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The small diameter size with thin wall thickness is the unique character of S. lima, so it is appropriate to be used as raw material for environmentally friendly bamboo straws. This environmentally friendly bamboo straw has become one of the mainstay export commodities from Lombok Island. This research aimed at determining the diversity of S.lima in Central Lombok Regency through morphological characteristics and analyzing the phenetic relationship. The research was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 in Central Lombok Regency. Determination of sampling locations based on literature and the community, especially bamboo craftsmen and S.lima collectors. There are 45 phenetic characters used in this research, consisting of qualitative data and quantitative data. Data analysis was used the NTSYS PC version 2.11a to analyze phenetic relationships. The phenogram was analyzed and subsequently used to develop descriptions of each S.lima which was found in the Central Lombok Regency. As a result, most of S.lima was found growing in community plantations with variations in the soil texture. The results of the cluster analysis resulted in 2 large groups, the first group consisting of 21 locations S.lima was found, and the second group only consisted of 1 location, namely Lantan. The level of similarity between the first group and the second group 2 was only 40%. Another group consisting of 21 locations showed a varying degree of similarity from one location to another (52%-93%). There are 6 locations that have the highest level of similarity (93%), namely, between Jurit and Presak bat, Bebante with Mekar Damai and Montong Terep, and Gunung Ise. The results of this study indicate that S.lima found in all locations in Central Lombok did not show significant variation when the growth factor was optimal. Further research by molecular approach is needed to determine the genetic variation of S. lima in Central Lombok Regency.

The growing of population of a pioneer species may show a unique behavior. Casuarina junghuhniana is reported as a pioneer species, this is because of its tolerance to adverse environment and transform it to become inhabitable for other organism. A comprehensive method involving field observation, the use of mathematical model and computation to understand plants behavior still needs to be developed. This paper is attempting to show a method to build a model for showing unique dispersal behavior of Casuarina junghuhniana. A relatively straightforward use of Fisher’s reaction diffusion equation, cellular automata based modeling and programming can show behavior easier to understand on a grid space. Some assumption must be used to represent the C. junghuhniana dispersal. As it is known that C. junghuhniana can reproduce both vegetatively and generatively, and both were assumed to have different dispersal behavior. Vegetative reproduction using shoots emerging from roots has pattern to spread close to each other. While generative reproduction by seeds which is lightweight has possibility spread further with the help of wind. The total model area of 1km 2 was divided into 300 × 300 cells which represents 1 km 2 area. Cellular automata apply the same rule to each cell and the result was observed from the pattern of cells interaction. A simple program was developed using Python with Jupyter Notebook an interactive computing environment. The number of iteration was limited before observed simulation reached one of area boundaries. The simulation running time was greatly reduced using Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) parallel processing. NUMBA was used as an interface between python and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), the GPU programming API. The simulation showed behavior of the trees spread downward along the slope. The wind direction simulation with additional data from wind rose available from internet was also demonstrated in the simulation. Modeling dispersal with influence from wind showed more sporadic pattern at further distance from originating parents cluster. The trees in the simulation showed clusters in dispersal pattern when rely more on generative reproduction. When the trees rely on vegetative reproduction by roots shoots, the population showed more like continuous cover. When concerning real 3 dimensional aspect, this simulation still can not distinguish vertical (z axis) aspect. It means two points would be seen as close to each other although they actually have far vertical distance. At this stage, the simulation has not yet been optimized to easily convert input from the wind rose. The wind information still needs to be written as code into the program.

Marginal land conditions are a major problem in reducing the level of diversity of species due to decreased soil, climate, and water quality and topography. This study aims to analyze the diversity index and the dominance of fruit tree species cultivated by surrounding communities. The research method uses nested sampling in 4 (four) sub-districts, each of which is taken three sample villages and each of them is made of three transect plots measuring sample plots 20 × 20 m 2 (trees), 10 × 10 m 2 (poles), and 5×5m 2 (sapling). Data analysis using the Biodiversity R application program with version R 3.6.1. The results of the analysis of the growth rates of the best tree species were found in Ploso Regency because they had the highest growth rates of trees, poles, and saplings. The diversity of fruit tree species is based on the distribution of the highest H index value of 1.47 and the lowest of 0.58 and includes areas that have an abundance of moderate species. Fruit tree species that have the highest importance value index are Mangifera indica (mango) 70.26% with a tree density of 139 individuals per hectare, then Dimocarpus longan (longan) 40.24% with a tree density of 153 individuals per hectare. The results of this study indicate that the community structure of fruit trees in degraded lands is more dominated by plants from the Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae families which generally grow spread in the 4 sub-districts studied.

The relationship between humans and animals has existed since the past. Animals as a natural resource that plays a role in human life. The bada ethnic community that occupies the Bada valley in Lore Lindu biosphere reserve is an indigenous community called To Bada / Tampo Bada which has a local wisdom and acts as a strategy for life activities. One form of local wisdom is traditional medicine. This study aims to inventory and find out perceptions of bada ethnic conceptions about using animals in traditional medicine. This explorative study used semi-structure interview and in-depth interviews with open-ended interview techniques. Based on the results of this study there were 13 species consisting of 5 classes and 10 tribes of animals used as traditional medicine. There are 8 types of diseases that can be treated, namely asthma, liver, heartburn, eczema, itching allergy when cold, ageless, strong / massage oil. Utilization of body parts used includes the entire body, meat, liver, bile, and fat. The use of animals as medicine must be sustainable in order to stabilize the population in nature. The identification of species used as traditional medicines is important in conservation efforts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of explant types and plant growth regulators on callus induction of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her). Callus induction was carried out by culturing leaf and petiole explants from ex vitro geraniums on MS + 0.5 mg/l 2.4-D + 0.1 and 0.3 mg/l Benzyladenine (BA) or Kinetin. Each culture was carried out in 5 replications, cultures were incubated in rooms 25°C and 600 lux. The parameters days for callus induction and percentage of callus formation were observed. Geranium callus formation was influenced by types of explants and plant growth regulators. Petiole explants was able to induce callus better than leaf explants. Days for callus induction at second week and percentage of callus formation of petiole explants were 58 and 58% compared to leaf explants were only 53 and 54%. Plant Growth Regulators BA combined with 2.4-D was able to induce callus better than kinetin. The best callus formation was produced from petiole explants cultured on MS + 0.5 mg/l 2.4-D + 0.3 mg/l BA by 84%.