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The predictive properties of methods aimed for estimating the water content in skin from the spectral diffuse reflection characteristics near the water absorption line in the near-IR spectral range are analysed. Numerical simulation data, experimental data on diffuse reflection from human skin phantoms, and data from the reference data set of human skin reflectance spectra are used to consider the possibility of gaining additional information about the water distribution in skin. The influence of variations in the scattering coefficient and oxyhaemoglobin concentration on the water content estimates is investigated.

Reservoir parameter interpretation is one of the main contents of reservoir description, which affects the whole process of oilfield development. According to the characteristics of micro-resistivity scanning imaging logging, which can directly reflect the changes of lithology and physical properties of reservoirs, this paper compares the thickness and interbed division of reservoirs with conventional logging data, this paper finds out the shortcomings of the conventional logging data in the interpretation of thickness and the division of interlayers, and combines the core analysis data to examine the differences in the correlation on the coring wells, and obtains good results, it has laid the foundation for the establishment of new interpretation procedure.

When the gypsum rock is exposed to the relative humidity in a closed environment for a continuous period, the result is an increase in the weight of these rocks after the passage of the first 24 hours, and there is no effect on the percentage of gypsum that the rocks contain, as the weight increase occurred at the same time for the different gypsum ratios. For rocks submerged in potable water and located within a humid environment, most of these rocks witnessed weight gain, with some exhibiting dissolving behavior. As for the gypsum rocks submerged with water saturated with aqueous calcium sulfate salt, they witnessed weight gain without any solubility. It is worth noting the important effect that relative humidity plays in the atmosphere at high levels, as it stimulated the saturation property to cover and overcome the famous property of gypsum rocks, which is the melting at high humidity.

The present work aims to evaluate the performance of raw marl collected from the region of Oum El Bouaghi on the elimination of KMnO4 from aqueous solution. The adsorption capacities were studied using the batch technique as a function of pH, initial concentration and temperature. The maximum adsorption for KMnO4 was found to be 83.517% at pH 3.0. When the pH is low (pH4 occurs with an electrostatic attraction between the MnO4-ions and the surface proton groups, while at pH ≥3.0-8.0, the formation of complexes with the surface functional groups during the adsorption process and/or cation exchange are responsible for retention of Mn(II) ions onto marl. Experimental adsorption data were modeled with different nonlinear isotherms and kinetic models. Furthermore, statistical errors (SSE, SD, ARE, χ 2, R2 and R2 adj) were calculated to choose the suitable model. Langmuir isotherm was found to be best for fitting the experimental data. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption process was physical, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. From this work, it was concluded that the natural marl can be used for effective elimination of KMnO4 from aqueous solution and wastewater.

The optical reflection method is considered for detection of the forest areas where coniferous or broadleaved trees are dominant. Statistical modelling of correct detection and false alarm probabilities for identifying dominant (coniferous or broadleaved) tree species by the two-spectral reflection method has been conducted. It has been shown that monitoring enables us to identify dominant (coniferous or broadleaved) tree species with correct detection probability close to 1 and false alarms probability ~ second decimal places for the temperate climate zone at the wavelengths of 532 and 1540 nm or 532 and 1480 nm. As to the subtropical climate zone, due to a great variety of reflection spectra of vegetation, a selection of the spectral detection bands for reliable identification of dominant coniferous or broadleaved tree species is possible only for specific forestlands where the number of evergreen broadleaved and coniferous tree species is relatively small.

Sandstone is a reservoir rock commonly found by oil and gas companies. Oil and gas usually trap inside the sandstone pores. A Destructive-Testing (DT) method or chemical solution method is usually used to measure the porosities of the sandstone sample. On the other hand, neutron computed tomography (NCT) can visualise and quantify all the porosities of the sandstone non-destructively. Neutron tomography is an imaging technique that employs neutron generated by a nuclear research reactor. The NCT produces cross-sectional images of the object that was used to visualise the Barea sandstone porosities distribution. The results show that each rock sample possesses connected and concentrated pores in the middle part of the rock with total porosity of ± 20%.

