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1. Precise measurement of the Bragg curve for 800 MeV/u 238U ions stopping in polyethylene and its implications for calculation of heavy ion ranges

Author

Felix Horst, Alfredo Ferrari, Paola Sala, Christoph Schuy, Marco Durante, and Uli Weber

Subjects
Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Stopping power predictions in radiation transport codes are based on the Bethe-Bloch formula and different corrections. For very heavy ions at relativistic energies the available experimental data are scarce and therefore verification of stopping power predictions is only possible to a limited extent. In this work, a full experimental Bragg curve for 800 MeV/u 238U ions stopping in polyethylene is presented. The measurements were conducted at the experimental area Cave A at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. The 800 MeV/u 238U beam was provided by the SIS18 heavy ion synchrotron. The Bragg curve was measured with a setup consisting of a binary range shifter and two large area parallel plate ionization chambers. Complementary Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA code were performed and compared with the experimental Bragg curve. The mean ionization potential of polyethylene was fine-tuned to match the measured primary ion range with FLUKA simulations. The impact of the Bloch and Mott corrections to the stopping power calculation were studied by switching them off intentionally in separate simulations. A detailed description of the implementation of the stopping power formulae and the Mott correction in FLUKA is provided. Supplementary data for this article is available online.

Published
2022

2. Roadmap: helium ion therapy

Author

Andrea Mairani, Stewart Mein, Eleanor Blakely, Jürgen Debus, Marco Durante, Alfredo Ferrari, Hermann Fuchs, Dietmar Georg, David R Grosshans, Fada Guan, Thomas Haberer, Semi Harrabi, Felix Horst, Taku Inaniwa, Christian P Karger, Radhe Mohan, Harald Paganetti, Katia Parodi, Paola Sala, Christoph Schuy, Thomas Tessonnier, Uwe Titt, Ulrich Weber, and Guan, Fada

Subjects
Ions, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Proton Therapy, Heavy Ion Radiotherapy, ddc:530, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Protons, Helium, Carbon, Relative Biological Effectiveness
Abstract

Physics in medicine and biology 67(15), 15TR02 (2022). doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac65d3, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Published
2022

3. First application of the BIANCA biophysical model to carbon-ion patient cases

Author

Wioletta S Kozłowska, Mario P Carante, Giulia Aricò, Alessia Embriaco, Alfredo Ferrari, Giuseppe Magro, Andrea Mairani, Ricardo Ramos, Paola Sala, Dietmar Georg, and Francesca Ballarini

Subjects
Chromosome Aberrations, Ions, Male, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Chordoma, Humans, Heavy Ion Radiotherapy, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Carbon, Relative Biological Effectiveness
Abstract

Objective. The main objective of this work consists of applying, for the first time, the BIANCA (BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations) biophysical model to the RBE calculation for C-ion cancer patients, and comparing the outcomes with those obtained by the LEM I model, which is applied in clinics. Indeed, the continuous development of heavy-ion cancer therapy requires modelling of biological effects of ion beams on tumours and normal tissues. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions is higher than that of protons, with a significant variation along the beam path. Therefore, it requires a precise modelling, especially for the pencil-beam scanning technique. Currently, two radiobiological models, LEM I and MKM, are in use for heavy ions in scanned pencil-beam facilities. Approach. Utilizing an interface with the FLUKA Particle Therapy Tool, BIANCA was applied to re-calculate the RBE-weighted dose distribution for carbon-ion treatment of three patients (chordoma, head-and-neck and prostate) previously irradiated at CNAO, where radiobiological optimization was based on LEM I. The predictions obtained by BIANCA were based either on chordoma cell survival (RBE surv ), or on dicentric aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (RBE ab ), which are indicators of late normal tissue damage, including secondary tumours. The simulation outcomes were then compared with those provided by LEM I. Main results. While in the target and in the entrance channel BIANCA predictions were lower than those obtained by LEM I, the two models provided very similar results in the considered OAR. The observed differences between RBE surv and RBE ab (which were also dependent on fractional dose and LET) suggest that in normal tissues the information on cell survival should be integrated by information more closely related to the induction of late damage, such as chromosome aberrations. Significance. This work showed that BIANCA is suitable for treatment plan optimization in ion-beam therapy, especially considering that it can predict both cell survival and chromosome aberrations and has previously shown good agreement with carbon-ion experimental data.

Published
2022

4. Radiobiological damage by space radiation: extension of the BIANCA model to heavy ions up to iron, and pilot application to cosmic ray exposure

Author

Ricardo L Ramos, Alessia Embriaco, Mario P Carante, Alfredo Ferrari, Paola Sala, Valerio Vercesi, and Francesca Ballarini

Subjects
Chromosome Aberrations, Cricetulus, Cell Death, Cricetinae, Iron, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Animals, Humans, Heavy Ions, CHO Cells, General Medicine, Waste Management and Disposal, Cosmic Radiation
Abstract

Space research seems to be object of a renewed interest, also considering that human missions to the Moon, and possibly Mars, are being planned. Among the risks affecting such missions, astronauts’ exposure to space radiation is a major concern. In this work, the question of the evaluation of biological damage by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) was addressed by a biophysical model called BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations (BIANCA), which simulates the induction of cell death and chromosome aberrations by different ions. While previously BIANCA has been validated for calculating cell death along hadrontherapy beams up to oxygen, herein the approach was extended up to Fe ions. Specifically, experimental survival curves available in literature for V79 cells irradiated by Si-, Ne-, Ar- and Fe-ions were reproduced, and a reference radiobiological database describing V79 cell survival as a function of ion type (1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 26), energy and dose was constructed. Analogous databases were generated for Chinese hamster ovary hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts, finding good agreement between simulations and data. Concerning chromosome aberrations, which are regarded as radiation risk biomarkers, dicentric data in human lymphocytes irradiated by heavy ions up to iron were reproduced, and a radiobiological database allowing calculation of lymphocyte dicentric yields as a function of dose, ion type (1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 26) and energy was constructed. Following interface between BIANCA and the FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code, a feasibility study was performed to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different GCR spectrum components, for both dicentrics and cell death. Fe-ions, although representing only 10% of the total absorbed dose, were found to be responsible for about 35%–40% of the RBE-weighted dose. Interestingly, the RBE for dicentrics was higher than that for cell survival. More generally, this work shows that BIANCA can calculate RBE values for cell death and lymphocyte dicentrics not only for ion therapy, but also for space radiation.

