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In the present work, an extensive study has been carried out on the parameters that govern the non-radiative recombination losses associated with the absorber double perovskite material. Four different device configurations have been proposed by incorporating different electron transport layers (ETL) namely tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten trioxide (WO3), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and strontium titanate (STO) with La2NiMnO6 (LNMO) double perovskite material as an active layer and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as a hole transport layer (HTL). In this investigation, the role of band offsets in the collection, transportation, and recombination of charge carriers has been examined in detail. Further, the impact of thickness and the defect positions i.e. shallow defects and deep defects on the photovoltaic (PV) parameters of the cells has been thoroughly elucidated. For the proper collection of charge carriers, the ideal barrier height between HTL and back contact (C, Ni, Ag, and Au) at various valence band maximum (VBM) levels has also been investigated. Interestingly, the results of the present simulation reveal that the WS2-based device with configuration FTO/WS2/LNMO/Cu2O/Au shows the highest PCE of 24.08% after optimization. The findings and interpretation of this work demonstrate that La2NiMnO6 an eco-friendly and non-toxic material can be used to produce high-efficiency perovskite devices.

A study of generation of wakefield and particle acceleration via propagation of linearly polarised, chirped, Gaussian laser pulse in preformed plasma channel is presented. Perturbation technique is used to separate slow and fast varying plasma electron velocities and density. Considering the laser pulse length and amplitude to be evolving along the propagation distance, nonlinear fluid equations are used to derive longitudinal electric wakefields at varying propagation distances for chirped as well as unchirped pulses. It has been seen that longitudinal wakefield amplitude generated by positively (negatively) chirped laser pulses is higher (lower) than the amplitude obtained by unchirped laser pulses. The wakefield amplitudes are optimized with respect to the propagation distance. Further, trapping and acceleration of electrons by the generated wakes, is analysed. Comparing the energy of an accelerated test electron using chirped and unchirped laser pulses, it is shown that positively chirped laser pulses are capable of accelerating test electron to maximum energy using minimum injection energy. Hence, highest energy gain can be obtained by propagation of positively chirped laser pulse in plasma.

In this study, the effect of pressure on the structural, elastic, anisotropy, electronic, phonon, and optical properties of the IrAl compound in B2 structure was investigated by the first-principles method. The lattice constant, volume, density, and bulk modulus parameters were compared with theoretical and experimental data at zero pressure, and their variations with pressure effect were also examined. The IrAl compound fullfills the Born criteria at all pressure values, indicating structural stability, as no instability is observed even with increasing pressure. The compound exhibits ductile properties according to Paugh ratio (B/G), Cauchy pressure (C12-C44, C’’), and Poisson ratio () criteria. Electronically metallic in nature, it has maintained this nature with pressure variation. The absence of negative frequencies in the phonon dispersion curve explains that the compound is dynamically stable. Mulliken Atom Populations analysis was used to understand the bond properties between Ir-Al atoms, focusing on charge transfer and ionicity. The complex dielectric function was employed to determine the optical properties and evaluate their variations under pressure. Finally, the effect of pressure on the physical and electronic properties of the IrAl compound useful for coating applications were evaluated.

A borosilicate barium glass series doped by erbium (III) oxide was fabricated using the conventional melt quenching technique with a melting temperature of 1100 oC and an annealing temperature of 400 oC. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms that the glass samples are amorphous and have no long-range atomic arrangement. The densities of the borosilicate barium enhanced from 2.9749 g/cm3 to 3.0126 g/cm3 with an increasing Er2O3 substitution ratio. The UV-Vis spectrum measurement showed an enhancement in the refractive index of the samples from 2.311 to 2.336. The γ-ray shielding properties of the fabricated glasses were estimated between 0.059 and 1.332 MeV. The obtained results showed an enhancement in the linear attenuation coefficient with increasing the Er2O3 substitution ratio to the borosilicate barium glass at low γ-photon energies while no considerable enhancement was achieved in the high and intermediate γ-photon energies. At γ-photon energy of 0.059 MeV, the linear attenuation coefficient was enhanced by a factor of ≈38 %, while this ratio dropped to less than 10 % for high and intermediate γ-photon energy. The mentioned results showed that the low concentrations of Er2O3 possess a significant enhancement in optical properties and low γ- ray shielding.

We study an extended Creutz ladder system, which supports topological phase transition as revealed by the change of topological invariant and by distinct pseudospin textures. With a linear force along the ladder, Bloch oscillation on topological bands is studied. At the topological phase transition point, the oscillation period is doubled due to band crossings and the wave packet evolves alternatively on the two bands. The magnitude of pseudospin polarizations in Bloch oscillation provide a dynamical identification of the topological feature. The local pseudospin polarizations along $y-$ and $z-$ axis are directly related to measurable inter-leg current and density difference. We also show the micromotion and non-adiabatic propagations of the Bloch wave packet. A small density oscillation beyond the description of Bloch oscillation is revealed. At avoided band crossings, the transition probability of the Landau-Zener tunneling is obtained. Our results exhibit a transparent framework to understand the properties of topological bands and of Bloch wave dynamics.

In this paper we demonstrate the surface plasmon resonance of nanoparticles in a two-dimensional elastic system. We use the layer potential technique related to the elastic equations and make an asymptotic expansion of the disturbed elastic wave field about the size of nanoparticles. The principal term in the asymptotic expansion mentioned earlier is related to the Neumann-Poincáre operator in the elastic system. Finally, the surface plasmon resonance is investigated by the spectral properties of the Neumann-Poincáre operator.

