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Paper pulper machines a capacity of 83 litres/process must have a low-cost material, robust and safe to operate. Paper pulper machine components analysed are tubes, frames, helical screw shaft and the shaft holder. The method uses a static structural analysis to obtain von mises stress and displacement. Static structural analysis uses finite element analysis with the help of CATIA® Software. The safe component size and lowest cost (safety factor more than 2.5) were selected in this study. Calculation of costs by multiplying the size of the material needs by material prices. Tube components use SUS 304 with thickness variations of 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, and 2mm. Frame and shaft holder using L shape ASTM A36 size 40x40mm and 50 x50 mm with thickness variations of 3, 4, and 5 mm respectively. Variations in material size are determined based on standard material sizes available on the market. The simulation result of each component shows the thicker the material, the lower the von mises stress, the lower the displacement and the higher safety factor. Tubes with a thickness of 0.5mm have a von mises stress of 4.43 MPa, a displacement of 4.7 x 104 mm with SF 56.4 is safe and were chosen because of the lowest material costs (IDR 360,009). The frame size was chosen 40x40x3 mm based on the SF frame value (26) with the lowest material cost (IDR 197,800). The shaft holder is also chosen for the size of 40x40x3mm where the SF value (3834) and the lowest material cost (IDR 14,400). Helical screw shaft size is chosen at 0.5mm thickness where SF is 304 and material costs IDR 100,968. The overall results of the static structural analysis on various sizes of the paper pulper machine components showed ovon under Oyield, small displacement, and SF is safe.

Concrete structure deterioration and design deficiencies are stated as serious problems that frequently occur in the construction industry. It may lead to the loss of strength, stiffness, durability, and ductility of the existing structure. Therefore, an immediate structural strengthening must be highly considered to improve and repair the structure performance due to which the structure may fail to serve its purpose. The aim of this paper is to provide review of the structure strengthening methods for reinforced concrete columns proposed by researchers in the past two decades. However, the scope of this review paper is limited only to reinforced concrete columns retrofit by using the material of shape memory alloy (SMA). At the end of this paper, a suitable SMA form will be proposed for the future direction of research into this strengthening method.

A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of factor and to obtain the optimum configuration of Kraft paper honeycomb. The factors considered in this study include density of paper, thickness of paper and cell size of honeycomb. Based on three level factorial design, two-factor interaction model (2FI) was developed to correlate the factors with specific energy absorption and specific compression strength. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on responses and the optimum configuration was identified. After that, Kraft paper honeycomb with optimum configuration is used to fabricate foam-filled paper honeycomb with five different densities of polyurethane foam as filler (31.8, 32.7, 44.5, 45.7, 52 kg/m3). The foam-filled paper honeycomb is subjected to quasi-static compression loading. Failure mechanism of the foam-filled honeycomb was identified, analyzed and compared with the unfilled paper honeycomb. The peak force and energy absorption capability of foam-filled paper honeycomb are increased up to 32% and 30%, respectively, compared to the summation of individual components.

It has been reported that the insulation design under DC stress is considered as one of the critical factors in determining the performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) superconducting cable. Therefore, it is fundamentally necessary to investigate the DC breakdown characteristics of the composite insulation system consisting of liquid nitrogen (LN2)/polypropylene-laminated-paper (PPLP). In particular, the insulation characteristics under DC polarity reversal condition should be verified to understand the polarity effect of the DC voltage considering the unexpected incidents taking place at line-commutated-converters (LCC) under service at a DC power grid. In this study, to examine the variation of DC electric field strength, the step voltage and polarity reversal breakdown tests are performed under DC stress. Also, we investigate the electric field distributions in a butt gap of the LN2/PPLP condition considering the DC polarity reversal by using simulation software.

Two sources of error in the treatment of data in the recent paper by D. Hardie and R. N. Parkins are discussed. The errors are serious enough to cast doubt on the conclusions contained in the paper.

