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Eucalyptus is one of the major species used for pulp and paper industry. As industries develop, the need for Eucalyptus supply increases. However, there are challenges plantation companies must specifically determining eucalyptus market price potential risks in eucalyptus plantation and how eucalyptus plantation impacts the surrounding environment.. Stakeholders on eucalyptus supply chain have risks which have to be mitigated. The eucalyptus seedling and developer and the supplier hold crucial role in providing good quality eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. This research is conducted to explore on ways to mitigate each stakeholders risk, challenges plantation companies face in fulfilling eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. There are four stakeholders in eucalyptus supply chain: eucalyptus seedling developer and seller, supplier, distribution centre and pulp and paper production plants. Some of the major risk stakeholders are facing in eucalyptus supply chain are: early cut of eucalyptus trees, farmers’ lack of understanding on growing eucalyptus properly, small stem size, fluctuating eucalyptus wood price and low stock quantity. Some of the minor risk stakeholders are facing: earthquake, over fertilization, overwatering, cold climate, and plant setting. There are four methods used to determine eucalyptus pricing: cost-based pricing, customer-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and statutory pricing. Eucalyptus consume high amount of water which can cause dry areas around eucalyptus plantation area and low groundwater reservoir.

Nowadays, demand of the pulp and paper production increases quickly. That increasing demand has led to demanding of eucalyptus plantation. That is why eucalyptus plantation has rapidly expanded and became the most planted tree species across the world over the last century. Not only because its unique characteristics, increasing of eucalyptus plantation also happened because its growing gives a socio-economic benefits, industrial benefits, and environmental impacts. However, increasing demand of eucalyptus certainly make availability of eucalyptus being determined, known as limited supply chain. Due to the increasing demand and limited supply chain, the eucalyptus wood supply should managed, by integrated the supply chain well. In this research study, the supply chain of eucalyptus wood for pulp and paper industry was diagnosed and divided into three degree, there are direct supply chain, extended supply chain, and ultimate supply chain. Four main stakeholders in this chain identified consisted of the eucalyptus seedling developers and sellers, the suppliers, the distribution centers, and the pulp and paper production plants.

In this study, the easy-to-operate silver mirror reaction (SMR) was used for metallizing chromatography paper. The SMR-metallized paper was characterized by water contact angle measurements, a surface profiler, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electrical resistance measurement. The characterization results show that Ag was successfully synthesized on cellulose fibers and was electrically conductive after cyclic bending. Moreover, this SMR-metallized paper was used as electrodes for fabricating a supercapacitor. This SMR-metallized paper could be used for realizing cost-effective flexible electronics applied in on-site biochemical sensing in resource-limited settings.

Paper-based microfluidics has been widely used in chemical and medical analysis applications. In the conventional paper-based microfluidic approach, fluid is propagating inside the porous structure, and the flow direction of the fluid propagation is usually controlled with the pre-defined hydrophobic barrier (e.g. wax). However, the fluid propagation velocity inside the paper-based microfluidic devices largely depends on the material properties of paper and fluid, the relative control method is rarely reported. In this study, a fluid propagation velocity control method is proposed for paper-based microfluidics: hydrophobic pillar arrays with different configurations were deposited in the microchannels in paper-based microfluidics for flow speed control, the result indicates the deposited hydrophobic pillar arrays can effectively slow down the fluid propagation at different levels and can be used to passively control the fluid propagation inside microchannels for paper-based microfluidics. For the demonstration of the proposed fluid control methods, a paper-based microfluidic device for nitrite test in water was also fabricated. The proposed fluid control method for paper-based microfluidics may have significant importance for applications that involve sequenced reactions and more actuate fluid manipulation.

