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Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are often used in spacecraft due to their excellent working characteristics. However, the complex space radiation environment induced primary knock-on atom (PKA) in BJTs through collisions, resulting in hard-to-recover displacement damage and affecting the electrical performance of electronic components. In this paper, the properties of PKAs induced by typical space-heavy ions (C, N, O, Fe) in BJTs are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The simulated results show that the energy spectrum of ion-induced PKAs is primarily concentrated in the low energy range (17-100 eV) and displays similar features across all tested ions. The PKAs induced by the collision of energetic ions have a large forward scattering angle, which is mainly around 88°. Moreover, PKA distribution within the transistor as a function of depth displays a peak characteristics, and the peak position is linearly proportional to the incident energy at a certain energy range. These simulation outcomes serve as crucial theoretical support for long-term semiconductor material defect evolution and ground testing of semiconductor devices.

A split-gate SiC trench gate MOSFET with stepped thick oxide, source-connected split-gate (SG), and p-type pillar (p-pillar) surrounded thick oxide shielding region (GSDP-TMOS) is investigated by Silvaco TCAD simulations. The source-connected SG region and p-pillar shielding region are introduced to form an effective two-level shielding, which reduces the specific gate–drain charge (Q gd,sp) and the saturation current, thus reducing the switching loss and increasing the short-circuit capability. The thick oxide that surrounds a p-pillar shielding region efficiently protects gate oxide from being damaged by peaked electric field, thereby increasing the breakdown voltage (BV). Additionally, because of the high concentration in the n-type drift region, the electrons diffuse rapidly and the specific on-resistance (R on,sp) becomes smaller. In the end, comparing with the bottom p+ shielded trench MOSFET (GP-TMOS), the Baliga figure of merit (BFOM, BV 2/R on,sp) is increased by 169.6%, and the high-frequency figure of merit (HF-FOM, R on,sp × Q gd,sp) is improved by 310%, respectively.

Tin-based gas sensors have been developed for many years owing to their advantages of low price, high response and stability. However, selectivity remains a significant issue. Herein, Ag-SnO2 nanofibers are synthesized using AgCl as the doping reagent. The 3%Ag-SnO2 nanofibers sensors show a high response of 68 toward 1 ppm H2S at 90 °C. Besides, the sensor with 3% AgCl possesses the shortest response time about 136 s at 150 °C which is only 30% value of the sensor without AgCl doping. It is also demonstrated that the nanofibers show a high selectivity towards H2S. According to the ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectrum and x-ray diffraction results, AgCl was transferred to Ag2S after Ag-SnO2 was exposed to H2S, and reversible transformation between Ag2SO4 and Ag2S was the main mechanism for H2S detection. Compared with pure SnO2 nanofiber sensors, the presence of Ag2S with high conductivity greatly affects the resistance to H2S, resulting in high selectivity and response. This mechanism differs from that of the transformation between Ag2O and Ag2SO4. This study may provide a new strategy for the design and investigation of sensors with high selectivity.

Lanthanide (Ln) rare Earth (RE) elements are often used to incorporate and regulate the local coordination environment and electronic configuration of transition metal based electrocatalysts for acquiring improved electrocatalytic performance. But for a given pristine electrode, is a Ln element concentrated more on promoting the apparent activity of original electrode or on enhancing its specific activity? To address this issue, Ln (La, Ce and Nd) decorated ZIF-67 derivative electrodes (Ln/Co/NC) were fabricated following with the detailed experimental testing of apparent activity and specific activity of assembled electrodes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed that Ce, Nd and La have played their own role in regulating the coordination electronic structure of the surface atoms of the derived Co/NC by forming different types of chemical bonds. Electrochemical (EC) results confirmed that Ce is concentrated more on the apparent activity of derived Co/NC electrode with the smallest overpotential at 50 mA cm−2 (η 50), while Nd contributes more to its reaction kinetic property with the smallest value of Tafel slope in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction process. But for oxygen evolution reaction, all of La, Ce and Nd deteriorate the apparent activity of the pristine Co/NC electrode. Comparatively, La shows a greater ability to modulate the specific activity of Co/NC with a larger electrochemical active surface area normalized current density, while Nd exhibits the best ability to re-establish the properties of reaction centers. This work illustrates the difference influence of La, Ce and Nd on the apparent activity and specific activity of the ZIF-67 derivative Co/NC electrode. It will do some favors in engineering RE elements modified composite electrodes for EC applications.