The main degradation mechanism for concrete structures is corrosion of the reinforcement and prestressing tendons. Management of structures with such degradation requires detailed understanding of their remaining strength and safety and if necessary, make a decision regarding repairs or replacement of the structure or components. Some simplified methods for estimating the residual capacity of concrete structures do exist, primarily based on a reduction of the flexural capacity equal to the percentage of the corroded area. In this paper, a more physical understanding and description of the influence of corrosion on the strength is investigated, based on a reduction of the area of the reinforcement and prestressing tendons both due to uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion. The results of these models are successfully compared to experimental results of concrete beams with corrosion. Particularly corrosion of post-tensioned tendons is a concern for concrete structures. Some disturbing examples of collapse of concrete bridges have been seen as a result of such corrosion. The paper highlights the importance of the significant strength loss of the reinforcement as a result of corrosion itself, but also the loss of ductility due to possible hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking. The paper also suggests sulphate reducing bacteria as a possible explanation to corrosion issues related to corrosion of post-tensioned tendon structures where no chloride is found. The aim of the paper is to propose a method to calculate a lower bound estimate of the remaining capacity of concrete beams with corrosion damage to reinforcement and to the prestressing tendons.

Among the wide range of variables that influence the falling process of blocks during a rockfall event, the shape of the block often plays a crucial role. Spherical-like blocks typically reach longer runout distances while elongated and plate volumes stop earlier. Nevertheless, with reference to runout modelling and hazard analyses, the shape of the block was disregarded for very long time until the last two decades when more rigorous rockfall models were developed. Nowadays fully 3D rigid body models and particle-based ones can take into account different and complex aspects related to block geometry and size (e.g. shape, change of shape, slenderness, fragmentation, etc.) when in site-specific applications are addressed. On the other hand, when the rockfall analysis is extended over large areas, simplified runout models can be used for preliminary, quick analyses, aimed at highlighting the most critical zones of the area. In this case, the variables that influence the rockfall process should be included in the analysis in equivalent terms. Among these simplified models, the Cone Method allows to reduce the runout phase to an equivalent sliding motion of the block along an inclined plane. The inclination of this plane with respect to the horizontal plane (i.e. the energy angle Øp ) can be related to both block and slope properties of the real rockfall case. The authors of this paper developed a methodology for the estimation of the energy angle as a function of the condition of the site under analysis (characteristics of the blocks and the slope), to be used for preliminary forecasting analyses at medium-small scales. To this aim, a series of parametric analyses have been carried out to quantify the role of each variable on the energy angle. In this paper, the role of block shape and slenderness (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the rock block) is analysed via several propagation analyses carried out on simplified synthetic slopes by using the fully 3D RAMMS::ROCKFALL model. The results were finally statistically treated in terms of energy angles in order to take into account the variability of rockfall trajectories and provide a contribution for the estimation of the parameters within preliminary analyses based on the Cone Method.

A torsion vibration isolator composed of oblique springs with high-static-low-dynamic stiffness (HSLDS) is proposed to attenuate the transmission of torsion vibration along the shipping shaft in this paper. It is good at in low frequency vibration isolation as it can significantly reduce the resonance frequency of the system with the same load capability. Firstly, the model of HSLDS torsion vibration isolator is introduced in this paper. Secondly, the non-dimensional torsion stiffness is formulated using mechanics theory, and the HSLDS characteristic of designed torsion vibration isolator is verified. Finally, the torque transmissibility is analyzed using the Increment Harmonic Balance (IHB) method, and the effects of the system parameters on it are analyzed. The results show that the resonant frequency increases accordingly as the stiffness ratio and the excitation torque are increased. However, the peak value of the torsion transmissibility is decreased as the damper ratio increasing.

A review on Performance Based Plastic Design method (PBPD) for RCC building has been presented in this paper with detailed manner. The first is the study of Performance Based Plastic Design method relating with IS code method. And then secondly review includes the research gap that is to apply this method on Irregular Buildings and to observe the efficiency of Design and Cost analysis comparing to IS code recommendations. When a Structure is designed by IS Code (IS 456: 2000) recommendations, it satisfies the strength as well as serviceability standards. But when an earthquake hits the structure, it leads to collapse which leads to loss of life as well as property. A Recently developed PBPD method can be a promising & efficient seismic design approach as it counteract total collapse of structure. This method is becoming popular due to its total collapse prevention. The paper addressed the relevant examination of provisions as specified in the appropriate design standard and software-based finite element analysis conducted by various authors, as well as a review of the problem, in order to reach a meaningful conclusion for the study. Also, a suggestion for the scope of future development is to study the Design as well as Cost efficiency of Performance Based Plastic Design of Various Irregular RCC buildings which will be a new or important aspect of the study. Despite the fact that fewer papers have been published in this area than in others, this report covers a broad range of research efforts and progress into the New Performance based Plastic Design method & seismic behavior of irregular buildings, demonstrating the field’s growing interest.