In this paper, we proposed a new fractional two dimensional trigonometric combined discrete chaotic mapping (2D-TCDCM) and a fractional 2-D Kawakami map within Caputo-Hadamard fractional difference. We observed the dynamic behaviours of the proposed Caputo-Hadamard fractional maps, including fractal graph, maximum lyapunov exponent, phase trajectory and randomness test. We illustrate the advantage of using Caputo-Hadamard fractional difference. As a conclusion, we get the condition of the proposed fractional map to behave chaotically with physics background.

Photonic bandgaps (PBGs) in traditional one-dimensional (1-D) binary photonic crystals (PhCs) consisting of two kinds of isotropic dielectrics strongly shift towards shorter wavelengths as incident angle increases. Such blueshift property of PBGs intensively limits the widths of omnidirectional photonic bandgaps (OPBGs). Very recently, researchers achieved a special kind of PBGs called angle-insensitive PBGs in novel 1-D binary PhCs consisting of isotropic dielectric and elliptical metamaterial (EMM). The emergence of such angle-insensitive PBGs provides us an opportunity to achieve large OPBGs. Herein, we periodically introduce plasma layers into a 1-D binary PhC consisting of isotropic dielectric and EMM with an angle-insensitive PBG to achieve a large OPBG at mid-infrared wavelengths. The EMM is mimicked by an all-dielectric subwavelength multilayer. The broaden effect of the OPBG originates from the plasmonic property of plasma and the angle-insensitive property of the PBG. The width of the OPBG reaches 4.19 μm. Our work provides a feasible route to achieving large OPBGs in 1-D PhCs and would promote the development of OPBG-based devices, such as omnidirectional broadband reflectors and omnidirectional filters.

In this paper, we are concerned with the gauge equivalent structures for the integrable (2+1)-dimensional nonlocal nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger (NLS) equations. Through constructing the gauge transformation, we prove that these (2+1)-dimensional nonlocal equations, both focusing and defocusing, are gauge equivalent to two types of coupled (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnet equations and two types of coupled (2+1)-dimensional modified Heisenberg ferromagnet equations. As an appropriate extension, we further illustrate that the nonlocal NLS equation is gauge equivalent to two types of coupled Heisenberg ferromagnet equations and two types of coupled modified Heisenberg ferromagnet equations, while its discrete version is gauge equivalent to two types of coupled discrete Heisenberg ferromagnet equations and two types of coupled discrete modified Heisenberg ferromagnet equations, respectively. From its invariance with the combined parity-reflection and time-reversal operators, we can observe that there exist significant differences and intimate connections between standard and nonlocal equations. On the other hand, by using the Darboux transformation and some limit techniques, two types of deformed soliton solutions, namely, the deformed exponential solitons and the deformed rational solitons for the (2+1)-dimensional nonlocal defocusing NLS equation are given explicitly. With no loss of generality, two deformed soliton interactions and their various degenerate cases are discussed and illustrated through some figures.

This work analyzes the propagation of polar gravitational waves for flat FRW cosmic background and in view of $f(R,T^{\phi})$ theory. In what follows, we opt for the Regge-Wheeler polar perturbation scheme in flat geometry of background spacetime and corresponding scalar, field source is also perturbed. The two sets of field equations for flat and perturbed geometry are constructed and furthermore used to evaluate perturbation parameters. The obtained expressions suggest that polar fluctuations affect both geometry and scalar field. The radial and temporal parts of perturbation parameters $\chi$ and $\sigma$ are plotted explicitly while the behavior of $\psi$ is observed via a numerical solution plotted as a 3D graph. The change in these fluctuations for different values of model parameter $\lambda$ is noticed through these plots.

Doped with different rare earth elements (Dy3+, Sm3+, Yb2+, Eu3+ and Gd2+), Zn2SnO4 nano-structures were synthesized using sol-gel process. Dopants were introduced in the prepared samples at concentrations of 0.034g. X-Rays Diffraction (XRD) results checked the crystallographic nature of the prepared materials. Using Scherrer's equation, the particles sizes were calculated and found to be almost 24 nm. The chemical bond types were identified through the Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dopants effect on the absorbance spectra was explored via the UV-Visible spectroscopy. The energy band gap (Eopt) of Zn2SnO4 decreased (from 3.89 eV to 2.80 eV) with dopants addition for direct transitions and ranged between 3.93-2.25 eV for indirect transitions. Similarly, Urbach energies (EU) were found within the range of 0.70- 0.42 eV. Results of the effect of the suggested dopants at those concentrations on the structure and optical properties of Zn2SnO4 could be considered to be utilized in the correct form in the industrial applications.

In this paper, we apply the Carath\'eodory's method of geometrothermodynamics to investigate the behavior of the main thermodynamic parameters associated with a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence. The corresponding Pfaffian form is constructed by means of the Schwarzschild radius $r_s$, and the quintessential radius $r_{\gamma}$ as independent variables. This form is then used to characterize the thermodynamic manifold. The homogeneity of the system allows for the recognition of the empirical temperature and entropy, and thus, connects with the usual laws of thermodynamics. In particular, we show that the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies lead to the same value for the Schwarzschild black hole, in the case of the vanishing cosmological term., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

Since people use chaos extensively for a wide range of applications in data encryption and secure communications, a new method for designing practical high-dimensional discrete hyperchaotic systems is proposed for the first time in this paper. This method controls the range of the Lyapunov exponents in reverse by adding control variables so that the range of the values of the Lyapunov exponents is controlled within a specified interval, which is more suitable for engineering applications. Then, it is mathematically proved that the method ensures that the orbits of chaotic systems are globally finite and their Lyapunov exponents are bounded. In addition, as a practical demonstration of the selective image encryption scheme based on target template matching introduced in this paper, a 6-D discrete hyperchaotic system was created, and the analysis of the simulation results verifies the applicability of the 6-D hyperchaotic system designed by the method presented in this paper in the field of image encryption.