Free deposition and centrifugal filling methods are commonly used to fill metal particles into grating trenches for long-period x-ray absorption gratings. However, there has been no comparative analysis on the performance of absorption gratings fabricated by the two filling methods, and the difference between the two methods is not well understood. This paper compares the free deposition and centrifugal filling methods through the x-ray absorptivity of absorption gratings and the arrangement of tungsten nanoparticles (TNs) in grating trenches. It has been found that both particle filling methods densely arrange TNs in grating trenches differently but give almost equal x-ray absorptivity to the resulting gratings. The experimental results indicate that a centrifugal filling method is efficient for manufacturing x-ray absorption gratings with stable absorptivity. Furthermore, to verify the feasibility of the centrifugal filling process in fabricating short-period TNs-based absorption gratings, an absorption grating with a 10 μm period is manufactured by removing large-size TNs using centrifugal force. Hence, it has the potential to be used for the fabrication of absorption gratings with periods of several micrometers.

In this investigation, to monitor the cathodic ionization process of the microcathodic arc thruster, electrical detection was combined with enhanced ICCD spectroscopic detection to diagnose the cathodic ionization characteristics of microcathode arc thrusters with 1 μs time resolution for examining the microsecond-level discharge process. After we used the titanium ion spectroscopy model to calculate the ion density distribution during the cathode ionization of the microcathode arc thruster, we found that the microcathode arc thruster showed a double peak of titanium ions in one cycle. This phenomenon may be related to the combined effect of arc heat transfer and ion current impact on the cathode during the discharge of the microcathode arc thruster. The results showed that changes in the input energy of the power processing unit can effectively affect the temporal relationship between arc power peak and arc current peak, which in turn affects the ionization of the cathode of the microcathode arc thruster.

This paper presents a compact circuit-level model for single-event burnout (SEB) in silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Key parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the MOSFET are analyzed and determined in detail, including nonlinear parasitic drain-source capacitance and nonlinear parasitic gate-drain capacitance. The effect of the parasitic bipolar junction transistor is considered and an iteratively optimized double-exponential current source is used to simulate the transient power current generated by incident heavy ions. The equivalent circuit model of the MOSFET is verified by comparing the SPICE simulation curves, TCAD simulation curves, and the curves in the SiC power double trench MOSFET’s datasheet (SCT3080KL). Then, the SEB is caused by heavy ions at various incident positions, linear energy transfer values, drain-source voltage (V ds), and gate-source voltage (V gs) using the TCAD and HSPICE simulations. Simulation results on the SPICE model coincide with the TCAD simulation results. Moreover, this compact model is used to predict the SEB threshold for devices with higher breakdown voltage ratings.

Fringe patterns are widely applied in optical metrology, and phase retrieval is an essential process for decoding surface information. In the field of phase measuring deflectometry (PMD), phase errors in the phase retrieval process have more significant effects for PMD is a slope-based technique and is more sensitive to low-frequency errors. The main factors affecting the quality of the captured fringe images include the gamma effect of the liquid crystal display screen, the random noise from the charge-coupled device camera, and the random noise amplified by the defocused fringe patterns. Conventional methods compensated the phase errors of these factors separately with different methods, which are inefficient in handling the errors from coupling factors effectively. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network to compensate for the phase errors resulting from the combination of the factors. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network can significantly suppress the errors in phase retrieval with non-ideal fringe images. The phase errors can be reduced in both simulated and authentic data for deflectometry, which verifies the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

In this paper, a Mars ascent trajectory optimization algorithm based on convex optimization is designed for the Mars ascent trajectory optimization problem. The main accomplishment of this paper is the trajectory optimization of the second-stage ignition based on the convex optimization. For the first-stage ignition, open-loop guidance is used. In this stage, the ascender flies using the maximum thrust to track the attitude profile, thus completing the ascent flight control. In the presence of errors in the first-stage ignition, the experiment generates multiple sets of first-stage shutdown point data and completes simulation verification experiments based on them. The simulation verifies that the second-stage ignition trajectory optimization based on convex optimization algorithm can achieve high accuracy into orbit despite the large starting point deviation.