One of the most efficient methods to optimize thermal performance in a building is the practical design of the façade. The double skin façade‘(DSF) is a crucial decision for handling the interaction between outdoor and indoor spaces. It also offers some spatial diversity in the design process. Recently, a lot of focus has been paid to it instead of the more traditionally glazed curtain wall. This is because of its potential to reduce energy effectively, achieve thermal comfort in the building, and save costs. The indoor spaces near to the glazed facades will become warm due to high incidence solar radiation on the East-West facades in Malaysia’s tropical environment. In the tropics, one of the solar heat gain reduction approaches is the use of double skin-facade (DSF). One of the fundamental components of the double-skin facade is the blinds. Blinds located in the cavity of the double-skinned facade and buffer the building from solar heat gain or perform the role of a pre-heater for ventilation air. In general, the temperature of the blinds is high, which is helpful in the cold period but problematic in the hot period. To minimize the cooling loads of the building, technological innovations for the shading system are considered. Plants can dissipate absorbed solar radiation into resistant and latent heat. Plants turn radiation into the latent heat. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of a double skin façade and explore improved innovative design for a double-skin façade design integrated with vertical green on research building to optimize thermal performance. This paper will collect data of the thermal performance of double skin façade, precedent study and run simulation analysis to achieve the aim of the paper.

Since from ancient times weight of bullock cart is concentrated on the neck of the bullock reducing its efficiency. This paper presents various design of the yoke structure for the cart and its analysis whose aim is to reduce the stress acting on the single point i.e. on the neck of the bullock. The stress needs to be distributed over the entire body of the bullock instead of concentrating only on the neck. This paper gives an idea of how the stress is distributed on the bullock and the deflection of the yoke corresponding to the load. The design iterative process is based on the presently used bullock cart yoke structure. This paper also includes the design concepts which provide cushioning at the contact of the wooden frame to the bullock. The best design is then selected based on the structural behaviour for particular boundary and loading conditions. The modelling is done in SOLIDWORKS 2017 software and simulated/analysed using ANSYS 18.2 software.

In this paper analyzed the RC a nd PT Beam against variation in the clear span length of the beam. This work includes the design and estimate of Cost/Beam from 5m span up to 15m span length of the beam. Also, The response of the frame following two variation in its modelling. Initially, The primary model consists of a conventional RCC frame with all beams and columns as RCC. The secondarily model considers peripheral beams as RCC and interior beams with PT. Such as ETABS software used to designed RC beam element and ADAPT-PTRC used to designed PT beam element. However it has been note that variation of cost with respect to the span of beam where the break-even point between RCC and PT technique is approx 7m Span. Also the control on deflection of beam by restrict the depth of beam by using unbonded Post-tensioned prestress concrete beam method. There is very good understand all aspects PT beam better than as compared with to RC beam in deflection against longer span length of beams. This paper gives suggestion about to reach a decidedly conclusion regarding which technique is superior over one another.

The paper considers the actual task of construction engineering: the elimination of harmful (undesirable) vibration phenomena in composite metal building structures and bridge cable-stayed systems – complete damping and vibration of the bridge cable-stayed system entails the calming of the entire bridge structure. Similar problems arise when designing devices that lead to dynamic rest of network antenna structures. The presentation of the material is based on the main provisions of the modern theory of optimal control of distributed differential systems with network carriers. An extensive literature is devoted to the sanctification of the research of the mentioned problem, however, an exhaustive solution of the problems of controlling elastic structures by external influences of various types (distributed, boundary, starting, and point control) and a comparative analysis of their properties did not find their place in these studies. In addition, the ways of algorithmization of previously obtained results are not always specified. The paper uses a mathematical model describing small oscillations of a spatial string system. It is convenient to use such a system and approaches to the analysis of its mathematical model as a fairly simple fundamental object when considering a more complex object, which is an elastic system of more complex elements. The results of the work are presented in a form that makes it possible to formalize the computational procedure, which is convenient for algorithmizing the process of determining the solution, and therefore for the modern application of computer technology. It remains to add that the work indicates ways to transfer the obtained results to the case of analyzing optimal control problems with carriers on multidimensional network-like domains.