Micro heaters are important part in miniaturized heating applications. These applications required precise control of temperature over the applied surface that need to be heated. This present work is the computational study of the micro heater performance under various design criteria. Three different models of the heaters were studied for multi-physical phenomena, viz. the temperature uniformity and the mechanical stability. Effect of various parameters of the heaters, viz. pattern design, applied voltage and layer thickness, for nichrome (NiCr) based micro-heaters have been studied using COMSOL Multiphysics. Finally, conclusions are made by comparison of design parameters to reach best solution among nichrome micro-heaters.

For sandstone reservoirs with extra-low permeability, CO2 injection is regarded as a valid method to enhance oil recovery. When CO2 injection is implemented in such reservoirs, the physical properties of the formation could be altered owing to the interactions between CO2, water, and rock. In this study, the influence of CO2–brine–rock interactions on the physical properties of tight sandstone cores was analyzed by comparing the obtained T 2 spectrum before and after CO2 injection. The results revealed that the T2 spectrum after CO2 injection was significantly different from the original T2 spectrum. CO2 injection changed the pore size distribution of the core samples. When the injection pressure was low, the pore volume decreased from micropores to macropores leading to a decrease in both permeability and porosity. As the injection pressure increasing, the dissolution of CO2 in the micropores was enhanced thus improving the pore-throat connectivity; which ultimately improved the reservoir physical properties.

The existence of anisotropy phenomena in the subsurface will affect the image quality of seismic data. Hence a prior knowledge of the type of anisotropy is quite essential, especially when dealing with deep water targets. The preliminary result of the anisotropy of the well-based modelling in deep water exploration and development is discussed in this study. Anisotropy types are modelled for Vertical Transverse Isotropy (VTI) and Horizontal Transverse Isotropy (HTI) based on Thomsen Parameters of ε and γ. The parameters are obtained from DSI Logging paired with reference δ value for modelling. Three initial conditions are then analysed. The first assumption is isotropic, in which the P-Wave Velocity, S-Wave Velocity, and Density Log modelled at their in-situ condition. The second and third assumptions are anisotropy models that are VTI and HTI. In terms of HTI, the result shows that the model of CDP Gather in the offset domain has a weak distortion in Amplitude Variation with Azimuth (AVAz). However, another finding shows a relatively strong hockey effect in far offset, which indicates that the target level is a VTI dominated type. It is supported by the geomechanical analysis result in which vertical stress acts as the maximum principal axis while horizontal stress is close to isotropic one. To sum up, this prior anisotropy knowledge obtained based on this study could guide the efficiency guidance in exploring the deep water environment.

Groundwater plays a major role as an alternative freshwater resource for irrigation and industrial purposes. This study aimed to characterize the subsurface of aquifer systems in TelukIntan district, Perak, Malaysia using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Induced Polarization (IP) methods. The horizontal profiling (TL1 and TL2) was conducted at length of 400 m. The estimated depth is 150 m below ground level (b.g.l.). An ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and ABEM LUND ES464 Imaging System were applied to create a resistivity pseudo-section using polar-dipole configuration. The collected geo-electrical data was interpreted using RESIST software with partial curve matching and computer iteration. ERT and IP survey profile results were validated with in-situ borehole data from borehole 2 (B2). Eleven samples of soil profile were collected at depth from 5.6 m to 61.2 m, with average percentage of sand, silt and clay are 93.77 %, 5.78 % and 0.02 %, respectively. The geology of subsurface settings is the key factor in determining the aquifer system characterized by interlayer sand-silt sequence indicating the saturation zone of aquifer underlain by shale at the bottom. Further study on hydraulics perspective is important to understand the overall capacity of the aquifer.