Antiperovskite were created by swapping ionic positions in the perovskite ABX3 crystal composition. These have great potential for renewable energy devices owing to their low band gap, low cost, and high absorption with Pm-3m space group. Herein, the authors have investigated inherent properties such as bulk modulus and its pressure derivatives, lattice constant, the density of states, band gap, effective mass, refractive index, dielectric constant, extinction coefficient, and absorption coefficient, thermoelectric parameters etc. of antiperovskite materials by using density functional theory-based first-principles calculations. These materials exhibit high absorption in the Visible, Ultraviolet region and also in the Near Infrared region which is the most admirable property acquired by various Optoelectronic devices. The proposed compounds have been found mechanically and thermodynamically stable. Their high figure of merit makes them a potential candidate for thermoelectric devices. The proposed material AsPCa3 with a theoretical efficiency of 34% is expected to be a good photovoltaic absorber material.

Three spacecraft of LISA/TAIJI mission follow their respective geodesic trajectories, and their interferometric arms are unequal and time-varying due to orbital dynamics. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is proposed to suppress the laser frequency noise caused by the unequal-arm. By employing the numerical orbit, we investigate the sensitivity of the first-generation TDI configurations and their corresponding optimal A, E, and T channels. The sensitivities of T channels from Michelson and Monitor/Beacon configurations diverge from the equal-arm case in frequencies lower than 10 mHz, and their performances vary with the inequality of the arm lengths. The mismatches of the laser beam paths are evaluated in a dynamic case, and the residual laser noise in the first-generation TDI could not satisfy the mission requirement., 25 pages, 12 figures

Different opinion exists regarding the role of bandgap size on thermoelectric variables. Motivated by the observation that the band shape can in a definite way affect thermoelectric properties, two compounds (BaSiSr and IrBiZr) have been evaluated for optimum thermoelectric application. The phonon spectrum, band structure, mechanical and thermoelectric properties of the two compounds were investigated using the density functional theory. The calculated bandgap size of the compounds are comparable (IrBiZr = 0.223 eV; BaSiSr = 0.220 eV). The valence energy edge peaked at the Fermi level for both compounds. The highest valence energy edge occurred at a single high symmetry point ($\Gamma$ for IrBiZr) but at two symmetry points (X and W for BaSiSr). IrBiZr gave an overall superior performance over BaSiSr in the calculated elastic, thermodynamic and thermoelectric parameters. A lesser role for bandgap size can therefore be indicated in the design and optimization of novel thermoelectric materials in view of better results in favor of IrBiZr than BaSiSr.

The stochastic resonance (SR) behavior for an underdamped bistable system with colored cross-correlated noise between multiplicative and additive noise is investigated. The stationary probability density is obtained under the condition of the detailed balance. The expressions for the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for two initial states is deduced by applying two-state theory under the adiabatic condition. The analysis result indicates that the SR phenomenon takes place when the SNRs vary with the coupling strength and the correlation time of the cross-correlated noise. Double SR phenomenon occurs on SNRs’ curves with the increase of the strength of the additive noise. One resonance peak exists when the SNRs change with the damping coefficient and with the intensity of the multiplicative noise.

There are different methods of discretizing integrable systems. We consider semi-discrete analog of two-dimensional Toda lattices associated to the Cartan matrices of simple Lie algebras that was proposed by Habibullin in 2011. This discretization is based on the notion of Darboux integrability. Generalized Toda lattices are known to be Darboux integrable in the continuous case (that is, they admit complete families of characteristic integrals in both directions). We prove that semi-discrete analogs of Toda lattices associated to the Cartan matrices of all simple Lie algebras are Darboux integrable. By examining the properties of Habibullin's discretization we show that if a function is a characteristic integral for a generalized Toda lattice in the continuous case, then the same function is a characteristic integral in the semi-discrete case as well. We consider characteristic algebras of such integral-preserving discretizations of Toda lattices to prove the existence of complete families of characteristic integrals in the second direction.

In the field of vacuum interrupting, an important research is to improve the erosion resistance properties of contacts. In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric swirl model based on basic parameters has been proposed to describe the formation and development of cathode spots of micro-scale alloy and nano-scale alloy electrode in a vacuum arc. In this model, the peak ion density of the plasma cloud, the mean charge state in near-cathode region, the electron temperature, and the near-cathode voltage drop are adopted as external parameters. Ions and electrons originating from the plasma cloud, thermo-field (T-F) emission, vaporization of metal atoms, backing ions and back-diffused electrons are all taken into consideration. The morphology and temperature of cathode spots crater and the liquid metal velocity of pure copper electrode (Cu), copper-chromium (Cu-Cr) electrode and tungsten-copper (W-Cu) electrode under the conditions of micro-scale grains and nano-scale grains are compared, respectively. Simulation results show that the cathode spot crater of the Cu-Cr electrode is smaller than that of the pure copper electrode. Moreover, it can hold more current and inhibit the formation of new cathode spots nearby. Cathode spots appearing on tungsten grains are smaller in size and have a lower probability of forming liquid metal droplets than Cu-Cr electrodes. Contacts made of nano-scale grain alloys have stronger erosion resistance properties than that of micro-scale alloy contacts and can reduce the maximum temperature of the cathode. The simulation results are in good agreement with other researchers’ results.