Overhead cranes are complex lifting machines that have one or more mechanisms by which they perform the displacements of the loads. Overhead cranes move on high-rise ways without disturbing the activity that takes place on the ground. The trolley is one of the main components of the overhead crane and houses the wheels on which the crane moves. In this paper it was realized the 3D modelling of a trolley for an overhead crane, which was based on a real example of such a displacement mechanism and was made in the Autodesk Mechanical Desktop software. Next, the paper proposed to perform an analysis of stresses and deformations in static conditions of the trolley-type displacement mechanism under the action of its own weight. Finite element analysis was performed in Algor V23 software. This software gives the user ease in modelling but at the same time offers complete and particularly powerful analysis tools. Based on some simplifying hypotheses, a relatively simple model was obtained to analyze, but which led to obtaining results that can be a starting point for specialists in the domain of designing such equipment.

The self weight of steel box girder is light, and the stability effect is smaller than that of concrete bridge. In this paper, the anti overturning research of the main line bridge and ramp bridge is carried out. It is found that for the variable cross-section continuous beam bridge with wind barrier along the whole line, when the pressure reserve of the side pier is small under the action of self weight, the compression of the bearing under the action of basic combination can not ensure that the bearing will not be empty under the action of standard value combination; Centrifugal force, wind load and temperature load caused by vehicle load have great influence on bridge overturning, which can not be ignored; Temperature load and foundation displacement may lead to stability or instability according to the stiffness distribution of the main beam. In this paper, it is proposed that both the basic combination and the standard value combination should be considered when checking the bearing void. It is recommended to adopt the calculation method of “the stability effect is the standard value effect that makes the superstructure stable, and the instability effect is the standard value effect that makes the superstructure unstable” as the stability coefficient.

In the safety monitoring of bridge stress structure, the influence of surrounding environment and noise interference will cause the change of monitoring node coverage and affect the monitoring accuracy. Based on wireless sensor technology, a safety monitoring method of vehicle bridge stress structure is proposed. The interpolation fitting method is used to calculate the stress value of the sensor, and the optimal layout of the sensor is determined with the minimum deflection transfer error as the objective function. Probability sensing model is used to establish wireless overlay network, and wireless sensing technology is used to collect monitoring data. Based on the monitoring data, the static and dynamic response equation is established to establish the finite element model of bridge stress structure. The first level early warning threshold is determined according to the monitoring data under the normal operation state of the bridge, and the second level early warning threshold is determined according to the most unfavorable load distribution of the finite element model, so as to complete the bridge safety monitoring. The experimental results show that the average deformation deviation of the monitoring method proposed in this paper is 0.26mm, which is 0.77mm and 1.22mm smaller than the monitoring methods based on machine vision and GPS differential positioning technology, indicating that the monitoring method in this paper is more accurate and meets the safety requirements of bridge engineering.

The use of finite element analysis is increasingly gaining popularity in the design and analysis of aircraft structures. Also, composite materials in the manufacturing and design of aircraft structures are increasing due to their exceptional properties of high stiffness to weight ratio. Applications include Composite structures are made up of laminates with different fibre orientations, which adversely affects the property of the composites formed. For this study, the three main parts of the aircraft wing are considered for designing: the spars, the ribs, and the aircraft’s skin. The spars and made up of aluminium alloy, and the ribs are made up of structural steel. Two different wing models are designed. For Model 1, the skin is assigned Titanium alloy as a material, and for Model 2, CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) with resin epoxy is used as the skin material. The ribs are made of structural steel and the spars of titanium alloy for both models. This paper aims to compare the materials mentioned above to find the optimum strength to weight ratio. It was found that, for a given uniform load on the bottom of the aircraft’s skin, a weight reduction of 2.37 % was observed in favour of Model 2, the deformation was reduced by 51 per cent, and the von-Mises stress was reduced by ≈ 85%. This paper’s results can be used in manufacturing structural components of UAV, especially the wings due to lighter weight and more flexibility and durability than standard titanium alloys and the significant role played by the orientation of the plies in deciding the strength of the composite.

The paper presents the results obtained within the Finite Element Analysis of the Gamma rod, used to treat unstable fractures at the intertrohanteric and subtrohanteric level. Trochanteric fractures are a very common type of fracture found worldwide in both young and old people. The paper presents the main stages of the FEA, starting with the creation of the CAD model of the Gamma rod and ending with the Von Mises voltage field, for two of the most used titanium alloys used in the manufacture of rods (Ti-6AI-4V and Ti-6AI-7Nb). Finally, a series of conclusions are presented regarding the advantages of using Gamma rods in treating certain fractures at the trochanteric level.