The main idea of this research is to design a rechargeable paper battery from local cheap and available materials. The practical part is represented by adding Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to conductive polymer (PSS PEDOT) with adding different mineral salts for then study the quantum of electrical conductivity and heat influence on electrical conductivity and acidity factors of the Electrolyte solution.The next step was to produce a rechargeable, flexible battery manufactured from regular cellulose paper, sulfone, and ionic solution.The measurements were made using modern laboratory devices to study the electrical properties, conductivity, resistance (Hall Effect), and voltage quantum of the ionic solution. Through the results we obtained, we noticed an increase in the conductivity of the ionic solution when adding mineral salts. The voltage quantum of one battery ranged between 0.3-0.3 volts, also several batteries were connected in series, and the result was 1.8 volts. Manufactured paper batteries can be recharged with a direct current source and recover their efficiency marked up 98-99%.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Paper electronics has emerged as an ecofriendly, light, low-cost, and recyclable material for the fabrication of flexible and printed transistors. In this study, we present fully printed organic electrochemical transistors using an active layer of PEDOT:PSS, carbon electrodes, cellulose-based electrolyte, and three different papers as substrates: bond, vegetal, and Lumi Silk, relating the electrical properties to the different morphologies of the paper surfaces. Each paper presents different regularity, diffusion capabilities, and roughness, with significant influence on the transistor performance. The more organized and smooth the surface, the better the electrical characteristics, the best of these being the Lumi Silk, with higher I on/I off ratio of 46, on-current of 8.3 10-5 A, V on of 1.3 V, and power gain of 43.5 dB associated with ultra-low hysteresis of 0.1 V, high transconductance of -57.3 μS, and suitablity for flexible electronics and sensors applications. S o Paulo State University - UNESP Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT) Physics Department, SP Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP-UNINOVA Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT) CENIMAT/I3N Department of Materials Science S o Paulo State University - UNESP Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT) Physics Department, SP

Light-reflecting characteristics play a crucial role in optically rewritable liquid crystal display (electronic paper). By using a special optimizer software, light-reflecting characteristics of the twisted nematic cell were calculated. The achieved values of the normalized reflection coefficients range within ∼ 0.03 - 0.43, which is comparable or better than other commercial technologies. The calculated contrast ratio of the device is 10 : 1. A 2D image, which can be displayed on the electronic paper was obtained. Comparison of the simulated background color and contrast ratio is very similar with the results, which were obtained in experimental cells of other studies. Our calculations indicate that angular dependence of the reflectance coefficient is almost uniform within a wide range of viewing angles.

This paper reports on experimental studies of point discharge in oil-paper insulation under different hydraulic pressures. The point partial discharge of oil-paper insulation under different hydraulic pressure was measured for the first time. With the help of a commercial partial discharge detector, five discharge parameters under constant AC voltage were recorded and plotted as curves. These show that the partial discharge under very low pressure developed very quickly after it was initiated. So, care should be taken with oil-paper equipment operating at high altitudes, because once the discharge is initiated, it would develop into a catastrophe in a relatively short time. The partial discharge inception voltage and breakdown voltage increased with pressure, but the rising rates decreased with the increase of pressure. The discharge parameters decreased with pressure but the difference between the adjacent curves became smaller and smaller, which is called the saturation characteristic of the hydraulic pressure’s effect on discharge. Therefore, very high hydraulic pressure is not necessary for weakening the partial discharge in oil paper insulation. It is believed that the hydraulic pressure influences the discharge in the oil-paper insulation by changing the state of the gas in this compound insulation system. This paper provides a reference for the operation and maintenance of oil-paper insulation equipment running in high-altitude areas. Adjusting hydraulic pressure might be an effective and economical way to reduce the size and weight of oil-paper insulation equipment.

Recent progress in the in situ synthesise of various nanomaterials has gained tremendous interest and wide applications in various fields. For the first time to the best of our knowledge, this work reports a methodology of ultra-fast in situ synthesis of cobalt–cobalt oxide-reduced graphene oxide (Co−Co3O4−rGO (CC–rGO)) composite by laser ablation. The photothermal reduction technique was leveraged to develop the CC–rGO. For this, a low-cost 450 nm blue diode laser was irradiated onto a grade 1 filter paper in the presence of cobalt ions readily patterns the carbon matrix of paper to the composite material. Moreover, the variation of cobalt concentrations from 0.1–0.5 M led to structural and morphological changes. Standard techniques were adopted for thorough characterizations of developed sensor material for conductivity analysis, specific surface area, crystal-structural information, surface morphology, and chemical composition. The observed results were highly promoting towards the electrochemical sensing applications. Further, the developed sensor was found to be highly selective toward detecting a vital bio analyte alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The sensors performance was highly significant in the linear range of 10–800 mU l−1 with a detection limit of 10.13 mU l−1. The sensors applicability was further validated in actual human serum samples via a recovery-based approach. In the future, the developed in situ material methodology can begin a rapid composite material synthesis at a larger scale.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a simple, highly sensitive, and fast analytical method can be used to detect corrosion components on the surface of bronze ware, a difficult problem. The silver mirror reaction is suggested for depositing precious metal nanoparticles on cellulose filter paper in order to create a quick, easy, and low-cost approach for creating SERS substrates. After an 8-minute deposition time, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform dispersion of precious metals on cellulose filter paper. To examine the SERS characteristics of the substrate, copper chloride oxide, the main ingredient in the damaging rust of trace bronze ware, was used as the probe molecule. The findings show that cellulose filter paper with a uniform distribution of precious metals achieves the best SERS performance. The flexible substrate enables effective trace analysis of damaging rust on bronze surfaces.