The nondestructive test (NDT) of microwave absorbing coatings plays a very important role in radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility. In various NDT methods, microwave thermography has shown good potential. This method uses a thermal imager to measure the surface thermal profile of absorbing coatings which are heated by microwaves. In this paper, the application of microwave thermography in defect detection of absorbing coatings is presented. Specifically, the measurement principle of microwave thermography is studied by theoretical analysis and simulation, and the influence of thermal diffusion upon defect recognition has been discussed. On this basis, an improved morphological edge detection algorithm based on dual-threshold segmentation has been proposed to get defect features. Finally, research shows that this algorithm can reduce the influence of thermal diffusion in the detection of defect geometric features.

Deflectometry is a technique for measuring the slope data of specular surfaces, and shape reconstruction is the final process based on the measured slopes. Modal methods reconstruct surfaces with expansion polynomials. The coefficients of each polynomial mode are calculated by linear equations composed of the gradient of the polynomials and the measured slope data. Conventional approaches use ordinary least squares to solve the linear equations. However, the equations are overdetermined, and the random outliers will decrease the reconstruction accuracy. The Chebyshev polynomials are suitable for discrete slope data and can be utilized to reconstruct the surface shape in deflectometry. Hence, this paper uses 2D Chebyshev polynomials as the gradient polynomial basis set. An iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm, which iteratively calculates an additional scale factor for each data point, is applied to accomplish robust linear regression. The experiments with both synthetic and measured data prove that the proposed method is robust against noise and has higher reconstruction accuracy for shape reconstruction.

Deep learning has been a powerful tool for solving many inverse imaging problems. The majority of existing deep-learning-based solutions are supervised on an external dataset with many blurred/latent image pairs. Recently, there has been an increasing interest on developing dataset-free deep learning methods for image recovery without any prerequisite on external training dataset, including blind deconvolution. This paper aims at developing an un-supervised learning method for blind image deconvolution, which does not call any training sample yet provides very competitive performance. Based on the re-parametrization of latent image using a deep network with random weights, this paper proposed to approximate the maximum-a posteriori estimator of the blur kernel using the Monte-Carlo (MC) sampling method. The MC sampling is efficiently implemented by using dropout and random noise layer, which does not require conjugate model as traditional variational inference does. Extensive experiments on popular benchmark datasets for blind image deconvolution showed that the proposed method not only outperformed existing non-learning methods, but also noticeably outperformed existing deep learning methods, including both supervised and un-supervised ones.

The ground state properties of the rotating Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) with SU(3) spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in a two-dimensional harmonic trap are studied. The results show that the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems present three half-skyrmion chains at an angle of 120° to each other along the coupling directions. With the enhancement of isotropic SU(3) SOC strength, the position of the three chains remains unchanged, in which the number of half-skyrmions increases gradually. With the increase of rotation frequency and atomic density–density interaction, the number of half-skyrmions on the three chains and in the regions between two chains increases gradually. The relationships of the total number of half-skyrmions on the three chains with the increase of SU(3) SOC strength, rotation frequency and atomic density–density interaction are also given. In addition, changing the anisotropic SU(3) SOC strength can regulate the number and morphology of the half-skyrmion chains.

The aerodynamic characteristics of a water entry projectile is studied. The aerodynamic coefficients at different Mach numbers and different attack angles are given through CFD numerical simulation, and the stability analysis is carried out. The results show that the projectile with the current shape meets the static stability requirements. Based on the aerodynamic coefficients obtained, the projectile flight trajectory equation is established to obtain the trajectory at different emissive angles. Finally, the trajectory parameters with the range of 5 km were used as the initial conditions for the simulation of high-speed water entry projectile, and the process of projectile entry with small angle was simulated. The simulation results show that the projectile sails smoothly when entering the water, the trajectory is straight, there is no ricochet phenomenon, which has a good water entry stability.