The spatial planning document is planning guidance intended to regulate an area’s spatial use and development planning. This document contains the component that regulates the composition of green space. This composition is designed to maintain the stability of the existing ecosystem quality. Pekalongan is one of the Regency in Central Java Province with environmental problems related to lack of green space area. The existence of ecological degradation makes environmental quality in Pekalongan one that needs to be considered. This study aims to determine the effect of changes in the composition and intensity of green space on surface temperature from these problems. This study will use time-series data during the initial implementation of spatial planning documents (2013) to the current year (2021) to see how changes in the composition and intensity of green space in each sub-district in Pekalongan Regency. The method used is descriptive quantitative with a GIS approach. The result of this study can be a consideration to make policies related to green space.

Ironsand deposits might contain Fe as well as other valuable elements and minerals that could be used in a variety of applications. Often, high Fe content deposits are preferable for exploration. An earlier study shows that the highest Fe content is found in the very fine sand (VFS) size. In this study, seven VFS samples from Anoi Itam were subjected to magnetic measurements as well as X-Ray florescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and correlation analyses to investigate further characteristics and how magnetic susceptibility correlates with the elemental composition of ironsand. Magnetic susceptibility varies from 2207.77 × 10-8 m3 kg-1 to 4476.68 × 10-8 m3 kg-1. The main elements contained in the sample are Fe, Ti, Si, and Al. Meanwhile, other elements have small concentrations (

Modern methods of computational fluid dynamics make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of various design options for chemical devices already at the design stage. This work is devoted to the study of the processes of mixing sediment with a high solids content, in the preparation of the conversion of scandium concentrate, using the methods of computational fluid dynamics, based on a previously developed mathematical model. As a result of the work, the parameters of the distribution of the volume fraction of the solid phase were established, and the velocity field of the suspension in the simulated apparatus was investigated. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Infrastructure development such as buildings, especially in multi-story buildings, really requires strong foundation support. In the construction of a multi-story building, usually using a pile that is embedded into a zone that has a hard rock arrangement or bedrock to support the building above it. This is a challenge for multistory buildings in areas of volcanic deposits or pyroclastic deposits. The rock layer below the surface in this area is dominated by less dense rocks such as tuff. This rock layer has more challenging when using for building foundations because it tends to be permeable, so a special method is needed to obtain information on hard rock or bedrock for building foundation needs. In other hand, the presence of weak zones, below the surface can cause sudden land subsidence which of course will damage the buildings on it. This study aims to determine the depth of the bedrock zone, in the pyroclastic deposit area using the integration of geophysical methods, resistivity and electromagnetic (EM) method. The resistivity method is more sensitive for areas that have large types of resistance or areas that are resistive, such as rocks that have low porosity and permeability such as igneous rocks. Meanwhile, the EM method is more sensitive in layers that have high porosity and permeability values or in conductive areas such as sediment layers. Nevertheless, the conductor layer is also influenced by the mineral content in the rock, so a good understanding of geology is needed in matching the data and conditions in the field. This is expected to be a reference in designing building structures, especially in pyroclastic deposit.

Seismic reflection is a method commonly used to map hydrocarbons. The reservoir can be characterized using the inversion method by converting the seismic data into acoustic impedance values of rock and spectral decomposition methods are used to delineate low-frequency shadow beneath reservoir caused by the presence of hydrocarbon. The combination of these two methods is used to distribute the hydrocarbon reservoir in the target zone. The inversion used in this research is a model-based inversion, while the spectral decomposition method used is continuous wavelet transform. The result of this study shows that reservoir distribution with low acoustic impedance located at inline 1583, inline 1290, inline 1360, inline 1399. Three of four inline show by spectral decomposition result delineating low-frequency shadow at inline 1290, inline 1360 dan inline 1399, while inline 1583 produces high-frequency anomaly. This phenomenon could occur due to the effect of reservoir thickness that is less than 1/4λ. The reservoir has an acoustic impedance value of 18000–19000 ft.g/s.cc and low-frequency shadow beneath reservoir has 20 Hz frequency indicating the presence of hydrocarbon, while inline 1583 shows high-frequency anomaly 60 Hz this phenomenon shows that the reservoir thickness is thin or less than 1/4λ and indicates of containing gas fluid.

