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In this work, an eight-channel dense wavelength division multiplexing demultiplexer is designed with a 2D photonic crystal triangular lattice. The proposed demultiplexer consists of a centre bus waveguide, an isosceles trapezium resonant cavity, and an eight-circular ring cavity (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CR7, and CR8). The point defect resonant cavity consists of seven rods to drop different wavelengths from eight cavities, each of eight drop waveguides. The design is very simple to realise. The finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion method methods were used to analyse the proposed design’s band structure and transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths are 1.5441 μm, 1.5443 μm, 1.544 49 μm, 1.5447 μm, 1.5449 μm, 1.5451 μm, 1.5453 μm, and 1.5455 μm respectively. The proposed device provides a high-quality factor, transmission efficiency, and low crosstalk. The device’s footprint is 490.0 μm2, which can be easily incorporated into photonic integrated circuits.

In advanced optical communication systems, a photonic crystal (PC) based channel drop filter (CDF) and dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) demultiplexer are essential components in the design of a complete DWDM system, which offers a high transmission data rate. In the present work, a novel PC, CDF filter and demultiplexer based on a ring resonator with a super ellipse shape is designed and analyzed. To design a high-performance device, the performance parameters of the proposed components, such as transmission efficiency, spectral line width, channel spacing, Q-factor and crosstalk, are investigated. The proposed CDF is designed to drop a resonant wavelength with a high quality factor of 3955, and the ring resonator design is extended to the demultiplexer. The demultiplexer is designed to drop the four resonant wavelengths of 1579.8 nm, 1582 nm, 1583.6 nm and 1574.9 nm, respectively. The observed high quality factor (3955), bandwidth (0.4 nm) and transmission efficiency (90%) of the proposed demultiplexer will support high-performance DWDM systems

In this article, photonic crystal (PhC) based all-optical logic gates, namely AND, OR and EX-OR have been explored and their characteristics are reported. Two-dimensional (2D) PhC based logic gates are proposed using a hexagonal lattice with T-shaped structure by incorporating line defects. The total size of the device is 84 µm2 and it operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm (C band). The designed optical logic gates are investigated using 2D finite difference time domain simulators by means of the plane wave expansion method. Parameters, such as response time and contrast ratio of the designed all-optic logic gates, are analyzed. The proposed AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates offer a contrast ratio of 14.48 dB, 14.57 dB and 12.9 dB respectively with, in order, response times of 0.159 ps, 0.168 ps and 0.1672 ps. The designed logic gates work in the third optical window as they are operating at the 1550 nm wavelength. To specify the performance of the proposed logic gates, their field distribution has been determined and is exhibited. The designed logic gates are suitable for use in photonic integrated circuits, all optical computing and optical sensing applications.

Nowadays women are facing many problems; the most common problems are mental and physical harassment. In order to secure women from such harassments, we propose a novel device Guardian Device for women. The device works with a trigger, microcontroller, GSM module, GPS module, IoT module, Neuro Stimulator, Buzzer, Vibrating Sensor, Pulse sensor, Solar charging battery and a button sized camera. The women can switch ON the trigger whenever they feel danger. The device will activate the global positioning system (GPS), which obviously will track the exact position of the device. The device sends an emergency message to the registered mobile number and nearby police station. The button sized camera captures the image of an attacker and sends the copy to the police stations nearby. Neuro stimulator will give unethical shock to the attacker and a buzzer gives an alarm which alerts the people surrounding the victim.

Heat exchangers, condensers plays a vital role in any kind of power cycle like modified Rankin cycle, these components involves transfer of both sensible and latent heat and have great influence over the power plant performance. The condenser employed in MTPS involves transfer of latent heat into steam. Yet it as to induce a phase change in thereby forming water. Increase in the effectiveness of condenser resulted in the increase of vacuum in the condenser. Thereby work done by steam is increased and coal saving (per ton of steam production) is achieved. This condensation process results in the formation of sludge’s (temporary) and (permanent). Along the inner periphery of the condenser tubes. These permanent scales have decreased thermal conductivity and inhibit the heat transfer rate. The more the thickness of the scale the less the heat is removed from the steam. This scale formation limits the life of the condenser tubes with maximum performance. In this project the thickness of the scale formed in the condenser tubes is calculated theoretically and the performance is analysed before and after scale formation in the condenser. Different materials which involve less scale formation, different ways of reducing scales and various scale removing methods are suggested.

The drying process is simply the moisture extraction process of a product. It can be achieved with different approaches. In these processes, thermal drying is most widely used for drying agricultural products. This drying systems are normally divided into low and high temperature dryers according to their working temperature levels. In low temperature drying systems, natural-circulation greenhouse model dryers seem the most desirable method for use in remote regions. There are operationally and competitive economically to natural open sun drying. Here solar collector of dimensions (1.25m×1m×0.2m) with area of 1.25m2has been painted black to absorb solar radiation and the solar drying cabinet that is divided into 3 number divisions separated by four removable shelves. Each shelf is 0.3m wide and 0.5m in length and is composed of a wooden boundary framed nylon wire mesh. For loading and unloading purposes, both sides of the drying chamber walls are sealed with wood and a shutter on the back. During this research, grapes were dried. In the four days after drying, the grapes’ moisture content was decreased from 81.7% to 36.7%. The drying air flows naturally through the commodity. The operating modes are discussed in this research. The results were discussed for designed solar agricultural dryer. Also it involves with the design and fabrication of agriculture solar dryer that can be manufactured in rural areas in an economic way.