When a topological insulator (TI) is brought to the proximity of a ferromagnetic insulator (FMI), the breaking of the time-reversal symmetry may give rise to quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE). The physical properties of such TI-FMI systems are greatly affected by the interfacial structures of the components. Here, we report the growth and structural properties of Bi(110) and Bi2Se3thin films on a FMI of Cr2Ge2Te6(CGT) substrate by scanning tunneling microscopy. We observed various defects and impurities on the CGT surfaces, which serve as the preferential sites for initial nucleation and epitaxial growth of Bi(110) thin films. The exposure of the as-grown Bi(110) thin films to Se vapor leads to the formation of polycrystalline Bi2Se3thin films with randomly distributed holes. The structure and composition of the as-prepared Bi2Se3thin films were further confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our work shows that the quality of the CGT crystals is vital for the growth of high-quality TIs on CGT substrates for QAHE.

In this study, the feasibility of aerobic granular sludge formation without inoculated sludge was detected. After 10 days operation, AGSs were discovered in reactor and the MLSS and settling ability of AGS enhanced gradually. After 21 days operation, the effluent NH4 +-N and COD keep low than 10 and 100 mg/L, respectively. During the formation of AGS, the content of EPS gradually increased and remained stable. Microbial community showed that EPS secretion genera (such as Paracoccus, Flavobacterium and Thauera) were main genera in AGS.

A batch experiment was used to investigate the influence of common heavy metals Cr(VI), NI(II), Cu(II) on sulfur autotrophic short-cut denitrification. Experimental results show that low concentrations (1-3 mg/L) of heavy metals have little effect on sulfur autotrophic shortcut denitrification, and high concentrations (4-10 mg/L) of heavy metals have obvious effects on sulfur autotrophic short-cut denitrification. Inhibition. The doserape model is used to fit the doseeffect curve of heavy metals, and the IC50 is used to judge the toxicity. The order of the IC50 of each heavy metal is: Cr(VI)>NI(II)>Cu(II). The effects of two heavy metals in the binary system of Cu(II) and NI(II) are antagonistic.

The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process has been regarded as a promising sewage treatment technology. Compared with the activated sludge process, AGS process has the advantages of high efficiency and saving space. However, AGS process has several limitations in its application such as long cultivation cycle and easy disintegration. In this study, Fe2+ was added to the wastewater to cultivate AGS. The improvement on the cultivation of AGS with the addition of Fe2+ was investigated by analyzing the characteristics of AGS and the removal efficiency of pollutants. The results showed that adding Fe2+ (3~5 mg/L) to the reactor could effectively promote the formation of AGS. The sludge particles could be granulated within 7 days with the average particle size of more than 0.35 mm. In addition, the SEM showed that the dominant microorganisms were coryneform bacteria inside of the AGS. The XRD results indicates that the Fe2+ was converted into Fe2O3 presenting in AGS. The mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) and the sludge volume index at 30 min (SVI30) was 3.1 g/L and 40 mL/g, respectively, at the 40th day. The COD and NH4 +-N were effectively removed by AGS. This study could provide an effective approach for rapid formation of AGS.

We study the stabilization properties of dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate in a deep one-dimensional optical lattice with an additional external parametrically modulated harmonic trap potential. Through both analytical and numerical methods, we solve a dimensionless nonlocal nonlinear discrete Gross–Pitaevskii equation with both the short-range contact interaction and the long-range dipole–dipole interaction. It is shown that, the stability of dipolar condensate in modulated deep optical lattice can be controled by coupled effects of the contact interaction, the dipolar interaction and the external modulation. The system can be stabilized when the dipolar interaction, the contact interaction, the average strength of potential and the ratio of amplitude to frequency of the modulation satisfy a critical condition. In addition, the breather state, the diffused state and the attractive-interaction-induced-trapped state are predicted. The dipolar interaction and the external modulation of the lattice play important roles in stabilizing the condensate.

We investigate the ground states of spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) with spin–orbit coupling in a radially periodic potential by numerically solving the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations. In the radially periodic potential, we first demonstrate that spin–orbit-coupled antiferromagnetic BECs support a multiring petal phase. Polar–core vortex can be observed from phase profiles, which is manifested as circularly symmetric distribution. We further show that spin–orbit coupling can induce multiring soliton structure in ferromagnetic BECs. It is confirmed especially that the wave-function phase of the ring corresponding to uniform distribution satisfies the rotational symmetry, and the wave-function phase of the ring corresponding to partial splitting breaks the rotational symmetry. Adjusting the spin–orbit coupling strength can control the number of petal in antiferromagnetic BECs and the winding numbers of wave-function in ferromagnetic BECs. Finally, we discuss effects of spin-independent and spin-dependent interactions on the ground states.

