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The world is facing the energy crises and environmental issues in this century due to increased industrialization and overuse of natural resources for energy such as fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels generates greenhouse gases which aggravate the global warming. Researchers across the world are focusing on renewable, less CO2 and NOx emissions fuels. These fuels are important for sustainability and green economy. Biodiesel production from Algae is emerged as the promising alternative fuel, technically and environmentally acceptable and easily available. In this study, different parameters of the oil extraction process from algae biomass were studied. Samples of algal species Spirogyra were collected from Chashma Achuzai, Quetta, Pakistan and employed as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Oil from macroalgae Spirogyra was extracted using n-Hexane as a solvent. Effects of n-Hexane to oil ratio, size of algal biomass and contact time on the percentage yield of extracted oil was studied and analyzed. It was concluded that maximum amount of oil was extracted from Spirogyra by using a greater ratio of solvent to algal biomass, maximum contact time, smaller algal biomass size.

Pakistan has large resources of sugarcane crops coupled with significant amount of molasses generated annually. In this study, the effects of enzyme zymase concentration (2-5 g/l), pH (5.5-6), aeration rate (0.1-0.2 vvm/l) and agitation speed (250-300rpm) were investigated for ethanol production. Saccharomy cesservisae was used as a biocatalyst. The maximum ethanol production of 82g/l was obtained at 0.2vvm/l, pH5.5, 300rpm and 35°C at 4g/l of enzyme. This study suggests a novel method of utilizing the enzyme separately for improving ethanol production.