It is well known that monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (MX$_2$, M = Mo, W and X = S, Se, Te) could exist in three common structures, i.e. 1$T$, 1$T'$, and 1$H$ phases. In order to reveal their possible phase transitions driven by biaxial strain, we use first-principles calculations to determine the energy landscapes associated with these three phases. Due to its intrinsic dynamical instability, the centrosymmetric 1$T$ phase is known to be metastable and will transform into the 1$T'$ phase where pairs of metal atoms pull together toward each other. Moreover, controlling the metallic 1$T'$ and semiconducting 1$H$ phases is of particular interest as this can introduce novel opportunities in a series of applications. When a biaxial strain is simultaneously compressed along the zigzag direction and stretched along the armchair direction，phase transitions from 1$H$ to 1$T'$ have occurred in MSe$_2$ and MoTe$_2$, but for MSe$_2$ the biaxial strain is much difficult to realize in experiments. For WTe$_2$, the 1$T'$ structure will transform into the 1$H$ form when a biaxial strain is just compressed along the armchair direction. The transitions between 1$H$ and 1$T'$ phases could be attributed to the changes of metal-chalcogen bonds along the armchair direction by analyzing the Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population. Only half M-X bonds along the armchair direction is the main factor, because their lengths are robust in 1$T'$ phase and decrease in 1$H$ form with the tensile strain applied along the armchair direction. Our findings provide a guideline for the phase engineering of transition-metal dichalcogenides with biaxial strain.

In this study, the sloshing behaviors and dynamic characteristics of liquid sloshing in a horizontal Cassini tank were studied. The forces and torques generated by the liquid sloshing in non-equilibrium states were experimentally measured with force transducers which have been mounted on the experiment platform. In small-amplitude rotational and translational nonlinear sloshing cases, the CFD simulations were in good agreement with the experimental data. However, as the dynamic ratio of longitudinal and transversal sloshing force became large, errors occurred and became obvious in CFD simulations. Further experiments on the sloshing forces and torques in the rotating sloshing state were performed.The effects of the magnitude and frequency of the external excitations and the tank-filling ratio son the sloshing characteristics were also studied. The experiments results show that the liquid sloshing in the Cassini tank is highly correlated with the excitation frequency where small variation in the frequency leads to complex changes in the liquid sloshing characteristics. In the cases with low liquid-filling ratio, in resonance state, the rotational sloshing is easier to be excited, however, in the stable-state the amplitudes of longitudinal sloshing force and torque are more significant than those of other sloshing conditions. The transversal sloshing force and torque are very small in both, rotational and translational nonlinear sloshing of small amplitude.

In this paper, we explore the formation of asymmetric modulation instability spectrum in the metamaterials as a result of the joined effect of self-steepening and intra-pulse Raman scattering. In general, the modulation instability gain spectrum is symmetric about the zero perturbation frequency. Here we observe asymmetric modulation instability gain spectrum and the asymmetry depends on the sign of the refractive index of the medium. When the refractive index of the medium is negative the band with high modulation instability gain is observed at positive detuning frequency regime in contrast to the case of positive refractive index regime where the band with high modulation instability gain is present at a negative detuning frequency regime. This preponderance is attributed to the opposite directionality of phase velocity and energy flow in a negative index material. Our study provides additional ways to tune soliton and ultrashort pulses utilizing engineering freedom of metamaterials.

The air-cooled battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a safe and cost-effective system to control the operating temperature of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) within a desirable range. Different from the design of the air supply flow field of most BESSs in previous studies, this study proposes a novel combined the cooling air duct and the battery pack calculation method to enhance the heat dissipation of the battery. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, potential problems with numerical calculations of cooling air duct and battery packs alone and coupled simulations of the two are investigated. The important factor influencing the uniformity of air supply is identified, and creative measures for improvement are proposed. The results in this paper indicate that the uniformity of the outlet air supply does not indicate that the temperature uniformity performance of the matrix battery meets the requirements due to the variation of the sub air duct outlet pressure, and the coupling simulation of the cooling air duct and the battery pack is an essential process for BESSs. With the improvements proposed in this paper, the standard deviation coefficient of velocity is reduced from 60.3% to 12.6%. Furthermore, the innovative improvement of placing the partition at the connecting duct can regulates the battery temperature between 298.58 K and 311.73 K and ensures a maximum temperature difference of only 4.22 K for a single battery. Ultimately, the power consumption of the cooling system can be reduced by 6.9%. The results of the paper provide a guide for uniform heat dissipation in BESSs.

With the rapid development of semiconductor chip circuit integration and miniaturization, especially the high integration of microwave chips, it has become critical to realize the surface microwave field imaging for such chips. In this paper, a new method of microwave field imaging for chip surface is proposed based on scanning probe microscopy. We analyse the echo signal and extract the peak-to-peak values to characterize the microwave field intensity on the chip surface by building a theoretical model of the microwave signal coupling. Using a high-precision scanning stage based on a piezoelectric ceramic tube, we realize the imaging of microwave field. The experimental results show that the imaging method can complete the chip surface microwave field imaging, which is important to support the optimization of semiconductor chip manufacturing process, fault analysis and new material research, and promote the development and progress of the semiconductor industry.

The present report examines the tunability of optical band gap by 150 keV Fe ion implantation in cerium oxide (CeO2) thin films and their electronic structures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the stable FCC structure and these films lose their crystalline nature with increasing ion fluences. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows the morphology changes. Raman measurement exhibits the presence of defect states. UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals that the optical band gap reduces from 3.14 eV to 2.70 eV. These results are well correlated with the electronic structure studies from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The XPS indicates the existence of Ce3+ due to the replacement of Fe3+ which reduces the Ce4+ to Ce3+ ions. XAS at the Ce-M4,5 edge reveals the change in Ce4+→Ce3+ with Fe ion fluence and the O-K edge spectra show that the vacancies are introduced after Fe ion implantation. The edge shifting of the O-K edge confirmed the presence of Ce4+-VO-Ce3+ and Ce3+-VO-Fe3+ networks in Fe-implanted thin films. This reversible ability enables the CeO2-based nanomaterial for energy and environmental-related applications.