The architecture explains how load energy consumption readings can be digitised and shared through the internet. Human presence in electricity maintenance is eliminated with the proposed machine style. By having a channel id for the load, A webpage can be used to monitor energy usage in watts. The webpage makes use of THINGSPEAK analytics to look at energy use and provide a detailed overview and visual representation of the data. The Wi-Fi unit performs Cloud computing by providing load energy data to a website usable via the device’s channel id.. Client can control resources inside the proposed framework by tracking energy consumption over time. The Arduino microcontroller is used in this system. The created unit is frequently shown on the webpage via the Wi-Fi module. Wireless Sensor Networks, Power, Voltage, Current, and ZigBee are some of the terms used in this paper.

The niobium and its alloys have been used for automobile, marine, and aerospace due to its superior properties such as a lightweight ratio, strength, corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity. The present work was used to improve the substance properties such as hardness and wear. Tantalum Carbide (TaC) reinforced niobium metal matrix composite (MMC) was produced through the stir casting route. The specific wear rate was determined through a pin on disc tribometer with respect to the input actors such as sliding velocity, load, and temperature. Taguchi optimization was applied to found the optimal parameters. The variance analysis was used to found the influential factor in the wear rate.

The foremost target of this evaluation is to optimize the impacts of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining factors of CNC turning machine for the AA7050/ZrO2 AMCs with response of material removal rate (CMRR) by utilizing Taguchi approach. The CNC turning aspects of this evaluation are Depth of cut, Speed and Feed rate. Taguchi route as L16 orthogonal array and 3 levels of machining factors are employed to guess the output like CMRR. The 16 samples of experiments are employed to determine the CMRR.

Optimization of the wear properties of AA6082/12%ZrO2 AMCs prepared through compo casting process using Taguchi’s S/N analysis was evaluated. Taguchi’s process was utilized and L9 orthogonal array was elected for behaving the wear tests. Optimal process parameters are estimated to eliminate the wear characteristics of the composite. Moreover, the effect of ANOVA also demonstrates that the sliding distance, the applied force and the sliding velocity have an essential function in the reduction of wear (gram). The values of the tests are consistent with the methodology of Taguchi.

Hypersonic vehicles are going to play a huge role in the upcoming years. As the vehicle has to attain the hypervelocity flow front at the leading edge of the vehicle, need to be strong enough to withstand the effect of the shock wave and radiating waves. Aerodynamic design and the velocity range decide the aerodynamic heating rate of the vehicles. It is known whenever the flow field and the radiation are coupling one another that make the shock layer region complex to analyse. In general inside the developed shock layer, heat flux variation is maximum that enhance the heat transfer. Technically in practice the ability to alter the heat transfer rate of the outer skull depends on the aerodynamically design. To achieve and maintain the hypervelocity region minimizing and or sustaining the aerodynamic heating is necessary. To achieve that regression study on those mentioned three parameter is mandatory. In this review, design and cooling method of different types of hypersonic vehicles taken, and the possible ways to reduce the intensity of shock waves are discussed.

The performance of a vapour compression refrigeration system depends greatly on the spatial arrangement of the components, properties of the refrigerant and lubricant. Numerous models have been developed by using these properties to predict the performance of the vapour compression refrigeration system. The usual ideal gas model does not yield accurate results due to its limited range. In this study, an analytical real gas model has been developed for heat transfer in the evaporator and work output rate of compressor to achieve the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system. This real gas model is validated against the investigational data and the end result obtained was consistent with an error band of 10% for exhaust temperature and 7% for COP. This model can be used to predict the COP of any vapour compression refrigeration system, given that the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid and required dimensions of the system are known. However, it cannot be extended to compressor oils due to it does not differentiate between necessary properties like viscosity of refrigerator oil.

Glass-fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites are widely used in various industries because of their unique high strength to weight ratio. Unlike metals, strain-induced and damage states of composites are complicated to predict under real-time loading due to their anisotropic nature. With that focus, a piezoresistive nanomaterial-based structural health monitoring system for laminated polymer composites is proposed to measure the strain induced in the composite under real-time loading. Nanometallic nickel-coated glass fibres are embedded into the polymer composites to monitor the strain and damage induced in them. The nanometallic nickel is coated over the glass fibre by a dip coating technique using epoxy as the binding agent. A microcontroller-based electrical resistance measurement system is used to measure the piezoresistive variation in the coated glass fibre under real-time loading. Using the piezoresistance variation of the embedded nanometallic nickel-coated glass fibre, the real-time strain and damage induced in the composite can be correlated. The piezoresistive response of the coated glass fibre is descibed in two phases, the deformation phase and the failure phase, which clearly show the various states of strain and damage induced in the composites.