The Missan oil field is located in southeastern Iraq and is an important part of Iraq's oil economy. Carbonate reservoirs in the Missan Oilfield have the characteristics of multiple mineral types, large changes in reservoir physical properties, and strong heterogeneity. It is difficult to develop reservoirs reasonably and effectively. Therefore, subsequent acidification and acid fracturing of the reservoir Reconstruction is necessary. To provide a basis for the selection of input parameters of the subsequent productivity prediction model and improve the effectiveness of acidified acid fracturing reservoir reconstruction, this paper prepares cast thin sections and uses an electron microscope to observe the microscopic pore structure of the thin sections before and after acid etching. The research results show that acid etching will significantly increase the storage space, and the dissolution rate and dissolved pore morphology of different types and shapes of minerals after exposure to acid have obvious differences. The accuracy has certain guiding significance.

The present article analyses and proposes an innovative dynamic planning methodology, supported by computer tools and in-situ measurements, for the optimization of the planning techniques of underground marble quarries. The abovementioned planning methodology has been implemented in ‘Cava Piastreta’, an underground marble quarry located in the Apuan Alps, Italy. The entire excavation area has been characterized with tridimensional topographic surveys, geotechnical traditional surveys, and radar surveys, as well as stress-level measurement campaigns through a CSIRO cell. When an underground excavation project concerning stone material is designed, it is mandatory to have an instrument allowing a forecast of the stress-strain behavior of the rock mass. To this end, the rocky outcrop can also be represented by different mathematical models to schematize the geomechanical behavior. The accuracy and reliability of the simulation of the mechanical response of the fractured mass depend on the exactness with which the rocky outcrop is defined. Therefore, the geometric modeling phase acquires prominent importance. To better address the discontinuous nature of the studied rocky mass, the distinct element method has been used in modeling the mechanical behavior of the mass itself. Given the peculiar geometrical characteristics of the excavation site in question, the deterministic approach has been chosen to simulate as closely as possible the position of the major discontinuities identified in-situ. The present article thus aims to briefly describe a study that has been developed over the last years intended to deepen the analysis of the geostructural characterization of the excavation site, as well as to compare the obtained results through the geometrical tridimensional modeling with the values measured in-situ.

This study focuses on the mechanical parameters of Miocene limestones from Hungary. Four different lithotypes of porous limestone from two localities were analysed in laboratory conditions. These lithologies have been widely used for centuries as construction material in Central Europe. One type of the Badenian Leithakalk limestone, which is a bioclastic grainstone containing molluscs, foraminifera and Lithothamnium and three types of Sarmatian porous limestone; a fine-grained, medium-grained and a coarse-grained bioclastic lithotype were compared in laboratory conditions. Bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity, uniaxial compressive and tensile strength tests were performed to obtain data set for correlation analysis. With water saturation under atmospheric pressure, the uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of all studied lithotypes were reduced significantly. A good correlation between dry bulk density and apparent porosity was found for two lithotypes; meanwhile, for the two other lithotypes a less significant relationship was found. Bulk density correlates with uniaxial compressive strength and with tensile strength for all lithologies. However, a significant difference was found in the coefficients of determination of the different lithotypes. The coefficients in air-dry conditions were over 70%, but they became smaller after water saturation. According to these results, microstructure, porosity, and water saturation influence porous limestones’ damage mechanism.

The study presents results of Biot coefficient determination for limestones from Perm krai, Russia. To the date there is no standard method to determine the poroelastic parameters. That’s why different researchers use different approaches to perform these tests. In this research an attempt was made to compare how some aspects of Biot coefficient determination influence its values. The tests were performed on a triaxial test system PIK-UIDK/PL where deformations are measured by LVDT sensors. The Biot coefficient was calculated using two different equations. The results from three types of tests were used for these calculations. These tests are: 1) test when both confining and pore pressures are changed for the same values (similar to what is called unjacketed test), 2) drained test (confined pressure is changed while pore pressure is maintained at a constant value, 3) pore pressure change (while confining pressure is maintained at a constant value). The variation of the calculated Biot coefficient values in relation to the amplitude of pressure variation in each test was analyzed. The tests for each sample were performed with small pressure steps in the beginning and then the tests were repeated with increased maximum amplitude and larger pressure steps. The results show significant nonlinearity in the deformation of samples with larger pressure amplitude. This results in significantly higher Biot coefficient values when the full load cycle is used for calculation. The obtained Biot coefficient values were then correlated with the P-wave velocity determined for these samples in the reservoir conditions on the test system in the beginning of each test.