Optimization process is very important to be done since the preliminary design step, not only for the static load aspect but also dynamic load as well. In the past, aeroelastic behavior aspect is often neglected in this stage and consequently becomes a problem at the later stage of design. This paper contains multi-constraints design sensitivity and optimization which include both maximum stress constraint and damping flutter constraint. Sensitivity study was performed to assist optimization process and makes the process more efficient. Wing structure was modeled as skins, ribs, spar-webs, and spar-caps. Optimization process was done by changing thickness of each component and beam dimension. The methodology used in this paper is a gradient-based optimization developed by MSC Nastran. The final cycle of this optimization has successfully reduced structural weight up to 33% without violating static and flutter constraint.

With the rapid development of transportation, highway bridges as a transportation hub have played an important role and become the link of economic development in the region. In recent decades, my country has built many types of highway bridges. During the construction and operation of these bridges on highways, many inspection activities are required to ensure the quality of construction and operational safety. This article mainly introduces the highway bridge test detection technology and various application methods based on big data. This paper uses big data to detect the dynamics of the highway bridge structure and establish a load test model. The model is solved by the energy-releasing method to strengthen the rigid structure of the highway bridge, evaluate the road condition, and use historical data to revise the model to improve the accuracy of the highway bridge load. The experimental results in this paper show that the highway bridge detection technology based on big data reduces accidents by 23%, and the test and evaluation results under big data show that the performance of highway bridges is excellent and meets the design.

Micropitting is a fatigue failure phenomenon that concentrates at the surface roughness level between interacting surfaces. This type of surface fatigue is commonly recognized to exist in gears and bearings, where specific film thicknesses are sufficiently low that the rough surfaces run in the EHL condition, where the direct asperity contacts are prominent. This paper is an experimental and theoretical study to investigate a number of fatigue failure theories concerning the multi-axial fatigue models which are depended on a critical plane analysis in the mixed lubrication regime. These failure theories are namely the Findley, the Matake, the Dang Van, McDiarmid and, Fatemi and Socie model, where they are used to perform fatigue investigation for Micro- EHL contacts problem. Numerical analysis to investigate the cumulative damage and fatigue parameter in a Micro- EHL contact is established in this paper. The results of applying failure theories have indicated that the different multiaxial fatigue criteria adopted provide significant results for contact analysis in lubricated conditions, and they are more relevant to the applications of the rough surface Micro-EHL mode.

The leveling and measurement of the aircraft is performed after the final assembly is completed. Measurements are used to check the accuracy of the geometric relationships within and between the various components of the aircraft and checks whether the aircraft assembly meets the overall design requirements. It is performed on the datum marks of the level measurement. During the leveling and measurement of a certain type of aircraft, the horizontal tail cathedral angles, and the engine installation angles of many aircraft have been found to have different degrees of deviation. These deviations have impact on aerodynamic characteristics, stability performance, and on-site production schedule of the aircraft. This paper has carried out special research on this deviation of the horizontal tail cathedral angles and the engine installation angles, by using empirical formulas and other methods to evaluate the deviation of the leveling and measurement, to provide a basis for the deviation evaluation of the leveling and measurement, improve the evaluation efficiency, and ensure the aircraft mass production. In addition, this paper also summarizes the root causes of the deviation, and provides an improvement direction for the aircraft’s configuration control, fuel consumption reduction and carbon dioxide emission reduction.

This paper makes a deep comparison and research on the cost of prefabricated concrete structure which is popularized vigorously by our country. By comparing the cost of three high-rise concrete residential projects with different prefabrication rates, this paper makes a detailed comparison of the total above-ground cost, civil construction and installation, and the cost of prefabricated components. On this basis analyzes the influence of adjusting prefabricated components on the prefabrication rate and the influence of prefabrication rate on the change of cost. Finally, it is discussed that the cost of prefabricated housing project is higher than that of traditional cast-in-place concrete housing mainly because of the increase of steel and concrete content of prefabricated components, transportation cost, main material consumption and comprehensive unit price. In this paper, the cost comparison and difference of prefabricated housing provides reference and reference for the future cost analysis of prefabricated housing.