Ni-based superalloys and thin films have drawn the attention of researchers because of their extraordinary properties. In particular, Nickel Aluminides like Ni3Al thin films show excellent mechanical and tribological properties. They are good candidates for high-temperature applications as they show excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance properties. Several researchers have synthesized Ni3Al thin films via Chemical vapor deposition methods (CVD) and physical vapor deposition methods (PVD). Most of them have synthesized Ni3Al thin film via magnetron sputtering because of microstructural homogeneity and less contamination achieved by this process. To achieve better properties of these films, many alterations in terms of deposition parameters and doping have been experimented by researchers. This work reflects the review of work done in the area of depositing Ni3Al-based thin films via different techniques for high-temperature applications.

Because of their non-toxicity as well as environmental stability, Li-based double perovskites are an excellent choice for energy storage, optoelectronic, as well as thermoelectric uses. This density functional theory (DFT) study looks at the physical attributes of the Li2AgBiY6(Y = Cl, Br, I), which might benefit thermal and optoelectronics uses. The Born stability criteria, tolerance factor, and formation energy are calculated for structural stability in the cubic phase. The computed indirect band gaps for Li2AgBiY6(Y = Cl, Br, and I) ensure maximum UV and visible spectrum absorption. As a result, all of the double perovskites investigated are often utilized in optoelectronic purposes like solar cells, photo-catalysts, and LED. The electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient are used to investigate transport qualities. Li2AgBiY6(Y = Cl, Br, and I )compounds double perovskites having ZT indices 0.57 and 0.56, respectively, highlighting their importance for thermoelectric devices.

Deep volumetric microscopy of live objects plays a critical role in biology and medicine. To this end, development of rapid and non-invasive optical methods for 3-dimensional (3D) imaging is still demanding. In this way, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has emerged as a volumetric microscopy method having high spatial-temporal resolution for imaging of samples within dimensions from submicron to few centimeters with minimum induced photo damaging. Unique features of LSFM allow for its modification and deployments in various fields including developmental biology, pathology, and microfluidics. Considering the wide spectrum of LSFM users, this tutorial review article explains basic concepts and design considerations of LSFM and provides a detailed analysis of various optical configurations of LSFM. Major developments of LSFM for adoption in both research and clinical applications including tissue imaging, diagnostics, and cytometry are also explained. In addition, various designs of light-sheet fluorescent microscopes for use as a stand-alone microscopy unit and an add-on device are discussed.

Benzodiazepines like nitrazepam are extensively used, both as prescribed medications and as illicit drug substitutes, and therefore detection is of prime importance. In this work, the electrochemical detection of nitrazepam using a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) modified electrode was investigated. The nitrogen-rich carbon material i.e., g-C3N4 was easily synthesized by the thermal condensation method using melamine as a precursor. The platinum electrode was modified by synthesized material and its electrochemical activity was tested using a three-electrode set-up. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the effective detection of nitrazepam. The detection at different concentrations was analyzed using CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The detection limit of 0.02 µM was found with the linear dynamic range of nitrazepam. A repeatability experiment was conducted to check the stability of the proposed electrode. This study confirms the potential use of g-C3N4 as an effective and stable electrode material for the detector in the field of pharmaceuticals and health care.

In the text, rational solutions to a (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in determinant form are solved by means of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy reduction method and Hirota’s bilinear form. The first-order, higher-order, multi-lump waves and multi-rogue waves on the basis of the solution in Gramian are presented in graphs. Periodic and parabolic line rogue waves are obtained by choosing different dispersion coefficient functions. The second-order rogue waves are also depicted, which can be seen as the composition of two first-order rogue waves. For multiple rogue waves, taking the periodic and parabolic line rogue waves as examples, it can be observed the change tendency of amplitudes of the intersection region is different from that in branches of line rogue waves. Besides, propagation of the first-order lump wave, interaction between one-lump-soliton and one-rogue-wave, and two kinds of collisions of two lump waves, i.e., elastic and inelastic, are also shown in the x - t plane.

Due to the polarization dependence, there are two kinds of off-Γ bound states in the continuum (BIC) modes (TM-like mode and TE-like mode) for C2 symmetric grating structure. Compared to symmetrical protection BIC, off-Γ BIC is more susceptible to environmental changes, resulting in high refractive index sensitivity. In this paper, the influence of grating structure parameters on refractive index sensitivity of off-Γ BICs is studied, and the responses of two BIC modes to environmental refractive index are summarized. The refractive index sensitivities of TM-like mode and TE-like mode have different responses to grating structure parameters. The maximum sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) of TM-like mode are 476 nm/RIU and 15866 RIU-1, while these of TE-like mode are 720 nm/RIU and 1440 RIU-1 respectively. These conclusions provide insights for the assembly and research of grating optical sensors based on off-Γ BICs.

It is shown that the extensions of exactly-solvable quantum mechanical problems connected with the replacement of ordinary derivatives by Dunkl ones and with that of classical orthogonal polynomials by exceptional orthogonal ones can be easily combined. For such a purpose, the example of the Dunkl oscillator on the line is considered and three different types of rationally-extended Dunkl oscillators are constructed. The corresponding wavefunctions are expressed in terms of exceptional orthogonal generalized Hermite polynomials, defined in terms of the three different types of $X_m$-Laguerre exceptional orthogonal polynomials. Furthermore, the extended Dunkl oscillator Hamiltonians are shown to be expressible in terms of some extended Dunkl derivatives and some anharmonic oscillator potentials., 17 pages, no figure; typos corrected, published version

We investigate analytically the effects of spin-orbit coupling for the dynamics of soliton collisions in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates. Applying the non-standard Hirota’s bilinear method, we derive some exact one- and two-soliton solutions for the one-dimensional system of a spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, which clearly shows how the dynamics of the solitons in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates can be engineered by spin-orbit coupling. Under spin-orbit coupling, the soliton collisions of ferromagnetic-polar type, ferromagnetic-ferromagnetic type and polar-polar type are discussed in details. Comparisons for the soliton states between the systems with and without spin-orbit coupling are displayed, a remarkable phenomenon is that the spin-orbit coupling can lead to the split of a soliton.