Published
2022

5. Volume IV The DUNE far detector single-phase technology

Author

L. Di Giulio, J. Martin-Albo, S. Ravat, W. Mu, D. Marfatia, T. Kosc, D. Autiero, Poonam Mehta, A. Borkum, N. McConkey, G. Karagiorgi, Robert Wilson, L. M. Cremaldi, Stephen P. Gent, T. Young, Julián Félix, D. MacFarland, Andrew Smith, M. Manrique Plata, J. Freestone, D. Rivera, B. Stillwell, Marco Verzocchi, A. Lambert, Orlando L. G. Peres, K. Gollwitzer, E. Kemp, G. Yang, I. Kreslo, F. Varanini, M. Chalifour, A. Holin, S. J. Patton, R. J. Nichol, Giovanni Bellettini, V. A. Kudryavtsev, M. Sorel, E. Church, S. Kasai, H. O. Back, A. Lister, S. Santana, C. Mariani, Carlos Escobar, J. C. Freeman, Kaushik De, M. J. Rodriguez Alonso, M. A. Acero, A. Christensen, G. S. Varner, S. Sacerdoti, D. Shooltz, Seodong Shin, M. Santos-Maldonado, T. Schaffer, Jeremy Wolcott, J. Vasel, J. A. Gonzalez-Cuevas, J. Franc, C. Mossey, Jonas Rademacker, G. P. Zeller, Joshua Barrow, John Marshall, Alessandro Thea, H. A. Tanaka, W. C. Louis, E. Hazen, Armin Karcher, D. Smargianaki, Christopher L. Marshall, M. Soderberg, A. C. Weber, Christopher J. Milne, E. Brianne, A. Aranda-Fernandez, J. Calcutt, K. Warburton, M. Nalbandyan, Dave Sankey, J. Asaadi, F. Diaz, E. Valencia, B. Kirby, A. Bross, K. Koehler, M. A. Uchida, Y. Bezawada, D. Warner, C. E. Thorn, Srubabati Goswami, Z. Williams, Gregory Iles, A. Friedland, K. M. Heeger, V. P. Luzio, G. C. Blazey, J. Barranco Monarca, Carl Grace, A. M. Gago, E. James, M. Newcomer, H. W. Sobel, Roberto Gutiérrez, C. Vignoli, R. Hatcher, M. Zhao, F. Cavalier, M. A. Hernandez Morquecho, N. Poonthottathil, Ara Ioannisian, W. Metcalf, T. Wongjirad, H. T. Rakotondramanana, D. Cherdack, M. A. Ramirez Delgado, R. Diurba, G. Christodoulou, S. Calvez, T. Durkin, H. Y. Wei, M. Muether, S. Roy, A. Caminata, A. Scarpelli, Christopher Brew, Pavel Snopok, Y. Rigaut, L. Escudero Sanchez, K. Kothekar, W. Flanagan, V. Papadimitriou, S. J. Brice, Nicolas Lurkin, M. V. Diwan, Andrew White, S. Berkman, H. Muramatsu, Z. Pavlovic, A. A. Machado, Christian Farnese, A. Mastbaum, Alfredo G. Cocco, G. Zhu, S. Centro, S. Henry, J. Rout, P. de Jong, H. Carranza, Milos Lokajicek, K. Nishimura, A. Delbart, N. J. C. Spooner, C. McGrew, E. Pantic, Mario Campanelli, David Cussans, B. T. Fleming, K. Negishi, F. Spagliardi, J. Nesbit, André Rubbia, Akitaka Ariga, Marvin L Marshak, F. Pietropaolo, F. D. M. Blaszczyk, T. Hasegawa, Kate Scholberg, O. Gogota, R. Poling, Simon Jones, A. Tonazzo, M. P. Andrews, R. Petti, S. Bertolucci, M. Bonesini, A. F. Moor, C. Barnes, A. S. Hesam, S. H. Kettell, M. Bongrand, M. R. While, D. J. Payne, C. Gotti, A. Chiriacescu, Paul Keener, Leigh H. Whitehead, James Stewart, A. Mazzacane, L. W. Koerner, T. Rehak, C. Andreopoulos, F. Terranova, Jaroslaw Pasternak, E. Raguzin, L. C. J. Rice, J. L. Bazo Alba, S. Li, J. Hartnell, M. Potekhin, N. Moggi, D. J. Summers, J. Berger, L. Cremonesi, Katsuya Yonehara, T. E. Coan, Claire Shepherd-Themistocleous, B. Radics, Karol Hennessy, S. Söldner-Rembold, C. S. Lin, L. Greenler, B. Guo, Frank Filthaut, R. B. Patterson, E. Pennacchio, E. Zhivun, C. Cuesta, T. Loew, G. Prior, D. Duchesneau, Lina Necib, S. Rescia, W. Gu, Andrés Castillo, N. Kazaryan, O. G. Miranda, C. Patrick, Robert Shrock, José W. F. Valle, J. Reichenbacher, D. A. Sanders, John F. Beacom, S. Tufanli, S. Ventura, Riccardo Papaleo, J. Zennamo, A. De Roeck, M. Calin, P. Ding, Alessandro Menegolli, B. V. K. S. Potukuchi, T. Le, T. Wachala, L. O. Arnold, J. R. Macier, A. M. Teklu, E. Blucher, L. Hertel, F. W. Sippach, S. Childress, T. Miao, P. Fernandez Menendez, J. Han, R. Gandrajula, C. Y. Chi, Marzio Nessi, Aldo Penzo, Ina Sarcevic, Kendall Mahn, Jorge Molina, F. Bonini, Eric W. Hoppe, M. Groh, Barry King, R. Mazza, Keith Rielage, Patrick Dunne, M. Mellinato, D. Lorca, R. Guenette, F. Bento Neves, L. Pickering, Manuel Alejandro Segura Delgado, J. J. Russell, H. R. Gallagher, J. Zuklin, Steven Gardiner, P. Madigan, D. Douglas, Daniel Gastler, S. Manly, P. Hamilton, L. Montaño Zetina, R. G. Van de Water, S. Dennis, M. Tenti, N. Dokania, Kim Siyeon, E. Fernandez-Martinez, P. P. Koller, D. Whittington, T. Li, M. C. Sanchez, S. Biagi, C. Sarasty, Juraj Bracinik, A. N. Khotjantsev, N. Tsverava, Yasaman Farzan, M. Tzanov, J. G. Boissevain, J. Smolik, Andrew Brandt, J. Hoff, D. A. Harris, C. Distefano, Ornella Palamara, H. S. Budd, Alastair Grant, A. K. Giri, Thorsten Lux, C. E. Lane, J. Marteau, Irakli Lomidze, E. Kearns, Zviad Tsamalaidze, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, H. da Motta, J. S. Real, Sukalyan Chattopadhyay, B. Viren, J. Mousseau, Ihn Sik Seong, C. M. Sutera, A. C. Ezeribe, F. Ferraro, Marco Adinolfi, Nikolaos Simos, A. Stuart, D. Brailsford, N. Solomey, Laura Manenti, L. V. Gomez Bermeo, Andrea Zani, Kristian Harder, Timothy M. Shaw, J. Hewes, Sandro Palestini, D. Braga, D. Garcia-Gamez, J. Stock, S. Bolognesi, D. Belver, Laura Paulucci, J. Ahmed, Narendra Sahu, Sandip Pakvasa, L. Pasqualini, D. Mladenov, M. Kordosky, S. Zucchelli, L. Stanco, M. Torti, B. Jargowsky, E. Smith, C. J. Solano Salinas, N.V. Mokhov, D. Vanegas Forero, C. Jesús-Valls, Andrew Blake, L. Jiang, F. Andrianala, W. Ketchum, Matthaeus Leitner, K. Fahey, Marco Pallavicini, Bindu A. Bambah, K. Francis, M. H. Shaevitz, N. Barros, I. Caro Terrazas, R. Itay, G. Sirri, H. Steiner, Laura Dominé, S. Lockwitz, G. Savage, N. Bostan, J. A. Nowak, A. Scarff, Konstantinos Manolopoulos, R. K. Plunkett, B. Morgan, A. Rafique, Cari L. Johnson, M. Parvu, L. Patrizii, James A. Anderson, L. Corwin, A. Hourlier, S. L. Mufson, S. Martynenko, V. J. Guarino, B. Carlus, D. Boyden, F. Marinho, David Delepine, J. Bremer, Paola Sala, P. Cotte, J.V. Dawson, G. Mandrioli, O. Goodwin, Jitendra Kumar, Ph. Lebrun, J. Soto-Oton, K. K. Guthikonda, Evgueni Goudzovski, Gabriella Carini, S. Gao, M. Dabrowski, Sudarshan Paramesvaran, G. Pessina, S. Davini, R. L. Talaga, Francesco Gonnella, A. Joglekar, G. Sinev, S. Gwon, A. Surdo, M. O. Wascko, R. Bajou, Pedro A. N. Machado, Massimo Rossella, G. S. Davies, I. De Bonis, K. S. McFarland, C. T. Macias, T. Alion, O. V. Mineev, M. Bishai, R. Northrop, Chao Zhang, R. Van Berg, L. Di Noto, Kam-Biu Luk, J. Chaves, J. Wang, K. Qi, W. E. Sondheim, Sergei Striganov, B. Paulos, Janice L. Thompson, M. Rai, P. N. Ratoff, T. Kutter, D. Totani, J. A. B. Coelho, F. Stocker, T. Gamble, J. J. Grudzinski, I. Gil-Botella, T. Yang, Wayne A. Barkhouse, C. E. Tull, H. Mendez, Z. Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Y.-J. Jwa, F. Cavanna, F. Kamiya, V. Basque, R. Sipos, V. Bellini, C. Alt, Sandhya Choubey, B. Abi, A. Mefodiev, V. A. Kostelecky, A. L. Renshaw, Giuseppe Benedetto Cerati, S. Balasubramanian, M. Biassoni, D. Pershey, J. Maricic, K. Lande, A. Muir, L.S. Rochester, A. Papanestis, A. Aurisano, F. Bay, R. Nandakumar, T. L. Usher, Bo Yu, A. V. Waldron, A. Filkins, Y. Cui, P. A. Rodrigues, Daijin Kim, G.D. Barr, Junwei Huang, V. De Romeri, H.E. Rogers, Andrea Dell'Acqua, A. Cervera Villanueva, Robert Svoboda, Yu. Onishchuk, T. Hamernik, A. P. Furmanski, M. Wetstein, P.T. Smith, G. Brunetti, Mariam Tórtola, Matthew L Strait, G. Barenboim, P. Guzowski, J. D. Eisch, N. Gallice, D. Newhart, A. J. Roeth, H. Berns, E. Granados, A. Weinstein, A. Falcone, D. Caratelli, L. Bellantoni, Wei Wu, J. Mills, A. Hackenburg, D. Caiulo, Chia-Chan Chang, Dave M Newbold, C. K. Jung, F. Krennrich, G. Testera, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz, A. Sitraka, L. Bagby, J. M. LoSecco, S. Tariq, C. Mauger, J. J. Back, J. Yu, R. Acciarri, B. Behera, P. Lasorak, Karol Lang, Irina Mocioiu, H. Schellman, Han Wang, Sergey A. Kulagin, A. Bashyal, Beatriz B. Siffert, C. N. Booth, L. Zambelli, M. T. Graham, A. Mann, Rakesh Kumar, Y. Xiao, Gregory J Pawloski, T. Prakash, Arsen Khvedelidze, A.S. Dyshkant, Paolo Carniti, C. Rubbia, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, M. M. Khabibullin, D. Wenman, S. C. Timm, R. Sharma, R. Saakyan, Marcelo M. Guzzo, P. Baesso, M. Pozzato, T. R. Junk, C. Morris, A. Cervelli, A. Heavey, Grzegorz Deptuch, M. Á. García-Peris, B. Bhuyan, M. Kabirnezhad, Pierre Baldi, M. Mooney, E. Tyley, A. Hahn, V. Susic, S. D. Reitzner, M. P. Decowski, V. Galymov, E. Chardonnet, B. R. Littlejohn, B. Ramson, B. Russell, M. Vagins, L. Fields, V. Zutshi, Sandeep Miryala, Enrique Calvo, V. Radeka, P. Debbins, J. Sinclair, B. Bilki, C. Touramanis, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, J. M. Paley, Antonio Ereditato, N. Yershov, C. J. Densham, D. W. Schmitz, A. Gallego-Ros, N. Buchanan, N. Mauri, A. Lawrence, K. Cho, S. Narita, X. Luo, A. Booth, D. A. Dwyer, S. Prince, J. Haiston, Jianbei Liu, T. J. Langford, E. Gamberini, Matheus Hostert, Dario Gnani, P. Vahle, G. A. Horton-Smith, A. Marchionni, I. K. Furic, John Matthews, K. Mason, M. Bhattacharjee, Randall P. Johnson, Amelia Maio, E. Motuk, C. Castromonte, Paolo Calafiura, Q. David, T. Miedema, S. Magill, Z. Ahmad, John Evans, Yi Chen, E. Ewart, S. Gollapinni, K. V. Tsang, J. Maneira, R.A. Rameika, A. de Gouvea, M. A. Vermeulen, R. M. Berner, J. J. De Vries, S. Shafaq, L. Da Silva Peres, A. McNab, G. Vasseur, A. Verdugo, C. Petta, Kenneth Long, H. S. Chen, K. Mavrokoridis, M. J. Dolinski, Yu. Kudenko, D. Gratieri, Alexandru Jipa, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, Olga Beltramello, J. T. Haigh, B. Gelli, Gregory J. Michna, A. M. Iliescu, Alex Reynolds, K. Biery, Yanchu Wang, V. Aushev, J. Zalesak, L. Simard, Ionel Lazanu, L. Pagani, J. Rodriguez Rondon, Alec Habig, M. Nebot-Guinot, R. Illingworth, G. Petrillo, J. S. Díaz, P. Novella, K. Grzelak, A. Gendotti, A. Himmel, M. Rajaoalisoa, P. Bour, L. Mualem, D. Pugnere, E. Niner, C. A. Moura, A. D. Marino, S. Bordoni, James Mueller, W. Fox, Jordan Ott, Niki Saoulidou, M. Oberling, E. Mazzucato, Silvia Pascoli, K. Herner, Hem Raj Sharma, M. Betancourt, T. Lord, L. Zazueta, Alexander Deisting, B. Rebel, Joleen Pater, David H. Adams, I. L. De Icaza Astiz, Stefan Antusch, M. Worcester, A. Higuera Pichardo, C. Kuruppu, Janet Conrad, Z. Parsa, Francesco Tortorici, L. Suter, J. Moon, P. E. L. Clarke, C. Palomares, Sofia Andringa, F. Jediny, J. Urheim, D. Montanari, Giorgio Riccobene, A. Rappoldi, J. Migenda, S. Matsuno, Y. Karyotakis, Jürgen Pozimski, Artur M. Ankowski, D. Edmunds, T. Safford, E. Tatar, Utku Kose, Z. Djurcic, D. Vargas, C. Wret, F. Sergiampietri, Rex Tayloe, F. Barao, I. Rakhno, Rukmani Mohanta, Andrew Norman, V. N. Solovov, X. Pons, V. Paolone, V. Pec, J. Pillow, S. Vergani, V. Savinov, P. Melas, Simon Lin, K. Wood, E. D. Zimmerman, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, A. Olivier, Kevin J. Kelly, D. Sgalaberna, M. Gold, M. Spanu, Xiaolu Ji, A. M. Szelc, Gareth J. Barker, C. Cattadori, J. Fowler, S. J. M. Peeters, Raj Gandhi, M. Masud, R. LaZur, C. Grant, A. Olivares Del Campo, Joshua R. Klein, Vasundhara Singh, Ranjan Dharmapalan, Lynn Wood, E. Bechetoille, Patrick Green, Gustaaf Brooijmans, R. Howell, K. Moffat, J. G. Learned, J. Spitz, E. McCluskey, T. Patzak, M. D. Messier, J. A. Musser, R. Raboanary, P. Schlabach, C. Lastoria, D. Naples, Kazuhiro Terao, A. Paudel, Michael Mulhearn, S. B. Boyd, T. Hill, G. A. Valdiviesso, S. Emery, M. C. Goodman, D. C. Christian, S. Alonso