Derailment safety is the basis for safe train operation, and the derailment coefficient is an important indicator for judging whether a train is derailed. Traditional derailment coefficient prediction methods have problems such as high cost, low prediction accuracy, and the inability to monitor the contact status between wheels and rails of running trains in real time. This paper proposes a train derailment coefficient prediction method based on image processing. Firstly, use the generative adversarial network to extract the edge curve of the wheel-rail contact area. Secondly, determine the wheel-rail lateral relative displacement based on the positional relationship between the rail and the centerline of the wheelset. Use the speed and acceleration sensors to obtain the train speed, lateral acceleration, and longitudinal acceleration, and finally use improvements. The BP neural network integrates wheel-rail lateral displacement, speed, lateral acceleration, and longitudinal acceleration data to obtain the train derailment coefficient at the next moment. The field test results show that the derailment coefficient prediction model in this paper can achieve accurate prediction of the derailment coefficient and has good robustness.

The paper focuses on the seismic performances of steel-concrete composite structures made with fully encased steel-concrete composite columns and steel beams. An important objective is to study the influence of the structural steel ratio on the behaviour of composite columns. To meet the proposed objectives, a numerical study was developed on composite structures. Some comments, design recommendations and an economical study conclude the paper.

The complicated thermal characteristics critically affect the reliability of double-row cylindrical roller bearing (DCRB) in the high-speed railway, which will cause the deformation and vibration and severely lead to bearing failure. Thus, research on the heat distribution and steady temperature field is essential for DCRB. In this paper, the Green’s function was established and programed with MATLAB under certain boundary conditions to verify the temperature field of DCRB. It computes fast than the finite element analysis (FEA), According to the simulation of ANSYS, temperature in outer ring is higher than inner ring and it is the maximum in roller, while the rib reduces the temperature in bearing and temperature near rib is larger, which result in asymmetry in raceway. All these results are consistent with the accrual working. This paper provided a heat portion equation between the rollers and the raceway and calculated more accurate and comprehensive than other equation. All results in this paper made sure the more exact temperature field in the DCRB with more convenient calculation and verification.

A mechanical vibration can be of different origins-caused by machines, due to a shock impact, by motors, etc. In this paper the behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam with a static scheme of a simply supported beam under the action of vibrations has been studied. The paper presents differences between static and dynamic analysis of the simply supported reinforced concrete beam. Concrete and the reinforcement bars are modelled with their material characteristics by applying linear-elastic material models. The load area is in the middle of the beam. A numerical model by the Finite Element Method was developed. To perform the vibration analysis, a time-history analysis has been employed. Dynamic analysis of the numerical model was performed using a software product based on the Finite Element Method. The dynamic time-history analysis was adopted to determine the dynamic response of the simply supported R/C beam under the action of time variables.

The topic of this paper exceeds the provisions of the present regulations concerning the structural design issues related to the connection or the behaviour of the setback buildings on slopped ground surface. Setback buildings means that the spans progress in a step-like succession from one side of the building along the entire length. Due to the increased number of buildings positioned on sloping ground this paper aims to highlight aspects related to the influence of a variable number of underground levels. This research follows the differences between the loading effects acting on three types of setback buildings that differ by the number of the underground levels (one, two, respectively three), on the length of two spans. The conclusions of the paper refer to the influence of the number of underground levels on the seismic response of reinforced concrete structural elements: columns, beams and walls. The obtained results are compared in the form of internal forces: axial force, shear force and bending moment. The structural modelling and analysis of the buildings have been performed by using ETABS software. In the end these results will show the influence of the number of underground levels in the alteration of the structural elements above ground in terms of material consumption.

Compared with the world super-high arch dams with height more than 200 meters, the six super-high arch dams already built or under construction in China share the same special body shapes with higher ratios for both top/bottom width and thickness, and for top arch length with dam height. Also all of them are subjected to big top-level water pressures. In the paper, the computational formulation of thermal-coupled structure of hollow sphere similar to arch dam in shape and load-subjected is derived first and analysis of errors from the finite element method compared with the analytic solution is made. Then, a typical super-high arch dam is taken as the example of structure analysis including dam body mesh division, stress distribution, error estimation. Employing quadrilateral Coupled-field tetrahedral element with size decided by the bottom thickness multiple of arch crown beam, performance of mesh division and analysis for complex model is done conveniently and fast. Also, the paper investigates the error and convergence of results with different mesh density, discusses the special stress states of arch dam, and proposals acceptable dam body element size from calculation accuracy, convenient operation and elapsed time when performance is carried on with strong coupling on conmen personal computers. The research work indicates that errors of analysis results in most part of area are very small excepting those for the local singularity and concentration part when the dam body element size is decreased to 0.25 multiple of bottom thickness of arch crown beam, with dam body energy error norm less than 10% and consuming a couple of elapsed time. The conclusion should be common for the arch dams in China as they have similar shape.

