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The paper presents the results of research on the relationship between self-assessed comprehension of physics lectures and final grades of junior high school students (aged 13-15), high school students (aged 16-18) and physics students at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland (aged 21). Students' declared level of comprehension was measured during a physics lecture on a prearranged scale of 1-10 with the use of a personal response system designed for the purpose of this experiment. Through the use of this tool, we obtained about 2000 computer records of students' declared comprehension of a 45 min lecture, which we named 'the spectrum of comprehension'. In this paper, we present and analyse the correlation between students' declared comprehension of the content presented in the lecture and their final learning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) technique requires high quality product (orbits and clocks) application, since their error directly affects the quality of positioning. For real-time purposes it is possible to utilize ultra-rapid precise orbits and clocks which are disseminated through the Internet. In order to eliminate as many unknown parameters as possible, one may introduce external information on zenith troposphere delay (ZTD). It is desirable that the a priori model is accurate and reliable, especially for real-time application. One of the open problems in GNSS positioning is troposphere delay modelling on the basis of ground meteorological observations. Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics of Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (IGG WUELS) has developed two independent regional troposphere models for the territory of Poland. The first one is estimated in near-real-time regime using GNSS data from a Polish ground-based augmentation system named ASG-EUPOS established by Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) in 2008. The second one is based on meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure and humidity) gathered from various meteorological networks operating over the area of Poland and surrounding countries. This paper describes the methodology of both model calculation and verification. It also presents results of applying various ZTD models into kinematic PPP in the post-processing mode using Bernese GPS Software. Positioning results were used to assess the quality of the developed models during changing weather conditions. Finally, the impact of model application to simulated real-time PPP on precision, accuracy and convergence time is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fernández (2020) has found a number of serious typos in Kaur et al (2019) that must be corrected. A list of corrections is enumerated below. All of these are typographical mistakes in the transcription of the equations and have no bearing on the results or conclusions of the work. Once the typos are corrected the only point remaining to address in the comment by Fernández (2020) is the connection between the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and the Taylor series approach. Indeed we have acknowledged this relationship in Kaur et al (2019) (see discussion, section 5) and have cited several references to that effect, including Melzak (1957a,1957b), Lushnikov (1973) and Song and Poland (1992). In Kaur et al (2019) we offer HPM as an alternative to the series expansion method, apply it to initial conditions other than monodisperse, and present a number of new solutions that have not been reported in the previously literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]