Monsalve, B. Howard, G. Ge, Alexander Tapper, Thomas Strauss, J. Hugon, M. Kirby, K. Zeug, A. Laundrie, B. Szczerbinska, R. Flight, H. Vieira de Souza, D. M. DeMuth, A. Chatterjee, S. Kohn, F. Drielsma, A. Bitadze, B. Zamorano, Warner A. Miller, Yichen Li, Wladyslaw Henryk Trzaska, F. Piastra, C. Wilkinson, M. Greenwood, C. Girerd, R.J. Staley, R. Cross, S. Di Domizio, G. Meng, A. Mislivec, A. Sousa, K. Spurgeon, R. Gran, M. Roda, G.L. Raselli, R. S. Fitzpatrick, L. Rakotondravohitra, A. C. Kaboth, Matthew Mewes, Kai Loo, J. Trevor, T. Vrba, S. P. Kasetti, Y. Penichot, M. J. Wilking, M. Zito, S. Pordes, P. Weatherly, James John Brooke, M. Wallbank, F. F. Wilson, Nektarios Benekos, Renato Potenza, M. Toups, H. Y. Liao, Haleh Khani Hadavand, D. Redondo, S. R. Mishra, R. A. Gomes, E. Gramellini, S. Menary, P. C. de Holanda, D. Gibin, M. Stancari, B. J. P. Jones, C. Vilela, B. Tapia Oregui, N. Nayak, Sofia Vallecorsa, K. E. Duffy, E. Segreto, Xin Qian, T. A. Mohayai, Olga Mena, N. Martinez, O.V. Dvornikov, Filippo Resnati, M. B. Smy, K. Soustruznik, Diana Navas-Nicolas, S. Jiménez, R. Zwaska, William J. Marciano, C. Hohl, R. Haenni, Piera Sapienza, M. Shamma, N. P. Samios, H. Duyang, G. Lehmann Miotto, H. Meyer, A. Schukraft, C. S. Mishra, Vlastimil Kus, S. Murphy, Jianming Bian, C. Backhouse, Stephen J. Parke, J. Perry, Stephen Hillier, A. Guglielmi, D. Franco, M. Soares Nunes, A. Maddalena, M. Antonova, T. Boschi, J. L. Raaf, J. Singh, Alan Watson, F. Muheim, R. Milincic, P. Bernardini, Ralf Lehnert, T. A. Bolton, J. Greer, Y. T. Tsai, Mafalda Dias, L. Camilleri, S. Nagu, J. A. Maloney, Z. Vallari, J. Sensenig, I. Kadenko, D. Waters, S. Prakash, D. Ruterbories, Antonino Sergi, L. Kashur, M. Eads, C. Montanari, E. Conley, A. Scaramelli, S. Fuess, E. Cristaldo, H. Razafinime, Alessandro Montanari, T. Stokes, L. Li, Marc Weber, C. Bromberg, M. Leyton, M. E. Convery, S. Green, Jack Fried, P. De Lurgio, George Adamov, C. A. Ternes, Jane Nachtman, Y. A. Ramachers, D. A. Martinez Caicedo, E. T. Worcester, R. M. de Almeida, Yasar Onel, Mingshui Chen, A. Izmaylov, Claudia Brizzolari, C. Griffith, J. K. Nelson, K. Vaziri, M. A. Arroyave, F. Azfar, M. Karolak, Deywis Moreno, L. Molina Bueno, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, M, Adamov, G, Adams, D, Adinolfi, M, Ahmad, Z, Ahmed, J, Alion, T, Monsalve, S, Alt, C, Anderson, J, Andreopoulos, C, Andrews, M, Andrianala, F, Andringa, S, Ankowski, A, Antonova, M, Antusch, S, Aranda-Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Arnold, L, Arroyave, M, Asaadi, J, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Azfar, F, Back, H, Back, J, Backhouse, C, Baesso, P, Bagby, L, Bajou, R, Balasubramanian, S, Baldi, P, Bambah, B, Barao, F, Barenboim, G, Barker, G, Barkhouse, W, Barnes, C, Barr, G, Monarca, J, Barros, N, Barrow, J, Bashyal, A, Basque, V, Bay, F, Alba, J, Beacom, J, Bechetoille, E, Behera, B, Bellantoni, L, Bellettini, G, Bellini, V, Beltramello, O, Belver, D, Benekos, N, Neves, F, Berger, J, Berkman, S, Bernardini, P, Berner, R, Berns, H, Bertolucci, S, Betancourt, M, Bezawada, Y, Bhattacharjee, M, Bhuyan, B, Biagi, S, Bian, J, Biassoni, M, Biery, K, Bilki, B, Bishai, M, Bitadze, A, Blake, A, Siffert, 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P., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecky, V., Kothekar, K., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, R., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., Lambert, A., Lande, K., Lane, C. E., Lang, K., Langford, T., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Lastoria, C., Laundrie, A., Lawrence, A., Lazanu, I., Lazur, R., Le, T., Learned, J., Lebrun, P., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Lehnert, R., de Oliveira, M. Leigui, Leitner, M., Leyton, M., Li, L., Li, S., Li, T., Li, Y., Liao, H., Lin, C., Lin, S., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, J., Lockwitz, S., Loew, T., Lokajicek, M., Lomidze, I., Long, K., Loo, K., Lorca, D., Lord, T., Losecco, J., Louis, W. C., Luk, K., Luo, X., Lurkin, N., Lux, T., Luzio, V. P., Macfarland, D., Machado, A., Machado, P., Macias, C., Macier, J., Maddalena, A., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Mahn, K., Maio, A., Maloney, J. A., Mandrioli, G., Maneira, J. C., Manenti, L., Manly, S., Mann, A., Manolopoulos, K., Plata, M. Manrique, Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marinho, F., Marino, A. D., Marshak, M., Marshall, C., Marshall, J., Marteau, J., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, N., Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, Martynenko, S., Mason, K., Mastbaum, A., Masud, M., Matsuno, S., Matthews, J., Mauger, C., Mauri, N., Mavrokoridis, K., Mazza, R., Mazzacane, A., Mazzucato, E., Mccluskey, E., Mcconkey, N., Mcfarland, K. S., Mcgrew, C., Mcnab, A., Mefodiev, A., Mehta, P., Melas, P., Mellinato, M., Mena, O., Menary, S., Mendez, H., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Messier, M., Metcalf, W., Mewes, M., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Michna, G., Miedema, T., Migenda, J., Milincic, R., Miller, W., Mills, J., Milne, C., Mineev, O., Miranda, O. G., Miryala, S., Mishra, C., Mishra, S., Mislivec, A., Mladenov, D., Mocioiu, I., Moffat, K., Moggi, N., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T. A., Mokhov, N., Molina, J. A., Bueno, L. Molina, Montanari, A., Montanari, C., Montanari, D., Zetina, L. M. Montano, Moon, J., Mooney, M., Moor, A., Moreno, D., Morgan, B., Morris, C., Mossey, C., Motuk, E., Moura, C. A., Mousseau, J., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Mueller, J., Muether, M., Mufson, S., Muheim, F., Muir, A., Mulhearn, M., Muramatsu, H., Murphy, S., Musser, J., Nachtman, J., Nagu, S., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Navas-Nicolás, D., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Necib, L., Negishi, K., Nelson, J. K., Nesbit, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Newhart, D., Nichol, R., Niner, E., Nishimura, K., Norman, A., Northrop, R., Novella, P., Nowak, J. A., Oberling, M., Campo, A. Olivares Del, Olivier, A., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Ott, J., Pagani, L., Pakvasa, S., Palamara, O., Palestini, S., Paley, J. M., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Pantic, E., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Papanestis, A., Paramesvaran, S., Parke, S., Parsa, Z., Parvu, M., Pascoli, S., Pasqualini, L., Pasternak, J., Pater, J., Patrick, C., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patton, S., Patzak, T., Paudel, A., Paulos, B., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Pawloski, G., Payne, D., Pec, V., Peeters, S. J., Penichot, Y., Pennacchio, E., Penzo, A., Peres, O. L., Perry, J., Pershey, D., Pessina, G., Petrillo, G., Petta, C., Petti, R., Piastra, F., Pickering, L., Pietropaolo, F., Pillow, J., Plunkett, R., Poling, R., Pons, X., Poonthottathil, N., Pordes, S., Potekhin, M., Potenza, R., Potukuchi, B. V., Pozimski, J., Pozzato, M., Prakash, S., Prakash, T., Prince, S., Prior, G., Pugnere, D., Qi, K., Qian, X., Raaf, J., Raboanary, R., Radeka, V., Rademacker, J., Radics, B., Rafique, A., Raguzin, E., Rai, M., Rajaoalisoa, M., Rakhno, I., Rakotondramanana, H., Rakotondravohitra, L., Ramachers, Y., Rameika, R., Delgado, M. Ramirez, Ramson, B., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G., Ratoff, P., Ravat, S., Razafinime, H., Real, J., Rebel, B., Redondo, D., Reggiani-Guzzo, M., Rehak, T., Reichenbacher, J., Reitzner, S. D., Renshaw, A., Rescia, S., Resnati, F., Reynolds, A., Riccobene, G., Rice, L. C., Rielage, K., Rigaut, Y., Rivera, D., Rochester, L., Roda, M., Rodrigues, P., Alonso, M. Rodriguez, Rondon, J. Rodriguez, Roeth, A., Rogers, H., Rosauro-Alcaraz, S., Rossella, M., Rout, J., Roy, S., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Russell, B., Russell, J., Ruterbories, D., Saakyan, R., Sacerdoti, S., Safford, T., Sahu, N., Sala, P., Samios, N., Sanchez, M., Sanders, D. A., Sankey, D., Santana, S., Santos-Maldonado, M., Saoulidou, N., Sapienza, P., Sarasty, C., Sarcevic, I., Savage, G., Savinov, V., Scaramelli, A., Scarff, A., Scarpelli, A., Schaffer, T., Schellman, H., Schlabach, P., Schmitz, D., Scholberg, K., Schukraft, A., Segreto, E., Sensenig, J., Seong, I., Sergi, A., Sergiampietri, F., Sgalaberna, D., Shaevitz, M., Shafaq, S., Shamma, M., Sharma, H. R., Sharma, R., Shaw, T., Shepherd-Themistocleous, C., Shin, S., Shooltz, D., Shrock, R., Simard, L., Simos, N., Sinclair, J., Sinev, G., Singh, J., Singh, V., Sipos, R., Sippach, F., Sirri, G., Sitraka, A., Siyeon, K., Smargianaki, D., Smith, A., Smith, E., Smith, P., Smolik, J., Smy, M., Snopok, P., Nunes, M. Soare, Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Salinas, C. J. Solano, Söldner-Rembold, S., Solomey, N., Solovov, V., Sondheim, W. E., Sorel, M., Soto-Oton, J., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Spagliardi, F., Spanu, M., Spitz, J., Spooner, N. J., Spurgeon, K., Staley, R., Stancari, M., Stanco, L., Steiner, H., Stewart, J., Stillwell, B., Stock, J., Stocker, F., Stokes, T., Strait, M., Strauss, T., Striganov, S., Stuart, A., Summers, D., Surdo, A., Susic, V., Suter, L., Sutera, C., Svoboda, R., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A., Talaga, R., Tanaka, H., Oregui, B. Tapia, Tapper, A., Tariq, S., Tatar, E., Tayloe, R., Teklu, A., Tenti, M., Terao, K., Ternes, C. A., Terranova, F., Testera, G., Thea, A., Thompson, J. L., Thorn, C., Timm, S., Tonazzo, A., Torti, M., Tortola, M., Tortorici, F., Totani, D., Toups, M., Touramanis, C., Trevor, J., Trzaska, W. H., Tsai, Y. T., Tsamalaidze, Z., Tsang, K., Tsverava, N., Tufanli, S., Tull, C., Tyley, E., Tzanov, M., Uchida, M. A., Urheim, J., Usher, T., Vagins, M., Vahle, P., Valdiviesso, G., Valencia, E., Vallari, Z., Valle, J. W., Vallecorsa, S., Berg, R. Van, de Water, R. G. Van, Forero, D. Vanega, Varanini, F., Vargas, D., Varner, G., Vasel, J., Vasseur, G., Vaziri, K., Ventura, S., Verdugo, A., Vergani, S., Vermeulen, M. A., Verzocchi, M., de Souza, H. Vieira, Vignoli, C., Vilela, C., Viren, B., Vrba, T., Wachala, T., Waldron, A. V., Wallbank, M., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Warburton, K., Warner, D., Wascko, M., Waters, D., Watson, A., Weatherly, P., Weber, A., Weber, M., Wei, H., Weinstein, A., Wenman, D., Wetstein, M., While, M. R., White, A., Whitehead, L. H., Whittington, D., Wilking, M. J., Wilkinson, C., Williams, Z., Wilson, F., Wilson, R. J., Wolcott, J., Wongjirad, T., Wood, K., Wood, L., Worcester, E., Worcester, M., Wret, C., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Yang, G., Yang, T., Yershov, N., Yonehara, K., Young, T., Yu, B., Yu, J., Zalesak, J., Zambelli, L., Zamorano, B., Zani, A., Zazueta, L., Zeller, G., Zennamo, J., Zeug, K., Zhang, C., Zhao, M., Zhivun, E., Zhu, G., Zimmerman, E. D., Zito, M., Zucchelli, S., Zuklin, J., Zutshi, V., Zwaska, R., Abi B., Acciarri R., Acero M.A., Adamov G., Adams D., Adinolfi M., Ahmad Z., Ahmed J., Alion T., Monsalve S.A., Alt C., Anderson J., Andreopoulos C., Andrews M., Andrianala F., Andringa S., Ankowski A., Antonova M., Antusch S., Aranda-Fernandez A., Ariga A., Arnold L.O., Arroyave