Earthquakes are events of the movement of the earth due to the sudden release of energy in the earth which is marked by the breaking of the rock layers in the earth’s crust. Indonesia is located in an earthquake-prone area where three tectonic plates meet, namely the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate. Realizing the threat of an earthquake that could occur at any time, the Indonesian government took the initiative to take measures to prevent the risk of damage to infrastructure that could occur due to an earthquake. This paper presents an analysis of the earthquake resistance of a lecture building at an educational institution in the city of Yogyakarta with the equivalent static method and the dynamic response spectrum method. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of whether construction projects that have been implemented using SNI 1726-2012 are analyzed and compared with the latest standards, namely SNI 1726-2019, whether the building construction still meets earthquake resistance. The results of the comparative analysis of the equivalent static method and the dynamic response spectrum method show that the building under study does not meet the strength and resistance to earthquakes based on SNI 1726-2019, so it is necessary to strengthen the structure of the building under study.

In this paper, a cylindrical FPSO is analyzed. Firstly, the structural characteristics and structural layout principles are introduced. The overall structural model of the main hull of the cylindrical FPSO is established by using the three-dimensional finite element design software. According to the actual situation in the operation process, the boundary conditions and load cases are determined. Finally, the yield strength of the main hull is checked. This paper has a certain guiding significance for the design of cylindrical FPSO.

This paper presents the experimental test results for the buckling capacity of tubular columns exposed to simulated unsymmetrical patch corrosion damage. These tests were performed to investigate how the results of these experiments compare with the capacities obtained for the formulae provided in the 2004 revision of NORSOK N-004. Formulae for patch corroded tubular columns are needed in standards and as such it is unfortunate that these formulae are removed from the present revision of the NORSOK N-004 standard. Prior to suggesting introducing these previous formulae in standards, experimental tests to confirm good correlation between experiments and formulae are needed. The tests performed in this work are presented in this paper for 100% (intact columns), 69%, 34% and 0% remaining wall thickness in the patch. Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

The Norwegian power system today includes a relatively large percentage of Francis turbines with a head of above 300m, in the world. This leads to a need to maintain and develop the national competence regarding the challenges connected to this type of turbine. The importance of this competence is increased by the fact that these turbines have a high installed capacity and are therefore crucial to the production stability. In the later years the old runners in Norwegian high head power plants have begun to show signs of fatigue. Taking the average age of these runners, which is approaching 45 years, into account, this may not be surprising. The surprising fact is that the same signs of fatigue, and in some cases total breakdown due to cracks, also occur in new and modern Francis runners. This leads to a hypothesis that the problem stems from sources other than the turbine runners themselves. The suspected cause of this reduction in the expected lifetime is the change the pattern of turbine operation to accommodate new intermittent energy in the power system and progress in the manufacturing technology enabling thinner blades. As an example the Horizon2020 project HydroFLEX initialised by the European Union aim to produce technology that allows for 30 start-stops per day for Francis runner. A research project funded by the Norwegian Research Council and the Norwegian Hydro Power Industry, aim to increase the available knowledge regarding these high head Francis turbines. The research is done both on a basic and applied level where the focus is to increase the knowledge of the phenomena and to produce validation data for numerical simulations of said phenomena. The fundamental research focus on the hydrodynamic dampening applied on a hydrofoil within a high velocity water flow. The applied research is focused on the Francis-99 runner, a model runner of a High Head Francis turbine, which has been instrumented in order to study the Rotor-Stator-Interaction(RSI) and the structural response of the runner. The research areas both consist experimental and numerical studies, where the experimental results are used to validate the numerical. This paper presents the background of the project, the different activities and some preliminary results from selected activities. The aim of the paper is to introduce the project, participants and the participants view on the future of High Head Francis runners that do not crack due to RSI. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