The study area is located in the Franconian Alb in Southern Germany and is an Upper Jurassic, karstified and fractured, regularly bedded carbonate rock mass with thin marl interlayers. Structurally, these deposits are heterogeneous and a classification into structural types is striven for in this study. The structural classification is based on discontinuity and fault characteristics gained from field work. The study area is considered an analogue for Germanys most productive deep geothermal reservoir horizon in the South German Molasse Basin. The aim of the field study is to describe and quantitatively analyse the different structural types, and to optimize the scanline method for a specific geological setting to gain comprehensive information with regard to fracture permeability and rock mass behaviour. The structural types are described in terms of discontinuity orientation and density, rock strength, and fault characteristics. To optimize the scanline method for the field study additional discontinuity attributes were added. One of these accessory attributes, the existence of discontinuity lags, will be discussed. It occurs when vertical and sub-vertical fractures cross sedimentary layers and continue with a small horizontal displacement in the next sedimentary layer. The results of this study are used to improve derived fracture networks with respect to thermo-hydro-mechanical models in the geothermal sector. Following article discusses the first results of the above-mentioned field study.

Understanding the anisotropic hydraulic and mechanical properties of fractured rock masses is of great importance for a safe and optimal utilisation of the subsurface. Two sandstone quarries are utilized to obtain fracture network characteristics by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) producing 3d point cloud data. Semiautomatic analysis of the point clouds provides the probability density functions for each of the fracture parameters used as stochastic input for a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model. Rock mechanical laboratory tests are carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the intact rock and fractures. These parameters are then combined in the DFN model to calculate spatially variable tensors for permeability, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Thereby, the spatial resolution of the tensor description is adapted to the grid size which can be used in further hydromechanical models. The approach allows to populate these models with more realistic parameters which incorporate also the effect of fractures on the rock mass behaviour. Obtained results are subsequently compared with conventional engineering rock mass classifications. The applied workflow allows for upscaling of rock properties determined in the laboratory to the anisotropic rock mass properties required for further hydromechanical modelling on larger scales, e.g., the reservoir scale.

This study has been undertaken with a view to interpreting and analyzing different types of logs, detecting hydrocarbon-bearing sand zone, identifying the lithology, estimating shale volume, and determining water saturation of the formation of the Fenchuganj gas field. Fenchuganj gas field is in the southern part of Bangladesh in the Sylhet division. It lies in the Surma basin and characterized as a water drive gas field. Gamma Ray (GR) log and Spontaneous Potential (SP) log analysis help to interpret the formation lithology. After interpreting lithology, the gamma-ray log and SP log were analyzed further, and the hydrocarbon-bearing zone was detected. From the analysis of different logs, for well 4, so many gas-bearing sand zones have been detected. The gas-bearing zones are found between (1585-1595) m, (1600-1610) m, (2409-2420) m, (2265-2270) m, (2295-2303) m, (2435-2450) m, (2465-2480) m, (3150-3155) m, (2955- 2960) m. These are the gas-bearing zones of fenchugonj well-4 determined from the composite log of this field. Water-bearing sand zones are between (1708-1714) m and the fully compacted shale zone is between (1920-1930) m. From the analysis of different logs, for well 5, so many gas-bearing sand zones have been detected. The gas-bearing zones are found between (2365-2385.5) m, (1820-1830) m, (1782-1803) m, (305-308) m, (336.5-338.5) m, (607.5-609.5) m. These are the gas-bearing zone of fenchugonj well-5 determined from the composite log of the field. Shale volume has been estimated from the gamma-ray log and from resistivity logs by the true resistivity method. In well 4, the calculated value of shale volume by Gamma Ray method and true Resistivity methods were respectively 15% and 6%, in well 5 these values were 7.25% and 7.64%. Formation water resistivity was determined from the formula and taken as 0. 1ohm-m and mud filtrate resistivity 0.76 ohm-m. for well-4 and for well-5 it was taken as 0.7 ohm-m (from the provided composite log of well 4 and 5). Formation true resistivity Rt was estimated directly from the ILD log and true resistivity log. The average value of Rt for well-5 was 33.75 ohm-m and for well-4 the value is 34.09 ohm-m. From the RFOC log, flushed zone resistivity Rxo was calculated directly. Water saturation has been determined by three different techniques named Archie, Indonesia, and Simandoux method. For well 5, the value of average water saturation found from Archie, Indonesia, and Simandoux model was 8.5%,22%, and 24.84%, and for well-4. The value of average water saturation was found as 7.3%,18%, 20.51%respectively.