M.A., Asaadi J., Aurisano A., Aushev V., Autiero D., Azfar F., Back H., Back J.J., Backhouse C., Baesso P., Bagby L., Bajou R., Balasubramanian S., Baldi P., Bambah B., Barao F., Barenboim G., Barker G., Barkhouse W., Barnes C., Barr G., Monarca J.B., Barros N., Barrow J.L., Bashyal A., Basque V., Bay F., Alba J.B., Beacom J.F., Bechetoille E., Behera B., Bellantoni L., Bellettini G., Bellini V., Beltramello O., Belver D., Benekos N., Neves F.B., Berger J., Berkman S., Bernardini P., Berner R.M., Berns H., Bertolucci S., Betancourt M., Bezawada Y., Bhattacharjee M., Bhuyan B., Biagi S., Bian J., Biassoni M., Biery K., Bilki B., Bishai M., Bitadze A., Blake A., Siffert B.B., Blaszczyk F., Blazey G., Blucher E., Boissevain J., Bolognesi S., Bolton T., Bonesini M., Bongrand M., Bonini F., Booth A., Booth C., Bordoni S., Borkum A., Boschi T., Bostan N., Bour P., Boyd S., Boyden D., Bracinik J., Braga D., Brailsford D., Brandt A., Bremer J., Brew C., Brianne E., Brice S.J., Brizzolari C., Bromberg C., Brooijmans G., Brooke J., Bross A., Brunetti G., Buchanan N., Budd H., Caiulo D., Calafiura P., Calcutt J., Calin M., Calvez S., Calvo E., Camilleri L., Caminata A., Campanelli M., Caratelli D., Carini G., Carlus B., Carniti P., Terrazas I.C., Carranza H., Castillo A., Castromonte C., Cattadori C., Cavalier F., Cavanna F., Centro S., Cerati G., Cervelli A., Villanueva A.C., Chalifour M., Chang C., Chardonnet E., Chatterjee A., Chattopadhyay S., Chaves J., Chen H., Chen M., Chen Y., Cherdack D., Chi C., Childress S., Chiriacescu A., Cho K., Choubey S., Christensen A., Christian D., Christodoulou G., Church E., Clarke P., Coan T.E., Cocco A.G., Coelho J., Conley E., Conrad J., Convery M., Corwin L., Cotte P., Cremaldi L., Cremonesi L., Crespo-Anadon J.I., Cristaldo E., Cross R., Cuesta C., Cui Y., Cussans D., Dabrowski M., Motta H.D., Peres L.D.S., David Q., Davies G.S., Davini S., Dawson J., De K., Almeida R.M.D., Debbins P., Bonis I.D., Decowski M., Gouvea A.D., Holanda P.C.D., Astiz I.L.D.I., Deisting A., Jong P.D., Delbart A., Delepine D., Delgado M., Dell'acqua A., Lurgio P.D., Neto J.R.D.M., Demuth D.M., Dennis S., Densham C., Deptuch G., Roeck A.D., Romeri V.D., Vries J.D., Dharmapalan R., Dias M., Diaz F., Diaz J., Domizio S.D., Giulio L.D., Ding P., Noto L.D., Distefano C., Diurba R., Diwan M., Djurcic Z., Dokania N., Dolinski M., Domine L., Douglas D., Drielsma F., Duchesneau D., Duffy K., Dunne P., Durkin T., Duyang H., Dvornikov O., Dwyer D., Dyshkant A., Eads M., Edmunds D., Eisch J., Emery S., Ereditato A., Escobar C., Sanchez L.E., Evans J.J., Ewart E., Ezeribe A.C., Fahey K., Falcone A., Farnese C., Farzan Y., Felix J., Fernandez-Martinez E., Menendez P.F., Ferraro F., Fields L., Filkins A., Filthaut F., Fitzpatrick R.S., Flanagan W., Fleming B., Flight R., Fowler J., Fox W., Franc J., Francis K., Franco D., Freeman J., Freestone J., Fried J., Friedland A., Fuess S., Furic I., Furmanski A.P., Gago A., Gallagher H., Gallego-Ros A., Gallice N., Galymov V., Gamberini E., Gamble T., Gandhi R., Gandrajula R., Gao S., Garcia-Gamez D., Garcia-Peris M.A., Gardiner S., Gastler D., Ge G., Gelli B., Gendotti A., Gent S., Ghorbani-Moghaddam Z., Gibin D., Gil-Botella I., Girerd C., Giri A., Gnani D., Gogota O., Gold M., Gollapinni S., Gollwitzer K., Gomes R.A., Bermeo L.G., Fajardo L.S.G., Gonnella F., Gonzalez-Cuevas J., Goodman M.C., Goodwin O., Goswami S., Gotti C., Goudzovski E., Grace C., Graham M., Gramellini E., Gran R., Granados E., Grant A., Grant C., Gratieri D., Green P., Green S., Greenler L., Greenwood M., Greer J., Griffith C., Groh M., Grudzinski J., Grzelak K., Gu W., Guarino V., Guenette R., Guglielmi A., Guo B., Guthikonda K., Gutierrez R., Guzowski P., Guzzo M.M., Gwon S., Habig A., Hackenburg A., Hadavand H., Haenni R., Hahn A., Haigh J., Haiston J., Hamernik T., Hamilton P., Han J., Harder K., Harris D.A., Hartnell J., Hasegawa T., Hatcher R., Hazen E., Heavey A., Heeger K.M., Hennessy K., Henry S., Morquecho M.H., Herner K., Hertel L., Hesam A.S., Hewes J., Pichardo A.H., Hill T., Hillier S.J., Himmel A., Hoff J., Hohl C., Holin A., Hoppe E., Horton-Smith G.A., Hostert M., Hourlier A., Howard B., Howell R., Huang J., Hugon J., Iles G., Iliescu A.M., Illingworth R., Ioannisian A., Itay R., Izmaylov A., James E., Jargowsky B., Jediny F., Jesus-Valls C., Ji X., Jiang L., Jimenez S., Jipa A., Joglekar A., Johnson C., Johnson R., Jones B., Jones S., Jung C., Junk T., Jwa Y., Kabirnezhad M., Kaboth A., Kadenko I., Kamiya F., Karagiorgi G., Karcher A., Karolak M., Karyotakis Y., Kasai S., Kasetti S.P., Kashur L., Kazaryan N., Kearns E., Keener P., Kelly K.J., Kemp E., Ketchum W., Kettell S., Khabibullin M., Khotjantsev A., Khvedelidze A., Kim D., King B., Kirby B., Kirby M., Klein J., Koehler K., Koerner L.W., Kohn S., Koller P.P., Kordosky M., Kosc T., Kose U., Kostelecky V., Kothekar K., Krennrich F., Kreslo I., Kudenko Y., Kudryavtsev V., Kulagin S., Kumar J., Kumar R., Kuruppu C., Kus V., Kutter T., Lambert A., Lande K., Lane C.E., Lang K., Langford T., Lasorak P., Last D., Lastoria C., Laundrie A., Lawrence A., Lazanu I., Lazur R., Le T., Learned J., Lebrun P., Miotto G.L., Lehnert R., De Oliveira M.L., Leitner M., Leyton M., Li L., Li S., Li T., Li Y., Liao H., Lin C., Lin S., Lister A., Littlejohn B.R., Liu J., Lockwitz S., Loew T., Lokajicek M., Lomidze I., Long K., Loo K., Lorca D., Lord T., Losecco J., Louis W.C., Luk K., Luo X., Lurkin N., Lux T., Luzio V.P., MacFarland D., MacHado A., MacHado P., MacIas C., MacIer J., Maddalena A., Madigan P., Magill S., Mahn K., Maio A., Maloney J.A., Mandrioli G., Maneira J.C., Manenti L., Manly S., Mann A., Manolopoulos K., Plata M.M., Marchionni A., Marciano W., Marfatia D., Mariani C., Maricic J., Marinho F., Marino A.D., Marshak M., Marshall C., Marshall J., Marteau J., Martin-Albo J., Martinez N., Caicedo D.A.M., Martynenko S., Mason K., Mastbaum A., Masud M., Matsuno S., Matthews J., Mauger C., Mauri N., Mavrokoridis K., Mazza R., Mazzacane A., Mazzucato E., McCluskey E., McConkey N., McFarland K.S., McGrew C., McNab A., Mefodiev A., Mehta P., Melas P., Mellinato M., Mena O., Menary S., Mendez H., Menegolli A., Meng G., Messier M., Metcalf W., Mewes M., Meyer H., Miao T., Michna G., Miedema T., Migenda J., Milincic R., Miller W., Mills J., Milne C., Mineev O., Miranda O.G., Miryala S., Mishra C., Mishra S., Mislivec A., Mladenov D., Mocioiu I., Moffat K., Moggi N., Mohanta R., Mohayai T.A., Mokhov N., Molina J.A., Bueno L.M., Montanari A., Montanari C., Montanari D., Zetina L.M.M., Moon J., Mooney M., Moor A., Moreno D., Morgan B., Morris C., Mossey C., Motuk E., Moura C.A., Mousseau J., Mu W., Mualem L., Mueller J., Muether M., Mufson S., Muheim F., Muir A., Mulhearn M., Muramatsu H., Murphy S., Musser J., Nachtman J., Nagu S., Nalbandyan M., Nandakumar R., Naples D., Narita S., Navas-Nicolas D., Nayak N., Nebot-Guinot M., Necib L., Negishi K., Nelson J.K., Nesbit J., Nessi M., Newbold D., Newcomer M., Newhart D., Nichol R., Niner E., Nishimura K., Norman A., Northrop R., Novella P., Nowak J.A., Oberling M., Campo A.O.D., Olivier A., Onel Y., Onishchuk Y., Ott J., Pagani L., Pakvasa S., Palamara O., Palestini S., Paley J.M., Pallavicini M., Palomares C., Pantic E., Paolone V., Papadimitriou V., Papaleo R., Papanestis A., Paramesvaran S., Parke S., Parsa Z., Parvu M., Pascoli S., Pasqualini L., Pasternak J., Pater J., Patrick C., Patrizii L., Patterson R.B., Patton S., Patzak T., Paudel A., Paulos B., Paulucci L., Pavlovic Z., Pawloski G., Payne D., Pec V., Peeters S.J., Penichot Y., Pennacchio E., Penzo A., Peres O.L., Perry J., Pershey D., Pessina G., Petrillo G., Petta C., Petti R., Piastra F., Pickering L., Pietropaolo F., Pillow J., Plunkett R., Poling R., Pons X., Poonthottathil N., Pordes S., Potekhin M., Potenza R., Potukuchi B.V., Pozimski J., Pozzato M., Prakash S., Prakash T., Prince S., Prior G., Pugnere D., Qi K., Qian X., Raaf J., Raboanary R., Radeka V., Rademacker J., Radics B., Rafique A., Raguzin E., Rai M., Rajaoalisoa M., Rakhno I., Rakotondramanana H., Rakotondravohitra L., Ramachers Y., Rameika R., Delgado M.R., Ramson B., Rappoldi A., Raselli G., Ratoff P., Ravat S., Razafinime H., Real J., Rebel B., Redondo D., Reggiani-Guzzo M., Rehak T., Reichenbacher J., Reitzner S.D., Renshaw A., Rescia S., Resnati F., Reynolds A., Riccobene G., Rice L.C., Rielage K., Rigaut Y., Rivera D., Rochester L., Roda M., Rodrigues P., Alonso M.R., Rondon J.R., Roeth A., Rogers H., Rosauro-Alcaraz S., Rossella M., Rout J., Roy S., Rubbia A., Rubbia C., Russell B., Russell J., Ruterbories D., Saakyan R., Sacerdoti S., Safford T., Sahu N., Sala P., Samios N., Sanchez M., Sanders D.A., Sankey D., Santana S., Santos-Maldonado M., Saoulidou N., Sapienza P., Sarasty C., Sarcevic I., Savage G., Savinov V., Scaramelli A., Scarff A., Scarpelli A., Schaffer T., Schellman H., Schlabach P., Schmitz D., Scholberg K., Schukraft A., Segreto E., Sensenig J., Seong I., Sergi A., Sergiampietri F., Sgalaberna D., Shaevitz M., Shafaq S., Shamma M., Sharma H.R., Sharma R., Shaw T., Shepherd-Themistocleous C., Shin S., Shooltz D., Shrock R., Simard L., Simos N., Sinclair J., Sinev G., Singh J., Singh V., Sipos R., Sippach F., Sirri G., Sitraka A., Siyeon K., Smargianaki D., Smith A., Smith E., Smith P., Smolik J., Smy M., Snopok P., Nunes M.S., Sobel H., Soderberg M., Salinas C.J.S., Soldner-Rembold S., Solomey N., Solovov V., Sondheim W.E., Sorel M., Soto-Oton J., Sousa A., Soustruznik K., Spagliardi F., Spanu M., Spitz J., Spooner N.J., Spurgeon K., Staley R., Stancari M., Stanco L., Steiner H., Stewart J., Stillwell B., Stock J., Stocker F., Stokes T., Strait M., Strauss T., Striganov S., Stuart A., Summers D., Surdo A., Susic V., Suter L., Sutera C., Svoboda R., Szczerbinska B., Szelc A., Talaga R., Tanaka H., Oregui B.T., Tapper A., Tariq S., Tatar E., Tayloe R., Teklu A., Tenti M., Terao K., Ternes C.A., Terranova F., Testera G., Thea A., Thompson J.L., Thorn C., Timm S., Tonazzo A., Torti M., Tortola M., Tortorici F., Totani D., Toups M., Touramanis C., Trevor J., Trzaska W.H., Tsai Y.T., Tsamalaidze Z., Tsang K., Tsverava N., Tufanli S., Tull C., Tyley E., Tzanov M., Uchida M.A., Urheim J., Usher T., Vagins M., Vahle P., Valdiviesso G., Valencia E., Vallari Z., Valle J.W., Vallecorsa S., Berg R.V., De Water R.G.V., Forero D.V., Varanini F., Vargas D., Varner G., Vasel J., Vasseur G., Vaziri K., Ventura S., Verdugo A., Vergani S., Vermeulen M.A., Verzocchi M., De Souza H.V., Vignoli C., Vilela C., Viren B., Vrba T., Wachala T., Waldron A.V., Wallbank M., Wang H., Wang J., Wang Y., Warburton K., Warner D., Wascko M., Waters D., Watson A., Weatherly P., Weber A., Weber M., Wei H., Weinstein A., Wenman D., Wetstein M., While M.R., White A., Whitehead L.H., Whittington D., Wilking M.J., Wilkinson C., Williams Z., Wilson F., Wilson R.J., Wolcott J., Wongjirad T., Wood K., Wood L., Worcester E., Worcester M., Wret C., Wu W., Xiao Y., Yang G., Yang T., Yershov N., Yonehara K., Young T., Yu B., Yu J., Zalesak J., Zambelli L., Zamorano B., Zani A., Zazueta L., Zeller G., Zennamo J., Zeug K., Zhang C., Zhao M., Zhivun E., Zhu G., Zimmerman E.D., Zito M., Zucchelli S., Zuklin J., Zutshi V., and Zwaska R.