The pylon is an important stressed structure in the single pylon cable-stayed bridge. The rationality of bearing platform and pile foundation of pylon foundation is one of the key research contents in the design of single pylon cable-stayed bridge. The main bridge of Tarim bridge in Xinjiang is a single tower double span cable-stayed bridge with span arrangement of (41 + 168 + 168 + 41) m and total height of cable tower of 125m. Arc shaped concrete tower columns are adopted. The stress of cable tower foundation is complex. The stress analysis of foundation scheme is one of the key problems of this project. In this paper, the geological conditions, structural stress, economic rationality, construction convenience and other factors are comprehensively considered, the different foundation types are compared and analyzed, the reasonable foundation type and layout type are determined, and the stress of the pile and cap structure of the main tower foundation is calculated and analyzed. Through the solid finite element model, this paper analyzes the influence of the stiffness deformation of pile cap on the stress of pile group foundation. The calculation results show that the stress of dumbbell shaped pile cap is more reasonable than that of rectangular foundation pile cap, and the number of pile foundation and the calculated pile length are reduced in varying degrees. By adjusting the pile foundation arrangement under dumbbell shaped foundation, the stress of pile foundation can be more uniform, which can be used as the foundation for similar projects. The foundation design provides reference and reference.

A comparison of wind loads to make a G+11 building in staad and design the building against wind load is presented in this paper. The importance of this study is to calculate the wind load for a structure by the two different wind loading code and compare them for better analysis. In the present scenario high rise structures have advantages in the populous area and to make more space to live and provide better accommodation in the highly populated area around the world. To make the building cost-effective and proper design should have to do for more area for living purpose and reduce the cost of structure and safety of structure should be considered in this design. In recent times, there had been so many catastrophic damages caused by high wind speed in the coastal regions of India which prove that many buildings that are currently in use are not fully wind resistant. In this paper, we have calculated the wind load using the static method by the old code [IS: 875 – (Part 3) – 1987] and as per the new code [IS: 875 – (Part 3) – 2015] for zone 4 with terrain category 3 and the building is analyzed using STAAD PRO Software. The aim of this paper is comparing the deflection and storey shear on the G+11 building by the previous and new IS 875 code.

Based on the Shanghai Road High-speed Railway Station Connection Line Reconstruction Project in Suqian City, this paper firstly introduces the broad application and development prospects of prefabricated small and medium-span bridges, and explains the purpose of this paper; secondly, it introduces UHPC-ring steel bar wet, the structural form of the joint, and the elastoplastic analysis of it, and the comparison of the original plan and the UHPC-ring steel wet joint plan; finally, the law of the influence of the strength of the joint concrete on the wet joint performance is carried out. the study. The research results show that: UHPC-annular steel bar wet joint has good mechanical properties. As the strength of post-poured concrete at the joint increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure, the bearing capacity of the steel bar when it yields, and the bearing capacity when cracking are all increased accordingly. The change in the bearing capacity corresponding to cracking is the most obvious, and the increase in the yield strength and ultimate bearing capacity of the steel bar is not very obvious.

The SUP-9 is a widely used steel for the construction of springs due to its resistance to permanent deformation and quick vibration relief. Spring steels are subjected to heat treatment to improve their fatigue life. In this paper, the heat treatment procedure to improve the endurance limit of the SUP-9 is reported. The process of heat treatment was carried out to investigate its effect on Brinell and Rockwell hardness metrics. The endurance limits of steel before and after heat treatment were also measured. The heat treatment procedure reported in this paper resulted in an increased harness and endurance limit due to a change in the microstructure of the specimen. The test results showed that Brinell hardness and endurance limit increased by 50% and 20% respectively after heat treatment.

Bolted connection is commonly used in the joint connection of engineering structures, and its connection reliability plays an important role in ensuring the service performance of engineering structures. In complex service environment, bolt connection is easy to loose. In order to identify and monitor bolt connection looseness, a bolt looseness monitoring device based on piezoresistive effect is designed and manufactured in this paper. The feasibility of the device is verified through flange bolt looseness identification test. The results show that the monitoring device can effectively identify the minor bolt loosening damage, and the identification results have good stability, and the bolt loosening can be deduced based on the variation of the conductance value. The bolting connection loosening monitoring method based on piezoresistivity effect proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the identification and monitoring of bolt loosening.