed for simulating the curvilinear motion of light commercial vehicles and assessment of their controllability and stability characteristics.

In actual production practice, the strong vibration of the suspension rail will cause the wear and trigger of the suspension rail accessories, especially the connection point of the suspension rail, the connection point between the suspension rail and the accessories and the connection point between the suspension rail and the bracket; due to the alternation of vibration Stress leads to fatigue damage. Therefore, the vibration analysis of the suspension rail system is a necessary condition for the design of the suspension rail system. For the suspension rail system that vibrates in practice, only when scientific and correct analysis methods are used to determine the main cause of vibration, In order to take reasonable attenuation measures, this article analyzes them.

This paper utilizes the design of a robust integral sliding mode control (ISMC) for a quarter-car active suspension system. The main goal is to increase the ride comfort, whilst the road holding and rattle space remain within the safety bound. According to ISMC, the system state starts at the switch surface where the system nonlinearity, parameter changes, and road disturbances are rejected by a discontinuous control term present strongly in the suspension dynamics. This feature allows the design of a continuous controller, i.e. ideal controller during sliding motion from the first instant. Consequently, the car body is isolated from the wheel unit to perform the desired suspension requirements characteristics. The ISMC shows a high robustness control design of the suspension system, and can suppress chattering in the high-frequency band. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is performed by simulating the 2- DOF quarter car system with controlled and uncontrolled cases. The Matlab 2019a software is used to simulate the suspension models with bump road profiles as excitation disturbance.

This paper research the parameter selection range of large span suspension bridge dampers. The finite element model of the Puli Bridge was established by using ANSYS software. Under consideration of the pile-soil interaction, the cross analysis of 16 dampers with different parameters under the action of longitudinal + vertical earthquake was carried out. The bending moment and shear force at the bottom of the tower, the relative displacement of the tower and the girder, the maximum speed and the maximum damping force of the dampers under different working conditions are analyzed. Therefore, the suggested range of each parameter of a single damper is proposed.