Subjects
Technology, 530 Physics, media_common.quotation_subject, Neutrino oscillations, liquid Argon TPC, DUNE technical design report, single phase LArTPC, Electrons, FREE-ELECTRONS, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 09 Engineering, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Standard Model, 03 medical and health sciences, neutrino, 0302 clinical medicine, LIQUID ARGON, 0103 physical sciences, Grand Unified Theory, High Energy Physics, Aerospace engineering, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, media_common, Physics, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Lıquıd Argonfree, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Symmetry (physics), Universe, Long baseline neutrino experiment, CP violation, Antimatter, Neutrino, business, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

This document was prepared by the DUNE collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The DUNE collaboration also acknowledges the international, national, and regional funding agencies supporting the institutions who have contributed to completing this Technical Design Report., The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. Central to achieving DUNE's physics program is a far detector that combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with sub-centimeter spatial resolution in its ability to image those events, allowing identification of the physics signatures among the numerous backgrounds. In the single-phase liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, ionization charges drift horizontally in the liquid argon under the influence of an electric field towards a vertical anode, where they are read out with fine granularity. A photon detection system supplements the TPC, directly enhancing physics capabilities for all three DUNE physics drivers and opening up prospects for further physics explorations. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume IV presents an overview of the basic operating principles of a single-phase LArTPC, followed by a description of the DUNE implementation. Each of the subsystems is described in detail, connecting the high-level design requirements and decisions to the overriding physics goals of DUNE., Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) DE-AC02-07CH11359