The natural-fracture network and a large part of hydraulic fractures are poorly supported, and the conductivity of the natural-fracture network is highly sensitive to stress and strain during the production stage. In this work, we aimed to understand the impact of mode I (tensile) and mode II (shear) fractures on fracture-gas permeability as a function of effective stress in Long Ma Xi shale in the Dragon Horse Creek Group in Western China. Experimental results showed that the two-mode fracture tortuosity and width of shale were opposite those of sandstone. Our results implied that in Long Ma Xi shale, mode I fractures likely contributed significantly to early-stage high well productivity, with low effective stress, and mode II fractures may contribute to well productivity after the initial stage of gas production, with relatively high effective stress.

Ridge waveguides were fabricated in Yb3+-doped silicate glass by proton implantation combined with the femtosecond laser ablation. The Yb3+-doped silicate glass were implanted by H+ ions with the double-energy (470 keV + 500 keV) at a total dose of 3 × 1016 ions cm−2 for the formation of planar waveguides. After annealing at 260 °C, the double-line modification tracks, which provide lateral confinement of light to form ridge waveguide structures, were inscribed on the surface of sample with 3 μJ pulse laser energy, 50 μm s−1 scan speed, and 25 μm separation. The vacancy distribution of the original planar waveguide structure induced by the proton implantation was numerically calculated by the SRIM 2013. The near-field intensity distribution of the waveguide was measured by the end-face coupling system, which shows that the light can be well confined in the ridge waveguide. The micro-fluorescence features have been found well preserved in the waveguide region. This work indicates that the ridge waveguide fabricated by laser ablation assisted proton implantation in Yb3+-doped silicate glass has an important potential as an active waveguide device in optical fiber communication and all-optical communication.

The three-component Gross–Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term can be served as a model to study spinor Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) with time–space modulated interactions. Vortex solutions of the spinor BECs with spatiotemporally modulated interactions are worked out by similarity transformation. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of vortex states are demonstrated. Stable vortex states are obtained by adjusting the frequency of the external potential and the spatiotemporally modulated interaction.

Based on the analysis of thermal environmental data of Jiangtou Village, a traditional settlement in northern Guangxi, this paper proposes that energy saving for planning is an important guide for building group design. In view of heat insulation and heat protection requirements in the summer, natural factors such as mountain, water body and terrain, as well as artificial factors such as roadway, yard and patio are analyzed respectively, which are important planning elements of energy saving. It summarizes the design methods of building group planning and energy saving, and provides ideas and theoretical basis for village reconstruction and architectural creation in northern Guangxi.

Multiferroic materials endowed with both dielectric and magnetic orders, are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications. In this work, we reported two phase transitions of MnI2 at 3.45 K and 4 K by systemically measuring the magnetic-field and temperature-dependent magnetization of the MnI2 thin flakes. Furthermore, we observed similar temperature and field-dependent behaviours for the magnetic susceptibility of MnI2 and electronic capacitance of the Ag/MnI2/Ag devices below 3.5 K. Considering the related theory work, we discussed the relationship between the antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric orders in MnI2. Our work reveals the in-plane magnetic and electric properties of MnI2 materials, which might be helpful for the further investigation and application of MnI2 multiferroics in the future.

The trapped ions confined in a surface-electrode trap (SET) could be free from rf heating if they stay at the rf potential null of the potential well. We report our effort to compensate three-dimensionally for the micromotion of a single 40Ca+ ion near the rf potential null, which largely suppresses the ion’s heating and thus helps to achieve the cooling of the ion down to 3.4 mK, which is very close to the Doppler limit. This is the prerequisite of the sideband cooling in our SET.

Miniaturized lasers with wavelength variability are of crucial importance for various ultracompact photonic devices. Here, we report fine tunable microlasers built by mechanically stretching the flexible microcavities and elastic substrate. The flexible microcavities fabricated by precisely printing dye-doped polymer solution on elastic substrate, enabled whispering-gallery-mode laser under optical pumping. Furthermore, on account of the outstanding structural flexibility of organic materials, reversible wavelength-tunable laser can be realized through adjusting the shape of microcavity via mechanical stretching the elastic substrate. The results will provide guidance for the rational design of photonic devices with novel performances based on the characteristic of organic flexible materials.