In order to reasonably evaluate the effectiveness of UHF sensor arrangement in online monitoring of partial discharge of bushing, it is necessary to study the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics of partial discharge UHF in the bushing. In this paper, a three-dimensional model of a real transformer bushing is established, the XFDTD software is used to simulate the raised seat defects and internal capacitive core defects of the bushing, field strength sensors are arranged at different locations inside and outside the bushing, and the propagation process of partial discharge UHF signals leaking from the oil-paper insulated bushing to the external free space is simulated and analyzed. The results show that the time difference between the signals received by the field strength sensors at different locations is not significant and can be neglected in practice. The partial discharge electromagnetic wave signal generated by the bushing elevated seat defect leaks from the upper porcelain sleeve to the external space, and the leaked electromagnetic wave energy is mainly gathered at the upper and lower ends of the upper porcelain sleeve. The partially discharged electromagnetic signal at the capacitor core inside the bushing will propagate along the coaxial waveguide structure formed between the capacitor screens towards the two ends of the capacitor core, the downward propagating electromagnetic wave energy is confined within the elevated seat, the upward propagating electromagnetic wave energy propagates from the top of the upper porcelain bushing to the external space, the leaked electromagnetic wave energy is mainly concentrated at the top of the upper porcelain bushing. The simulation results provide ideas for optimizing the arrangement of external antenna sensors for UHF detection of partial discharges in transformer oil-paper insulated bushings.

Convenient, rapid, and accurate detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is crucial in early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A paper-based electrochemical immunosensor is a promising choice in this field, because of the flexibility, porosity, and cost-efficacy of the paper. However, paper is poor in electronic conductivity and surface functionality. Herein, we report a paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for the label-free detection of cTnI with the working electrode modified by MXene (Ti3C2) nanosheets. In order to immobilize the bio-receptor (anti-cTnI) on the MXene-modified working electrode, the MXene nanosheets were functionalized by aminosilane, and the functionalized MXene was immobilized onto the surface of the working electrode through Nafion. The large surface area of the MXene nanosheets facilitates the immobilization of antibodies, and the excellent conductivity facilitates the electron transfer between the electrochemical species and the underlying electrode surface. As a result, the paper-based immunosensor could detect cTnI within a wide range of 5–100 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.58 ng/mL. The immunosensor also shows outstanding selectivity and good repeatability. Our MXene-modified paper-based electrochemical immunosensor enables fast and sensitive detection of cTnI, which may be used in real-time and cost-efficient monitoring of AMI diseases in clinics.

This paper presents the integration process of an ultra-thin PZT/Si chip on paper and that it functions as a simple speaker by applying a voltage in the audible frequency range. The PZT/Si chip used is only 5-μm-thick, so it does not interfere with the flexibility of the substrate, and it can be integrated on paper because it does not use a high-temperature process in the electrode connection process. We have revealed that a paper with an ultra-thin PZT/Si chip of only 1 × 5 mm2 in size generates a fully audible sound pressure level (SPL) of about 40 dB. It was rounded to a radius of curvature of 1 cm without breaking. The overall SPL was about the same even when the paper substrate dimension was reduced to 50 mm square. This technology is expected to be applied to electronic components such as surround speakers or haptics in electronic paper.