Published
2020

6. Helium ions at the heidelberg ion beam therapy center: comparisons between FLUKA Monte Carlo code predictions and dosimetric measurements

Author

F. Cerutti, Thomas Tessonnier, Thomas Haberer, Paola Sala, Katia Parodi, Jürgen Debus, Arnaud Ferrari, Stephan Brons, and Andrea Mairani

Subjects
Ion beam, medicine.medical_treatment, Physics::Medical Physics, Monte Carlo method, Normal Distribution, Bragg peak, Helium, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Proton Therapy, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiometry, Proton therapy, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Particle therapy, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Water, Radiotherapy Dosage, Carbon, Computational physics, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Atomic physics, Monte Carlo Method, Beam (structure)
Abstract

In the field of particle therapy helium ion beams could offer an alternative for radiotherapy treatments, owing to their interesting physical and biological properties intermediate between protons and carbon ions. We present in this work the comparisons and validations of the Monte Carlo FLUKA code against in-depth dosimetric measurements acquired at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT). Depth dose distributions in water with and without ripple filter, lateral profiles at different depths in water and a spread-out Bragg peak were investigated. After experimentally-driven tuning of the less known initial beam characteristics in vacuum (beam lateral size and momentum spread) and simulation parameters (water ionization potential), comparisons of depth dose distributions were performed between simulations and measurements, which showed overall good agreement with range differences below 0.1 mm and dose-weighted average dose-differences below 2.3% throughout the entire energy range. Comparisons of lateral dose profiles showed differences in full-width-half-maximum lower than 0.7 mm. Measurements of the spread-out Bragg peak indicated differences with simulations below 1% in the high dose regions and 3% in all other regions, with a range difference less than 0.5 mm. Despite the promising results, some discrepancies between simulations and measurements were observed, particularly at high energies. These differences were attributed to an underestimation of dose contributions from secondary particles at large angles, as seen in a triple Gaussian parametrization of the lateral profiles along the depth. However, the results allowed us to validate FLUKA simulations against measurements, confirming its suitability for 4He ion beam modeling in preparation of clinical establishment at HIT. Future activities building on this work will include treatment plan comparisons using validated biological models between proton and helium ions, either within a Monte Carlo treatment planning engine based on the same FLUKA code, or an independent analytical planning system fed with a validated database of inputs calculated with FLUKA.

Published
2017

7. A phenomenological relative biological effectiveness approach for proton therapy based on an improved description of the mixed radiation field

Author

Arnaud Ferrari, Oliver Jäkel, Amir Abdollahi, Thomas Tessonnier, Giuseppe Magro, Thomas Haberer, Julia Bauer, T. T. Bohlen, Andrea Mairani, Mario Ciocca, I. Dokic, Katia Parodi, Paola Sala, and Jürgen Debus

Subjects
Proton, Physics::Medical Physics, Monte Carlo method, Linear energy transfer, Radiation, Cell Line, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Nuclear physics, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Line, Tumor, Cricetinae, Proton Therapy, Relative biological effectiveness, Animals, Humans, Linear Energy Transfer, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Proton therapy, Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Radiation field, Deuterium, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Linear Models, Monte Carlo Method, Relative Biological Effectiveness
Abstract

Proton therapy treatment planning systems (TPSs) are based on the assumption of a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 without taking into account the found in vitro experimental variations of the RBE as a function of tissue type, linear energy transfer (LET) and dose. The phenomenological RBE models available in literature are based on the dose-averaged LET (LETD) as an indicator of the physical properties of the proton radiation field. The LETD values are typically calculated taking into account primary and secondary protons, neglecting the biological effect of heavier secondaries. In this work, we have introduced a phenomenological RBE approach which considers the biological effect of primary protons, and of secondary protons, deuterons, tritons (Z = 1) and He fragments (He-3 and He-4, Z = 2). The calculation framework, coupled with a Monte Carlo (MC) code, has been successfully benchmarked against clonogenic in vitro data measured in this work for two cell lines and then applied to determine biological quantities for spread-out Bragg peaks and a prostate and a head case. The introduced RBE formalism, which depends on the mixed radiation field, the dose and the ratio of the linear-quadratic model parameters for the reference radiation (alpha/beta)(ph), predicts, when integrated in an MC code, higher RBE values in comparison to LETD-based parameterizations. This effect is particular enhanced in the entrance channel of the proton field and for low (alpha/beta)(ph) tissues. For the prostate and the head case, we found higher RBE-weighted dose values up to about 5% in the entrance channel when including or neglecting the Z = 2 secondaries in the RBE calculation. TPSs able to proper account for the mixed radiation field in proton therapy are thus recommended for an accurate determination of the RBE in the whole treatment field.

Published
2017

8. Biologically optimized helium ion plans: calculation approach and itsin vitrovalidation

Author

Thomas Haberer, Arnaud Ferrari, Paola Sala, Thomas Tessonnier, T. T. Bohlen, I. Dokic, Jürgen Debus, Giuseppe Magro, Oliver Jäkel, Katia Parodi, F. Cerutti, Florian Kamp, Mario Ciocca, Andrea Mairani, Amir Abdollahi, and David J. Carlson

Subjects
Radioisotopes, Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Ion beam, Cell Survival, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Monte Carlo method, Sobp, Linear energy transfer, Bragg peak, Helium, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, Computational physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Line, Tumor, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Relative biological effectiveness, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Sensitivity (control systems), Algorithms, Relative Biological Effectiveness, Simulation
Abstract

Treatment planning studies on the biological effect of raster-scanned helium ion beams should be performed, together with their experimental verification, before their clinical application at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT). For this purpose, we introduce a novel calculation approach based on integrating data-driven biological models in our Monte Carlo treatment planning (MCTP) tool. Dealing with a mixed radiation field, the biological effect of the primary (4)He ion beams, of the secondary (3)He and (4)He (Z = 2) fragments and of the produced protons, deuterons and tritons (Z = 1) has to be taken into account. A spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) in water, representative of a clinically-relevant scenario, has been biologically optimized with the MCTP and then delivered at HIT. Predictions of cell survival and RBE for a tumor cell line, characterized by [Formula: see text] Gy, have been successfully compared against measured clonogenic survival data. The mean absolute survival variation ([Formula: see text]) between model predictions and experimental data was 5.3% ± 0.9%. A sensitivity study, i.e. quantifying the variation of the estimations for the studied plan as a function of the applied phenomenological modelling approach, has been performed. The feasibility of a simpler biological modelling based on dose-averaged LET (linear energy transfer) has been tested. Moreover, comparisons with biophysical models such as the local effect model (LEM) and the repair-misrepair-fixation (RMF) model were performed. [Formula: see text] values for the LEM and the RMF model were, respectively, 4.5% ± 0.8% and 5.8% ± 1.1%. The satisfactorily agreement found in this work for the studied SOBP, representative of clinically-relevant scenario, suggests that the introduced approach could be applied for an accurate estimation of the biological effect for helium ion radiotherapy.