After using the mixed acid system to modify the surface of rare earth minerals, two transition metals (Fe and Mn) are loaded on the surface of the rare earth minerals by hydrothermal method to improve the NH3-SCR (Selective catalytic reduction) activity. In this paper, a variety of characterization means like SEM, XRD, BET, XPS, H2-TPR (Temperature-programmed reduction), NH3-TPD (Temperature-programmed desorption) and NO-TPD are used to study and analyze the surface properties of rare earth minerals before and after loading transition metals. Its catalytic performance was further measured in a simulated flue gas installation. The results show that the active elements on the surface of rare earth minerals after loading transition metals are mainly oxides. The specific surface area of rare earth minerals is effectively improved, the crystallinity of the active material is reduced, and the element distribution is more uniform. In addition, a composite structure of Fe-Ce and Mn-Ce is formed on the surface of rare earth minerals, and the oxygen vacancies and adsorption sites on the surface of the minerals are significantly improved. The NOXconversion rate for Fe-loaded mineral catalysts reached 89.1% at 300 ℃. The NOXconversion rate for Mn-loaded mineral catalysts reached 92.3% at 250 ℃. Generally speaking, the NH3-SCR activity of rare earth mineral can be improved by loading transition metals (Fe and Mn).

Conventional TDIP can only obtain two parameters: apparent resistivity and polarizability, so it is difficult to interpret the effective information of ore bodies with high precision, especially the symbiotic and associated ore bodies with little difference in resistivity and polarizability, such as pyrite and carbonaceous limestone, while the spectral parameters (cm and τ) can quantitatively evaluate the abnormal characteristics of mineralized bodies and are rich in geoelectric information. Based on the field apparent resistivity observation mode of Cole-Cole model, the charge rate values of symmetrical quadrupole arrangement of two typical mineralized bodies are calculated by finite element method forward simulation from the 2D point source, this paper puts forward a method for extracting the corresponding spectrum parameters from the chargeability value of TDIP data and verifies the effectiveness of the method.The results show that the abnormal shape is obvious and is consistent with the actual model parameters, which can reflect the spectral parameter characteristics of each abnormal body, realize spectral imaging, and provide a favorable basis for further division of polarization abnormal bodies. This method has been applied to the TDIP data processing of a lead-zinc mine in Wuzhou City, Guangxi Province and good results have been obtained.

Any comprehensive radioactivity surveillance for a specific site should be carried out by a sensitive airborne system (e.g. carried on aircraft) together with terrestrial sampling and analysis. In the framework of ore, environmental and nuclear materials monitoring and investigation, the activity and isotopic compositions signature are considered crucial factors that must be considered, determined and evaluated. In this work and based on previous aerial monitoring, a very sensitive hyper pure germanium detector (Hp-Ge) of 50% efficiency with the Genie 2000 software has been used for spectroscopic non-destructive assay (NDA) of radioactivity content for samples collected from the Egyptian eastern desert (El-Sella Site). The identification of specific signature isotopes through their characteristic gamma lines and a calculation of their specific activities, activity ratios of 235U/238U and 234U/238U and mathematically estimation of the natural enrichment percentage are very vital and nuclear forensic targets. The results of measurements, analysis and calculations show that the Site samples have high radioactivity, natural enrichment origin and high uranium concentration. The obtained results are given tabulated, depicted, discussed and compared with the recent nationally published work and the international levels and limits.