Finding the simplest form of a set of quantities is an important aspect of any branch of Mathematics. Of course, the simplest form or the canonical form as we often call it in mathematics, must possess all the important characteristics of the set of quantities. A real square matrix satisfying certain conditions can be brought to diagonal form which is its simplest form such that the diagonal form retains the eigenvalues, determinants, trace, rank, nullity,.. of the original matrix. Many computations with matrices become easier if one can diagonalize the matrices. In this article, we suggest an approach for diagonalizing interval matrices employing a novel methodology called the pairing technique, which will make it simpler and more effective to classify and investigate interval matrices. This is extremely useful because computations involving a diagonalizable matrix can often be reduced to much simpler computations involving the corresponding diagonal matrix. We also discuss two real world applications on planar systems and linear discrete dynamical systems.

The M-type barium hexaferrite has been considered an impeding material for their use as microwave absorbers and storage devices. In present investigation, the La3+ substituted M-type BaFe12-xLaxO19, (where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) was prepared via a facile sol-gel process at 850oC for 3 h. XRD confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure of La3+ substituted BaFe12O19 belonging to P63/mmc space group with the crystallite size in the range of 23.08-39.59 nm, which decreased with the increase in La3+ content. The Rietveld refinements displayed better goodness of fit (χ2) was observed between 1.20-1.90 for proper peak fitting. The W-H plot indicated the decrease in lattice strain (0.21×10-3-2.14×10-3) with the increase in La3+ contents. The SEM imaging revealed the agglomerations and estimated the average grain size in the range of 0.42-3.69 µm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the bands in the range of 432-622 cm-1, which represents stretching and bending vibrations of metal-oxygen bonds. The tetrahedral site exhibited a higher force constant and lower bond length than the octahedral site in M-type barium hexaferrite. The photoluminescence spectroscopy demonstrated that a prominent peak of La3+ substituted BaFe12O19 near 481 nm, which falls under the visible range with strong blue emission and indicates the radiative defects present in the crystal. At room temperature, the magnetic measurements indicate that the coercivity (Hc) increased, but the saturation magnetization (Ms) and the retentivity (Mr) decreased with the increase in La3+ substitutions. The anisotropy constant (K) and Bohr magnetron number (nB) were also evaluated between 0.932×106-1.109×106 erg/cm3 and 10.28-11.68 µB, respectively. Hence, the unique photoluminescence and magnetic properties may be responsible for its application in the electronic industry, telecommunication, microwave engineering and storage devices etc.

The study of entropy generation in convective transport processes is of current interest. For the better understanding of this phenomenon it is preferred to investigate it for those flows which admit an exact solution. This is the reason that majority of the published literature, concerning entropy generation analysis, has been done for the self-similar flows. Particular to the stretching sheet flows, which do also have important applications in industry, entropy production analysis is of particular importance. In this regard a two dimensional boundary layer flow due to an exponentially stretching wall (following generalized exponential form) has been considered in this study for the analysis of entropy generation. The stretching wall velocity and the wall temperature function have so properly been chosen that an similarity solution is possible. The modeled, equations are converted to ordinary differential equations by employing appropriate similarity transformations. These equations are solved numerically by using bvp-4c implemented in Matlab. To implement this method, differential equations are converted to set of first order equations and are solved. The problem has been analyzed for the heat transfer phenomenon and the entropy generation. The dimensionless form of entropy generation number requires m≡n for a similarity solution to exist. The enhancement is observed in the Nusselt number by enhancing the values of m,n, and Pr. Eventually, the entropy generation at the wall is maximum for increasing values of m,n, and Pr. However, for such a large values of of m,n, and Pr the entropy profile reduces rapidly in the boundary layer thus avoiding a farther speed of entropy in the boundary layer. It is also noticed that to minimize the entropy generation across the boundary layer and also to get an enhanced rate of heat transfer some higher values of m,n, and Pr must be chosen.

We study a class of quantum channels describing a quantum system, split into the direct sum of an excited and a ground sector, undergoing a one-way transfer of population from the former to the latter; this construction, which provides a generalization of the amplitude-damping qubit channel, can be regarded as a way to upgrade a trace non-increasing quantum operation, defined on the excited sector, to a possibly trace preserving operation on a larger Hilbert space. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the complete positivity of such channels, and we also show that complete positivity is equivalent to simple positivity whenever the ground sector is one-dimensional. Finally, we examine the time-dependent scenario and characterize all CP-divisible channels and Markovian semigroups belonging to this class., Comment: 21 pages

We study some thermodynamic properties of the late time universe in the presence of a minimal measurable momentum/maximal length scale. With a minimal measurable momentum/maximal length scale as an infrared cutoff, it is possible to realize the late time cosmic speed up even with the standard non-relativistic matter as the universe content. In this framework, we show that the cosmic effective entropy decreases with time and the specific heat capacity is negative in a constant volume. Both these interesting features are due to the presence of a minimal measurable momentum/maximal length scale that causes the positively accelerated expansion even with ordinary, non-relativistic matter.