Great concern has been risen due to the harmful by-product formation in chlorine dioxide disinfection. To control the by-product formation, we need to know the factor that make a great contribution to generate by-product in drinking water treatment. The Fe2+, Mn2+, organic matter and algae are the most presenting matters that could cause the formation of chlorite; thus, they were selected as factors in the study. The results showed that the amount of by-product chlorite produced increased along with the increase of the concentrations of organic matter, algae and Fe2+ in water, but the presence of Mn2+ didn’t impact on the formation of chlorite. In addition, the interaction between Fe2+ and Mn2+ was observed, but no obvious interaction between other factors was found. So when the concentration of above factors exceed the standard, the chlorine dioxide is not recommended in any step of the water treatment.

Environmental pollution has seriously influenced the human health and ecological security. As a strong reducing agent, dithionite has been gradually drawing the attention of researchers and engineers in the environmental field. Studies had been conducted by employing dithionite to treat the pollutants such as halogenated organic compounds, oxyacid salts, and heavy metals. However, few works were focusing on the dithionite reduction, especially the dithionite detection. This report aimed to review the characteristic of dithionite including the chemical properties and detection methods. The research progressing on the treatment of environmental pollutants by the reactive species generated from dithionite was also summarised. However, ultraviolet seemed to be the only choice of the dithionite activation methods, no matter what pollutant was to be degraded. Accordingly, the research, on the development of dithionite detection and activation methods, was prospected.

Reference frame independent quantum key distribution (RFI-QKD) allows two legitimate parties to share the common secret keys with the drift of reference frames. In order to reduce the actual requirements of RFI-QKD protocol on light source and make it more suitable for practical applications, this paper gives a specific description of RFI-QKD protocol with an untrusted source and analyzes the practical security of this protocol based on the two-way “plug and play” structure commonly used in practical systems. In addition, we also investigate the performance of RFI-QKD with an untrusted source considering statistical fluctuations based on Chernoff bound. Using simulations, we compare the secret key rate of RFI-QKD with an untrusted source to RFI-QKD with trusted source. The results show that the performance of RFI-QKD with an untrusted source is similar to that of RFI-QKD with trusted source, and the finite data size clearly effects the performance of our protocol.

This paper takes Zhuxianzhuang Mine as the research background. In this research, the reasonable height of “three zones” of overlying strata at 7m mining height is determined by key strata theory, and the movement law of overlying strata is studied by FLAC3D numerical simulation. The stress, displacement and plastic zone of surrounding rock under the three schemes of no support, bolt support and roof support are compared and analyzed according to the site construction situation. On this basis, the regional treatment scheme is put forward. The test results prove that the adoption of staged process control technology and enhanced support technology can effectively control the surrounding rock deformation of overlying strata roadway, which is scientific and reasonable in technology and effective and feasible in construction.

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has attracted increasing interest in recent decades as multimodal and laboratory source usable method. Specific efforts have been focused on establishing a new extraction method to perform practical applications. In this work, noise properties of multi-combination information of newly established information extraction method, so-called angular signal radiography method, are investigated to provide guidelines for targeted and specific applications. The results show that how multi-combination of images can be used in targeted practical applications to obtain a high-quality image in terms of signal-to-noise ratio. Our conclusions can also hold true for upcoming targeted practical applications such as biomedical imaging, non-destructive imaging, and materials science.

The contribution of metal defects to the emission enhancement of Cu nanoclusters has been proposed. But the insufficient understanding of the defects luminescence mechanism limits its further effective adjustment and control to the emission color. In this work, the surface metal defects of the assembled fluorescent materials are deliberately engineered. Metal defects have effects on luminescent energy levels, which are relative to the dynamic process of exciton radiation transition and regulate the photophysical properties of the materials. Further studies demonstrate the surface metal defects possess shallow energy level and multi sublevels, broaden the emission colors. Moreover, the continuous alteration of emission color is achieved by simply adjusting the relative ratio of the surface and deep metal defects. Based on the full-color emission of copper clusters, the white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) with different color temperatures (warm, cold, and pure white) are prepared for illumination application.