Published
2016

9. Propagation of scintillation light in Liquid Argon

Author

Arnaud Ferrari, F. Pietropaolo, M. Meli, M. Babicz, G.L. Raselli, Andrea Zani, Filippo Resnati, T. Cervi, Marzio Nessi, Massimo Rossella, Angela Fava, Paola Sala, S. Bordoni, Z. Collins, Utku Kose, and Alessandro Menegolli

Subjects
Physics, Scintillation, Photon, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Scattering, chemistry.chemical_element, Electromagnetic radiation, Wavelength, symbols.namesake, Optics, chemistry, symbols, Rayleigh scattering, business, Instrumentation, Refractive index, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The properties of the propagation of scintillations light in the liquid argon, at λ=128 nm wavelength, has been experimentally investigated in a dedicated setup at CERN. The velocity of scintillation photons has been measured for the first time in the liquid argon. The obtained result, 1/vg = 7.5 ± 0.1 ns/m, is then used to derive the refractive index and the Rayleigh scattering of the liquid argon at VUV region. Such measurement provides a key ingredient for the interpretation of data from the current and next generation large mass liquid argon detectors as those dedicated to the search for rare events such as neutrinos or Dark Matter. Furthermore the improvement on the understanding of the scintillation light propagation represent a benchmark for the multiple theoretical models and simulations for the next generation of detectors.

Published
2020

10. Noise evaluation of Compton camera imaging for proton therapy

Author

Paola Sala, Gabriela Llosa, John E. Gillam, Josep F. Oliver, I. Torres-Espallardo, Carlos Lacasta, F. Cerutti, Arnaud Ferrari, Pablo G. Ortega, P. Solevi, and Magdalena Rafecas

Subjects
Diagnostic Imaging, Photon, Image quality, Compton telescope, medicine.medical_treatment, Image processing, Iterative reconstruction, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Imaging phantom, Optics, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Proton Therapy, medicine, Humans, Computer Simulation, Gamma Cameras, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Probability, Neutrons, Physics, Photons, Particle therapy, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Phantoms, Imaging, business.industry, Compton scattering, business, Monte Carlo Method, Algorithms
Abstract

Compton Cameras emerged as an alternative for real-time dose monitoring techniques for Particle Therapy (PT), based on the detection of prompt-gammas. As a consequence of the Compton scattering process, the gamma origin point can be restricted onto the surface of a cone (Compton cone). Through image reconstruction techniques, the distribution of the gamma emitters can be estimated, using cone-surfaces backprojections of the Compton cones through the image space, along with more sophisticated statistical methods to improve the image quality. To calculate the Compton cone required for image reconstruction, either two interactions, the last being photoelectric absorption, or three scatter interactions are needed. Because of the high energy of the photons in PT the first option might not be adequate, as the photon is not absorbed in general. However, the second option is less efficient. That is the reason to resort to spectral reconstructions, where the incoming γ energy is considered as a variable in the reconstruction inverse problem. Jointly with prompt gamma, secondary neutrons and scattered photons, not strongly correlated with the dose map, can also reach the imaging detector and produce false events. These events deteriorate the image quality. Also, high intensity beams can produce particle accumulation in the camera, which lead to an increase of random coincidences, meaning events which gather measurements from different incoming particles. The noise scenario is expected to be different if double or triple events are used, and consequently, the reconstructed images can be affected differently by spurious data. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of false events in the reconstructed image, evaluating their impact in the determination of the beam particle ranges. A simulation study that includes misidentified events (neutrons and random coincidences) in the final image of a Compton Telescope for PT monitoring is presented. The complete chain of detection, from the beam particle entering a phantom to the event classification, is simulated using FLUKA. The range determination is later estimated from the reconstructed image obtained from a two and three-event algorithm based on Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization. The neutron background and random coincidences due to a therapeutic-like time structure are analyzed for mono-energetic proton beams. The time structure of the beam is included in the simulations, which will affect the rate of particles entering the detector.

Published
2015

11. An integral test of FLUKA nuclear models with 160 MeV proton beams in multi-layer Faraday cups

Author

Andrea Mairani, I Rinaldi, A. Ferrari, Paola Sala, Katia Parodi, and Harald Paganetti

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear reaction, Photons, Range (particle radiation), Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Proton, Monte Carlo method, Reproducibility of Results, Faraday cup, Bragg peak, Models, Theoretical, law.invention, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Polyethylene, law, symbols, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Nuclear Experiment, Faraday cage, Monte Carlo Method, Proton therapy, Copper
Abstract

Monte Carlo (MC) codes are useful tools to simulate the complex processes of proton beam interactions with matter. In proton therapy, nuclear reactions influence the dose distribution. Therefore, the validation of nuclear models adopted in MC codes is a critical requisite for their use in this field. A simple integral test can be performed using a multi-layer Faraday cup (MLFC). This method allows separation of the nuclear and atomic interaction processes, which are responsible for secondary particle emission and the finite primary proton range, respectively. In this work, the propagation of 160 MeV protons stopping in two MLFCs made of polyethylene and copper has been simulated by the FLUKA MC code. The calculations have been performed with and without secondary electron emission and transport, as well as charge sharing in the dielectric layers. Previous results with other codes neglected those two effects. The impact of this approximation has been investigated and found to be relevant only in the proximity of the Bragg peak. Longitudinal charge distributions computed with FLUKA with both approaches have been compared with experimental data from the literature. Moreover, the contribution of different processes to the measurable signal has been addressed. A thorough analysis of the results has demonstrated that the nuclear and electromagnetic models of FLUKA reproduce the two sets of experimental data reasonably well.

Published
2011

12. Proton therapy treatment monitoring with the DoPET system: activity range, positron emitters evaluation and comparison with Monte Carlo predictions

Author

L. Cristoforetti, A. Topi, Matteo Morrocchi, G. Battistoni, Paola Sala, Arnaud Ferrari, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Valeria Rosso, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Nicola Belcari, A. Del Guerra, R. Righetto, M. Schwarz, Giancarlo Sportelli, F. Fracchiolla, and S. Muraro

Subjects
Particle therapy, Materials science, Ion beam, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, medicine.medical_treatment, Monte Carlo method, Bragg peak, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Computational physics, Pencil (optics), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Positron, Mockup, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Instrumentation, Proton therapy, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Ion beam irradiations can deliver conformal dose distributions minimizing damage to healthy tissues thanks to their characteristic dose profiles. Nevertheless, the location of the Bragg peak can be affected by different sources of range uncertainties: a critical issue is the treatment verification. During the treatment delivery, nuclear interactions between the ions and the irradiated tissues generate β+ emitters: the detection of this activity signal can be used to perform the treatment monitoring if an expected activity distribution is available for comparison. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the particle therapy community to evaluate the radiation transport and interaction with matter. In this work, FLUKA MC code was used to simulate the experimental conditions of irradiations performed at the Proton Therapy Center in Trento (IT). Several mono-energetic pencil beams were delivered on phantoms mimicking human tissues. The activity signals were acquired with a PET system (DoPET) based on two planar heads, and designed to be installed along the beam line to acquire data also during the irradiation. Different acquisitions are analyzed and compared with the MC predictions, with a special focus on validating the PET detectors response for activity range verification.

Published
2017

13. Carbon induced reactions at low incident energies

Author

Andrea Mairani, Arnaud Ferrari, Francesco Cerutti, Francesca Ballarini, G. F. Steyn, S. V. Förtsch, Paola Sala, L. S. Pinsky, Andrea Ottolenghi, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, D. A. Scannicchio, G. Battistoni, A. Pepe, P. Colleoni, and E. Gadioli

Subjects
Nuclear physics, History, Inverse kinematics, Chemistry, Cancer therapy, chemistry.chemical_element, Space radiation, USable, Carbon, Spectral line, Computer Science Applications, Education, Ion
Abstract

Accurate knowledge of the reactions which occur when two heavy ions interact is of importance in many trans-disciplinary fields, particularly in cancer therapy and space radiation protection. In these cases one needs to know what happens in a natural process to which all possible reaction mechanisms contribute and thus a theoretical calculation, to be really usable, must indeed be able to reproduce large sets of data in wide energy and mass ranges. We show here the results of an analysis of the spectra of intermediate mass fragments produced in the C + Al interaction at 13 MeV/n, both in direct and inverse kinematics, which supplies a very reasonable reproduction of a great number of data providing useful information on the leading reaction mechanisms.

Published
2006

14. Modelling human exposure to space radiation with different shielding: the FLUKA code coupled with anthropomorphic phantoms

Author

M. Pelliccioni, M. Zankl, Herwig G. Paretzke, Andrea Ottolenghi, G. Battistoni, D. A. Scannicchio, Paola Sala, S. Trovati, Andrea Mairani, M Liotta, Francesca Ballarini, Arnaud Ferrari, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, Daniele Alloni, L. S. Pinsky, Francesco Cerutti, E. Gadioli, and V. Parini

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear reaction, History, Equivalent dose, Cosmic ray, Mars Exploration Program, Chromosome aberration, Computer Science Applications, Education, Computational physics, Absorbed dose, Electromagnetic shielding, Solar particle event, Simulation
Abstract

Astronauts' exposure to the various components of the space radiation field is of great concern for long-term missions, especially for those in deep space such as a possible travel to Mars. Simulations based on radiation transport/interaction codes coupled with anthropomorphic model phantoms can be of great help in view of risk evaluation and shielding optimisation, which is therefore a crucial issue. The FLUKA Monte Carlo code can be coupled with two types of anthropomorphic phantom (a mathematical model and a ''voxel'' model) to calculate organ-averaged absorbed dose, dose equivalent and ''biological'' dose under different shielding conditions. Herein the ''biological dose'' is represented by the average number of ''Complex Lesions'' (CLs) per cell in a given organ. CLs are clustered DNA breaks previously calculated by means of event-by-event track structure simulations at the nm level and integrated on-line into FLUKA, which adopts a condensed-history approach; such lesions have been shown to play a fundamental role in chromosome aberration induction, which in turn can be correlated with carcinogenesis. Examples of calculation results will be presented relative to Galactic Cosmic Rays, as well as to the August 1972 Solar Particle Event. The contributions from primary ions and secondary particles will be shown separately, thus allowing quantification of the role played by nuclear reactions occurring in the shield and in the human body itself. As expected, the SPE doses decrease dramatically with increasing the Al shielding thickness; nuclear reaction products, essentially due to target fragmentation, are of minor importance. A 10 g/cm2 Al shelter resulted to be sufficient to respect the 30-day limits for deterministic effects recommended for missions in Low Earth Orbit. In contrast with the results obtained for SPEs, the calculated GCR doses are almost independent of the Al shield thickness, and the GCR doses to internal organs are not significantly lower than the skin doses. Furthermore, nuclear interactions play a much larger role for GCR than for SPE doses.