We investigate the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of nanostructured Nd0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (NSMO) thin films grown on (100) oriented SrTiO3 (STO) substrates. The thin films of 100 nm thickness fabricated using the pulsed laser deposition technique possess two distinct surface morphologies – granular and nano-rod type. The morphological change present in the system significantly affects the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of the thin films. Magnetization measurements revealed that the films with rod-type morphology exhibit improved in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The colossal magnetoresistance (∆R/R(H=0)) of the granular sample is ~ 91 %, and the rod morphology sample is ~ 97 % at 3 T magnetic field. Additionally, magnetotransport studies revealed that the granular thin films display a characteristic butterfly-shaped low-field magneto-resistive (LFMR) behavior with the value of LFMR of up to ~ 10 %. Furthermore, it is observed that the thin film’s morphology has a significant effect on the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio (AMR). Thin films with rod-type morphology show an enhanced AMR of ~ 30 % around its metal-insulator transition temperature. Such morphology-dependent tunability in magnetoresistance properties over a wide temperature range is potentially interesting for developing oxide-based sensors and devices.

We consider a Grover walk model on a finite internal graph, which is connected with a finite number of semi-infinite length paths and receives the alternative inflows along these paths at each time step. After the long time scale, we know that the behavior of such a Grover walk should be stable, that is, this model has a stationary state. In this paper our objectives are to give some characterization upon the scattering of the stationary state on the surface of the internal graph and upon the energy of this state in the interior. For the scattering, we concretely give a scattering matrix, whose form is changed depending on whether the internal graph is bipartite or not. On the other hand, we introduce a comfortability function of a graph for the quantum walk, which shows how many quantum walkers can stay in the interior, and we succeed in showing the comfortability of the walker in terms of combinatorial properties of the internal graph., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures

The quantum partition function for Abelian Higgs vortices at high density—the regime of dissolving vortices—is calculated explicitly, using spectral data for the Beltrami Laplacian on the N-vortex moduli space C P N with a scaled Fubini–Study metric. From the partition function, the pressure of the vortex gas is derived. There are three asymptotic regimes—High, Intermediate and Low Temperature. The phase crossover from Intermediate to Low Temperature is modelled by a Bessel function. In the Low Temperature regime the free energy is not extensive but is proportional to N 2.

The sintering temperature is a key way to tune the structural and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrites. Here the effect of sintering temperature on BaFe9.95Al2Mg0.05O19 M-type hexagonal Ba-hexaferrites was studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of Fe2O3 impurity phases in all samples. The results showed that as the sintering temperature increased, the saturation magnetization and remanence ratio initially increased, then decreased at higher temperatures. On the other hand, the coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy field decreased first, then increased. The morphology suggested that average grain size consistently grew between 800-2800 nm with increasing temperature. The optimal magnetic properties of BaFe9.95Al2Mg0.05O19 were achieved at a sintering temperature of 1280 ℃, with saturation magnetization 49.94 emu/g, coercivity 4.99 kOe, anisotropic field 1.5kOe, and magnetic moment of 9.4097µB. The findings suggest that the magnetic properties of M-type hexagonal ferrites can be significantly enhanced by optimizing the sintering temperature, which has implications for the development of high-performance self-biased circulators, Magnetic filters, and other magnetic applications.

The advent of single-atom trapping in optical tweezers and experimental evolution in control, isolation, and manipulation of cold atoms allows us to manifest the few-body physics and its connection with the many-body systems. In cold atom experiments, the universality of few-body physics is majorly governed by the scattering length which makes it an important parameter in determining theoretically calculated loss rates. Here, we study the 3-body collisional dynamics for Cs atoms using the atom loss model described by Born-Markov approximation. Using the Cs atoms provides us the freedom to vary the scattering length, a, as a function of the magnetic field through Feshbach resonances. We investigate the three-, two-, and one-particle processes in the repulsive interactions regime at different values for a. We find that the probability of one atom remaining in the trap is maximum at B = 26 G corresponding to a = 402.382a0 and has the highest value amongst the probability of zero-, two-, and three-particle remaining in the trap at same magnetic field after the collision. Our findings leads to high fidelity single atom tweezers which have direct application in creating defect free arrays for quantum information processing purposes.

The effects of the environment on human exposure to radiation from naturally occurring radioactive elements have been investigated around the world. In the group of natural radionuclides under examination, the study's objective is to ascertain the distribution, potential anthropogenic origins, and activity of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and their radiological risk parameters in twelve soil samples taken from Rabia town in Nineveh Governorate, North Iraq using NaI (Tl) detector. For the examined region, the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K ranged from 4.79±0.211 to 21.77±0.675 Bq/kg, 11.21±0.942 to 33.57±2.185 Bq/kg, and 112.8±32.074 to 312.2±95.463 Bq/kg, respectively. The estimated radiological hazard parameters for the examined samples included the absorbed dose rate (Dair), annual effective dose equivalent (AED), gamma-ray hazard index (I), and annual gonadal dose equivalent. Furthermore, the current work revealed the distribution of radionuclides and their relationships with the mineralogical composition. Based on obtained results, this soil is safe for the population living in the study area and can be used as a building material or for other human activities without posing any radiological danger.

Wide bandgap semiconductors are very interesting due to their high frequency applications. Perovskite have proved to be most stable structures useful for many applications e.g. Solar cells, detectors etc. The current work is based on the prediction of two new competitors (InXF3 (X= Be and Sr)) for the use in high frequency applications. The modelling and simulations were performed by adopting state of the art packages; WIEN2k and BoltzTrap2. The most accurate and precise exchange-correlation of TB-mBJ (Trans and Blaha modified Becke-Johnson) potential interfaced within wien2k is utilized for obtaining better results. The results showed that the selected compounds possess a cubic crystal structure with a space group of Pm-3m (#221). The Goldschmidt's tolerance factor (τ) is determined and is found to be 0.96 for InBeF3 and 0.92 for InSrF3 which indicates the stability of the compounds in cubic phase. The unit cell crystal structural optimization is done to evaluate the ground state lattice parameters. The direct band gap of 2.23 eV and 3.58 eV from (X-X) exists for InBeF3 and InSrF3 compounds respectively. The optical properties are computed and analyzed from the optical dielectric function for both the compounds within the energy range of 0 eV to 40 eV and the results depict that these materials are more sensitive at higher energy range, possess high absorption and optical conductivity in good agreement with electronic band structure. Mechanically these compounds are stable, ductile, anisotropic, and hard to scratch. The thermoelectric properties are evaluated for InXF3 (X= Be and Sr) compounds up to a temperature range of 1000 K. This work can open new opportunities for further exploration in this field.

