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In ν / ν ̄ –nucleon/nucleus interactions shallow inelastic scattering (SIS) is technically defined in terms of the four-momentum transfer to the hadronic system as non-resonant meson production with Q 2 ⪅ 1 GeV2. This non-resonant meson production intermixes with resonant meson production in a regime of similar effective hadronic mass W of the interaction. As Q 2 grows and surpasses this ≈1 GeV2 limit, non-resonant interactions begin to take place with quarks within the nucleon indicating the start of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). To essentially separate this resonant plus non-resonant meson production from DIS quark-fragmented meson production, a cut of 2 GeV in W of the interactions is generally introduced. However, since experimentally mesons from resonance decay cannot be separated from non-resonant produced mesons, SIS for all practical purposes in this review has been defined as inclusive meson production that includes non-resonant plus resonant meson production and the interference between them. Experimentally then for W ⪅ 2 GeV inclusive meson production with W ⪆ (M N + M π ) and all Q 2 is here defined as SIS, while for W ⪆ 2 GeV, the kinematic region with Q 2 ⪆ 1 GeV2 is defined as DIS. The so defined SIS and DIS regions have received varying degrees of attention from the community. While the theoretical/phenomenological study of ν–nucleon and ν–nucleus DIS scattering is advanced, such studies of a large portion of the SIS region, particularly the SIS to DIS transition region, have hardly begun. Experimentally, the SIS and the DIS regions for ν–nucleon scattering have minimal results and only in the experimental study of the ν–nucleus DIS region are there significant results for some nuclei. Since current and future neutrino oscillation experiments have contributions from both higher W SIS and DIS kinematic regions and these regions are in need of both considerable theoretical and experimental study, this review will concentrate on these SIS to DIS transition and DIS kinematic regions surveying our knowledge and the current challenges.

By the study of the variations of the atmospheric neutrino and muon fluxes, due to that of the hadronic interaction, we find that when have accurate atmospheric muon flux data, we can estimate the prediction error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculating with the same interaction model from the residual. However, the relation of the residual of the muon flux and the error in the neutrino flux is largely dependent on the observation site of the muon flux. We study this relation at several observation sites, near Kamioka at sea level, same but 2770m a.s.l.., Hanle India (4500m a.s.l.), and at Balloon altitude (~ 32km).

The effect of non-zero strangeness on the vector current form factor of the nucleon has been investigated in ν-12C elastic and inelastic scattering. The possibility of extracting model-independent information about the strangeness contribution to the vector form factor of the nucleon is discussed.

We have studied quasielastic charged current hyperon production induced by $\bar\nu_\mu$ on free nucleon and the nucleons bound inside the nucleus. The calculations are performed for several nuclear targets like $^{12}C$, $^{40}Ar$, $^{56}Fe$ and $^{208}Pb$ which are presently being used in various oscillation experiments using accelerator neutrinos. The inputs are the hyperon-nucleon transition form factors determined from neutrino-nucleon scattering as well as from semileptonic decays of neutron and hyperons using SU(3) symmetry. The calculations for the nuclear targets are done in local density approximation. The nuclear medium effects(NME) due to Fermi motion and final state interaction(FSI) effect due to hyperon-nucleon scattering have been taken into account., Comment: Published in J.Phys. G42 (2015) 5, 055107

We discuss the nuclear-medium effects in the weak structure functions F2(x,Q2) and F3,(x,Q2) in the charged current neutrino and antineutrino induced deep inelastic reactions in some nuclei which are being used in the present or proposed neutrino oscillation experiments. Our study of the medium effects has been done using relativistic nuclear spectral functions which incorporates Fermi motion, binding energy and nucleon correlations. We also consider the pion and rho meson cloud contributions calculated from a microscopic model for meson-nucleus self-energies. Using these structure functions, the results for the differential cross section have been obtained and compared with some of the available experimental data.