Sea ice growth with lamellar microstructure containing brine channels has been extensively investigated. However, the quantitative growth information of sea ice remains lack due to the uncontrolled crystalline orientation in previous investigations. For the first time, wein situobserved the unidirectional growth of lamellar sea ice with well-manipulated ice crystal orientation and visualized tip undercooling of lamellar sea ice. With the real-time observation, interesting phenomena of doublon tip in cellular ice growth and growth direction shift of unidirectionally grown ice tip are discovered for the first time, which are attributed to the complex solutal diffusion and anisotropic interface kinetics in ice growth. The quantitative experiments provide a clear micro scenario of sea ice growth, and are suggested to promote relevant investigations of sea ice.

The formation of ice lenses and associated frost heave were found in soils the steppe environment with positive mean annual air temperature. The ice lenses due to soil freezing occur in soils with expressed microrelief when they have additional ground moistening. In soils formed on quaternary loam with shallow groundwater the formation of ice was not differentiated across the microrelief; the morphology of the microrelief is similar to thufur. Soils formed on fine-dispersed limestone (chalky polygons) and on the material of ancient weathering crust (frost mounds) do not have clear evidence of subsoil extramoisterning exhibit the differentiated formation of cryotexture according to microrelief. The ice lenses were found in soils of microhights. The formation of cryogenic lenticular and platy structures occur after to the melting of ice lenses in soils. Local frost heave in steppe soils determines the small-scale differentiation of soil processes and the formation of the complex soil cover.

A systematic assessment of the effects of various oceanic parameters on sea surface emissivity based on Aquarius measurements is presented in this paper. The results show that the influence of wind speed on wind-driven emissivity increment ΔE is most significant. The magnitude of change in ΔE related to W can be as large as 8.02 K. The wind direction signal has been found to be small at low and moderate wind speeds, whereas it is significant at high wind speed and reaches a maximum of 1.37 K at 22.5 m/s. The influence of backscatter under HH polarization is notable and as large as, or larger than backscatter under VV polarization. The effects of the SST and SWH on ΔE are relatively small with the max magnitude of change in ΔE of 0.86 K and 0.49 K, respectively. Furthermore, strong correlations are found among wind speed, microwave backscatter under VV and HH polarization, which are higher than ninety percent. Therefore, the decorrelation of oceanic parameters is recommended to be considered in the process of emissivity correction because of the high correlations among oceanic parameters.

This study aims to identify hydrocarbon by evaluating anisotropy parameters estimated from corsswell seismic data. Several approaches were performed in this study included shear wave splitting (SWS) and angle-based velocity variation (VVA) methods. Anisotropy coefficient K was estimated by SWS method and anisotropy parameters ε, δ, and γ were estimated using modified Thomsen’s equations in Vertically Transverse Isotropy (VTI) medium applied to Crosswell seismic geometry. The velocity variation was observed when pressure (P) wave propagated through a layered media containing hydrocarbon. The P-wave velocity was decreasing along with the increasing of the incidence angle and the calculated values of anisotropy (ε, δ, γ, and K) on the target zone within interval 1390 m to 1820 m depth were relatively high compared to the zone does not contain hydrocarbon. The evaluation was verified with Poisson’s, pressure wave velocity (VP) and shear wave velocity (VS) ratio analyses and validated to the existing petrophysics data. In conclusion, anisotropy values (ε, δ, γ and K) and velocity variation with angle of incidence have a positive relationship with hydrocarbon and applicable as a tool for identifying the presence of hydrocarbon in layered media.