Published
2006

15. Heavy-ion collisions: preliminary results of a new QMD model coupled with FLUKA

Author

Paola Sala, Francesca Ballarini, Andrea Ottolenghi, Arnaud Ferrari, Francesco Cerutti, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, L. S. Pinsky, Johannes Ranft, Alberto Fasso, E. Gadioli, and G. Battistoni

Subjects
Physics, History, Equation of state, Range (particle radiation), Proton, Neutron emission, Fission, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear matter, Computer Science Applications, Education, Nuclear physics, Isospin, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon
Abstract

Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) models are considered viable tools to simulate the initial hot stages of heavy-ion collisions and investigate the properties of the nuclear matter equation of state. A new QMD model has been developed by scratch by our group during the last few years and recently coupled to the FLUKA fission/Fermi breakup/ evaporation module which describes the latest stage of the reactions, when slower processes leading nuclei to the equilibrium occur. Comparisons with experimental data collected both in symmetric and in asymmetric collisions are shown, covering a wide range of projectile and target masses. Reproduction of the experimental light particle (Z < 3) yields is one of the most difficult challenges to be met by QMD models, traditionally prone to underestimate a particle emission while dramatically overestimating proton and neutron emission. Our results seem to be quite satisfactory with respect to this issue, thanks to the form of the potential terms involved in the nucleon-nucleon interaction and to many refinements applied in the fragment definition scheme, based on the potential which each particle experiences because of its neighbors. Nucleon isospin is taken into account all over the simulation, as well as the experimental binding energy constraints on nuclear states. The introduction of further refinements to describe pre-equilibrium processes is under development.

Published
2006

16. RDDS coincidence lifetime measurement for two superdeformed states in192Hg

Author

G. Lo Bianco, G. de Angelis, C Rossi-Alvares, D. Bazzacco, Paola Sala, O. Stuch, J. Rico, P. von Brentano, J. Altmann, G. Vedovato, R. Krücken, and A. Dewald

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Coincidence, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Recoil, Quadrupole, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Beam energy, Doppler effect
Abstract

Lifetimes of two superdeformed states in 192Hg were measured with the recoil distance Doppler shift coincidence method, using the 160Gd(36S,4n)192Hg reaction at a beam energy of 168 MeV. The experiment was performed with the GASP set-up at the LNL, Legnaro. The obtained transitional quadrupole moments are in accordance with those obtained previously for the higher members of the superdeformed band.

Published
1993

17. Hadron production simulation by FLUKA

Author

F. Cerutti, Johannes Ranft, G. Battistoni, Stefan Roesler, Paola Sala, and Arnaud Ferrari

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, History, Particle physics, Monte carlo code, Hadron, Key (cryptography), Production (economics), Benchmarking, Neutrino, Computer Science Applications, Education, Event generator
Abstract

For the purposes of accelerator based neutrino experiments, the simulation of parent hadron production plays a key role. In this paper a quick overview of the main ingredients of the PEANUT event generator implemented in the FLUKA Monte Carlo code is given, together with some benchmarking examples.

Published
2013

18. Verification of the CNGS timing system using fast diamond detectors

Author

I Kozsar, Daniel Dobos, P. Alvarez Sanchez, D Missiaen, S Bart Pedersen, Paola Sala, Edda Gschwendtner, H. Jansen, Arnaud Ferrari, C Ward, Ewald Effinger, J. Serrano, E. Griesmayer, Heinz Pernegger, and Bernd Dehning

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Diamond, engineering.material, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Nuclear physics, Bunches, Beamline, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Neutrino, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A new fast diagnostic tool was installed in the CNGS facility in 2011 following the neutrino time-of-flight results published by OPERA in September 2011. Among others, four polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond detectors were placed in the secondary beam line about 1200 m downstream of the CNGS target in order to measure the beam structure of the muons which are produced together with the muon neutrinos. Upstream of the CNGS target, a fast beam current transformer measures the proton beam structure. The sub-nanosecond single-pulse time resolution of pCVD diamond for a minimum ionising particle in combination with a GPS system allows the measurement of the GPS timing of individual secondary particle bunches crossing these detectors with a precision of

Published
2013

19. A search for sterile neutrinos at CERN-PS

Author

Paola Sala, E. Calligarich, F. Pietropaolo, A. Guglielmi, S. Centro, D. Gibin, and C. Rubbia

Subjects
Physics, History, Sterile neutrino, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics beyond the Standard Model, Computer Science Applications, Education, MiniBooNE, Nuclear physics, Pion, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation, Electron neutrino
Abstract

The LSND experiment has observed a 3.8 sigma excess of e events from an μ beam coming from pions at rest. If confirmed, the LSND anomaly would imply new physics beyond the standard model. The MiniBooNE experiment shows a 1.6 σ disagreement with LSND results, but it introduces an unexplained, new 3.0 sigma anomaly at lower energies, down to 200 MeV. The proposal for a new eperiment based on two liquidArgon TPCs at CERN-PS is presented in this paper. The superior quality of the Liquid Argon imaging TPC and its unique electron – pi-zero discrimination allow full rejection of the NC background, without efficiency loss for electron neutrino detection. The use of two detectors at a near and a far location enables to minimize the effects of systematic uncertainties related to the neutrino beam and to the neutrino cross-sections. This experiment could collect 106 charged current events in two years data taking, thus allowing for a high priecision and high statistics study of the LSND and MiniBoone anomalies

Published
2010

20. Proton driver optimization for new-generation neutrino superbeams to search for sub-leading µ eoscillations ( 13angle)

Author

André Rubbia, A. Ferrari, C. Rubbia, and Paola Sala

Subjects
Physics, Range (particle radiation), Particle physics, Pion, Proton, Oscillation, General Physics and Astronomy, Order (ring theory), High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, Neutrino oscillation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

We perform a systematic study of particle production and neutrino yields for different incident proton energies $E_p$ and baselines $L$, with the aim of optimizing the parameters of a neutrino beam for the investigation of $\theta_{13}$-driven neutrino oscillations in the $\Delta m^2$ range allowed by Superkamiokande results. We study the neutrino energy spectra in the ``relevant'' region of the first maximum of the oscillation at a given baseline $L$. We find that to each baseline $L$ corresponds an ``optimal'' proton energy $E_p$ which minimizes the required integrated proton intensity needed to observe a fixed number of oscillated events. In addition, we find that the neutrino event rate in the relevant region scales approximately linearly with the proton energy. Hence, baselines $L$ and proton energies $E_p$ can be adjusted and the performance for neutrino oscillation searches will remain approximately unchanged provided that the product of the proton energy times the number of protons on target remains constant. We apply these ideas to the specific cases of 2.2, 4.4, 20, 50 and 400 GeV protons. We simulate focusing systems that are designed to best capture the secondary pions of the ``optimal'' energy. We compute the expected sensitivities to $\sin^22\theta_{13}$ for the various configurations by assuming the existence of new generation accelerators able to deliver integrated proton intensities on target times the proton energy of the order of ${\cal O}(5\times 10^{23})\rm\ GeV\times\rm pot/year$.

Published
2002

21. Carbon ions beam therapy monitoring with the INSIDE in-beam PET.

Author

Francesco Pennazio, Giuseppe Battistoni, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Alfredo Ferrari, Veronica Ferrero, Elisa Fiorina, Matteo Morrocchi, Paola Sala, Giancarlo Sportelli, Richard Wheadon, and Piergiorgio Cerello

Subjects
CROSS-sectional imaging, GEOMETRIC tomography, MEDICAL radiography, RADIOSCOPIC diagnosis, TISSUE wounds
Abstract

In vivo range monitoring techniques are necessary in order to fully take advantage of the high dose gradients deliverable in hadrontherapy treatments. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanners can be used to monitor beam-induced activation in tissues and hence measure the range. The INSIDE (Innovative Solutions for In-beam DosimEtry in Hadrontherapy) in-beam PET scanner, installed at the Italian National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO, Pavia, Italy) synchrotron facility, has already been successfully tested in vivo during a proton therapy treatment. We discuss here the system performance evaluation with carbon ion beams, in view of future in vivo tests. The work is focused on the analysis of activity images obtained with therapeutic treatments delivered to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms, as well as on the test of an innovative and robust Monte Carlo simulation technique for the production of reliable prior activity maps. Images are reconstructed using different integration intervals, so as to monitor the activity evolution during and after the treatment. Three procedures to compare activity images are presented, namely Pearson correlation coefficient, Beam's eye view and overall view. Images of repeated irradiations of the same treatments are compared to assess the integration time necessary to provide reproducible images. The range agreement between simulated and experimental images is also evaluated, so as to validate the simulation capability to provide sound prior information. The results indicate that at treatment end, or at most 20 s afterwards, the range measurement is reliable within 1–2 mm, when comparing both different experimental sessions and data with simulations. In conclusion, this work shows that the INSIDE in-beam PET scanner performance is promising towards its in vivo test with carbon ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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