Phase change materials (PCMs) such as temperature sensitive materials have received considerable attention in the optics and THz regime because of the reversable switching of their electromagnetic properties. In this paper, wideband switchable absorbers based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) have been designed and simulated at the terahertz (THz) regime. The switching functionality is enabled by the phase change of the VO2 layer from a metal state to an insulator through the temperature transition. The phase change temperature is 68°C. The first designed absorber shows a wideband absorption spectrum (fractional bandwidth of 92.3%) with absorptivity above 90% in the metal state, where conductivity of the VO2 layer is 200000 S/m, whereas the absorptivity is less than 3% in the insulator state, when the conductivity of the VO2 reaches 200 S/m. An equivalent circuit model-based analysis is presented for metal state. Based on the results, the extinction ration is less than –11 dB with 0.9 modulation depth for a wide frequency range from 2.2 to 5.87 THz. This makes the proposed structure a suitable candidate for broadband modulation at THz frequencies. An ultra-broadband absorption spectrum is achieved in the second design utilizing the stacked structure of two VO2 layers in metal state, where each layer acts as a resonator. This absorber prototype offers more than 90% absorptivity within 1.2 – 6.1 THz corresponding to a relative bandwidth of 135%.

Propagation of dust density waves (DDW) is theoretically investigated in a collisional plasma in the presence of an external magnetic field. The magnetic field is kept constant in a direction perpendicular to the direction of streaming ions, which is an important requirement for the self-excitation of these waves. Standard stability analysis is done to predict the conditions under which ion-drift instability may drive the DDW unstable. It is found that a minimum dust density is required to excite the wave. There exists a lower cut-off value of ion streaming velocity for the excitation of DDW which may change with the applied magnetic field and neutral gas pressure. The wave is found to behave complexly with the applied magnetic field and gets damped beyond a critical value. The results of this paper may be helpful in understanding the behavior of low-frequency dust modes as well as the background plasma both in laboratory and astrophysical environments.

Using modified couple stress plate and Mindlin theories, the present study is a parametric study for revealing the effect of length scale parameter on postbuckling of saturated poroelastic rectangular microplates with pore distribution being functionally graded across thickness. The microplate postbuckling is a nonlinear eigenvalue problem with coupled partial differential equations of equilibrium. In order to find the mode shapes, the eigenfunctions have been approximated by some complete polynomial series expansions in accordance with the conventional Ritz approximation technique. After discretizing the governing equations throughout the microplate grid points, the assembled difference equations construct a nonlinear eigenvalue problem with coupled algebraic equations. The nontrivial coefficients of the expansions were calculated such that the eigenfunctions extremize the microplate potential energy for satisfying the equilibrium homogeneous equations. Variation of the potential energy have been derived with respect to the expansions coefficients from the vantage of using Maple software. By gradual reduction in the initial end shortening of the movable supports and solving the assembled difference equations via Newton-Raphson iterations, the critical postbuckling displacement imposed to the movable supports are found along with the nontrivial coefficients regarding eigenfunctions. The results of the parametric study have revealed how geometric parameters, pore distribution, the Skempton coefficient, porosity, and different boundary conditions modify the influence of length scale parameter on the microplate postbuckling.

The growing processing load and decreasing technology node has augmented the need for single ended memory. Consequently, generating requirement for a single ended sense amplifier for ease of integration with single ended memory. Therefore, this paper presents a single bitline based latch type sense amplifier. It is designed at feature size of 32 nm and its performance is evaluated at 1 V supply, with the environment temperature at 27 ⁰C. It is analyzed for its output waveform, delay, variability tolerance, and area occupancy. The ON current for the proposed sense amplifier is 1.2 uA, while the OFF current is 10 nA. The ON current for proposed sense amplifier is is 0.18, 0.43, and 0.88 times higher than SA-2, SA-5, and SA-6 respectively. While, its OFF current is lowest with the exception of SA-3 at 9 nA. Also, the delay for the proposed sense amplifier is minimal at 0.77 ns in comparison to other topologies. The SA-1, SA-2, SA-5, and SA-6 are 3.9, 2.8, 3.7, and 0.3 times slower than SA-P, thereby deeming its operation faster than others. The reliability for the proposed circuit is evaluated using process corner analysis for all performance parameters.

We develop a computational framework to quantify uncertainty in shear elastography imaging of anomalies in tissues. We adopt a Bayesian inference formulation. Given the observed data, a forward model and their uncertainties, we find the posterior probability of parameter fields representing the geometry of the anomalies and their shear moduli. To construct a prior probability, we exploit the topological energies of associated objective functions. We demonstrate the approach on synthetic two dimensional tests with smooth and irregular shapes. Sampling the posterior distribution by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques we obtain statistical information on the shear moduli and the geometrical properties of the anomalies. General affine-invariant ensemble MCMC samplers are adequate for shapes characterized by parameter sets of low to moderate dimension. However, MCMC methods are computationally expensive. For simple shapes, we devise a fast optimization scheme to calculate the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate representing the most likely parameter values. Then, we approximate the posterior distribution by a Gaussian distribution found by linearization about the MAP point to capture the main mode at a low computational cost.