Cast iron is traditionally used as a casting alloy for the manufacture of products operating in various industries. White cast irons are used for parts with high wear resistance due to the presence in their composite structure a large number of eutectic carbides, which are located around the dendrites of the solid solution and provide a high level of hardness and strength. The location of eutectic colonies in the form of a mesh causes a low level of ability to withstand impact loading, facilitates the chipping of individual “grains” in abrasive wear and limits the use of these alloys. The use of forming process allows us to grind the eutectic mesh in the structure of white cast iron, which significantly improves the complex of mechanical and operational properties. But the low level of plasticity of white cast iron in the cast state does not allow widespread using white cast iron plastic deformation. The possibility of hot deformation of cast iron workpieces with different speeds and schemes was investigated. The deformation rate of alloys was varied due to the use of different equipment for mass and small-series production using different types of metal forming.

Artificial reefs are commonly used to rehabilitate natural coral reef damage. Artificial reef serves as a new habitat for marine life and simultaneously protect the shoreline by reducing wave energy without reducing the aesthetics of the protected beach. As an artificial reef can serve as submerged breakwaters, the level of their effectiveness in reducing incoming wave need to be investigated. The new form hexagonal shape artificial reef is proposed then evaluated based on the transmission coefficient. The tests for various configurations of a hexagonal reef in a 1:10 scale were conducted in the wave flume of Department Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. The result of tests was presented and showed that the new proposed hexagonal shape artificial reefs have better performance compared to cylindrical and cubical shape artificial reefs.

Deep mixing method, the ideal choice that can be used to treat problems arising from the presence of soft clay soil as a basis for constructing a specific structure. Soft clay soil covers large areas in some countries around the world, making it difficult to find suitable places for construction. Soft clay soil which has a high moisture content that makes it with small shear resistance and high settlement capability is not suitable as a bearing layer under the foundations of the facilities, Therefore, the need arose to either the use of a certain type of foundation, such as deep foundations Which are more complicated compared to the second option, or the use a specific treatment technique to improve the properties of the soft clay soil and make it suitable for the construction with the using of a certain type of foundations other than deep foundations. One of the most suitable treatment techniques for soft clay soils in terms of structural purpose, cost and time is the deep mixing process. Deep soil mixing is a complex process in terms of factors that affect the improved soil quality and the processes that causing the improvement. This process has been covered in a lot of books and published researches in many of its aspects, but there is some of that relates to this process has not been significantly highlighted such as improved soil permanence over time, which causes a poor understanding of the behavior of improved soil after the improvement process. In this research paper, everything related to the deep mixing process will be touch upon, starting with the historical development of this process, its beginnings to its types, classifications and applications, and the accompanying chemical and physical processes, in addition to a literary review for what related to this process.

Clay mineral resources were found in West Lampung Regency. Local citizen has been using clay for pottery and building materials. Optimization of mineral utilization is needed to increase the economic value of these mineral resources. The study of mineralogy and characterization was carried out to determine the possible uses of clay minerals. The study was conducted on 5 clay samples of different color using XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis. The result shows natural clay minerals assemblages are kaolinite and halloysite. Thermal behaviors of the samples have a multi-stage decomposition with relatively stable intermediates. Kaolinite appears like pseudo-hexagonal platelets with various sizesand halloysite looks like a distinct tubular form in different sizes.

The electrical complex impedance is very important physical parameter to determine the fluid and matrix condition of the rock sample. One mechanism in the samples that influences this complex, frequency – dependent behaviour of resistivity is the disseminated metal ores which can block the pores and subsequently trigger the mechanism for storage/delay. Pore water ions build up on either side of the grain, results in the effect of a capacitor. This paper presents a simple experimental set up to measure the complex resistivity of rock samples. The main mechanism is generation of high voltage sinusoidal signal. This is implemented as collector voltage of a transistor. The high voltage sinusoidal signal then is applied on either side of the rock sample. At two distances of the sample we measure the resulting voltage using the oscilloscope. The observed delay can be considered as the measured phase, whereas the amplitude of the observed voltage is considered as the voltage. We determine the absolute impedance as the voltage divided by the current. Using this simple method we measured the complex impedances of 14 rock samples obtained from Halmahera Island. From the results of measurement, we tried to infer and to model the disseminated metal ores of the samples.