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The high level of consumption of processed beef products is a promised business opportunity to be developed. The shift in people’s consumption patterns in consuming processed meat products from fresh meat into ready to eat processed products has encouraged some parties to develop technology in terms of processing beef. The way of making shredded meat is still conventional, using bare-hands, knives or forks to slice meat after cooked into a shredded part. Obviously, the process of making shredded meat is taking times, more power, and by pounding using forks is considered to be less safe for workers. The purpose of this study was to obtain a simpler beef machine for raw materials to make shredded meat using 1.5 horsepowers (hp) drive motor. Modified the design of construction by designing the casing cylinder, the hopper inlet and outlet, the tub and the table, developing a new machine that is able to be tested. 1 kg of beef so that the results of the measurement of the sound texture of the fiber consisted of 0.5 mm fiber thickness, 30mm length; 1mm fiber thickness, 35mm long and 1.5mm fiber thickness, 35mm long. The capacity of the results of beef steaming is 3.3 ounces/minute or 1kg per 3 minutes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more the gap in the casing, the better the smoother the results could be.

Due to the limitation of the forage, especially during the dry season, utilization of complete feed formulated from such agricultural by-product and agro-industry as rice straw, corn cobs, soybean straw, and cocoa pulp is an alternative to solve the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of local goats fed on complete feed containing 10% of cocoa pulp with different fiber sources. Sixteen local male goats, with an average initial body weight of 17.7±4.6 kg, were randomly assigned to one of four treatment diets according to completely randomized block design consisted of four treatments and four blocks as replication. The treatment was T1: Complete feed with rice straw as the fiber source, T2: complete feed with corn cobs as the fiber source, T3: complete feed with soybean straw as the fiber source, and T4: mini elephant grass + concentrate. Analysis of variance indicated that treatment affected DMI (P

Turmeric oil has many uses in the field of medicine and food. There are many methods of extracting essential oils from plants. However, every traditional method has limitation regarding the heat transfer, time or quality of the oil obtained. In this study, the combination of microwave extraction and response surface methodology are used to extract turmeric oil and optimize the factors that influence the extraction process. The results showed that optimal influencing factors such as the ratio of water to the raw materials were 2.99:1 (mL/g), the microwave power used at 456.60 (W) for the extraction time was 102.43 (min) for the essential oil yield of 0.95 (%) with 100 % reliability.

Orange oil with many applications in food and beautify people. In this sense, traditional methods of extracting essential oils have been less effective and gradually replaced by more optimal methods. The combination of microwave assisted hydro-distillation and treated with response surface methodology are considered as a new and modern method for extracting oranges and optimizing the factors that influence the extraction process. The results showed that influencing factors such as the ratio of water to the raw materials were 3.2: 1 (mL/g), the microwave power used at 465 (W) for the extraction time was 96.63 (min) for the essential oil yield of 4.0 (%) with 99.5 % reliability.

The yield loss of shallot after harvest at farmers' level could be reduced by using an appropriate treatment, such as using a modified drying process. A process that includes aeration and heat control system is also possible to be developed in rural-scale. It is designed to prevent shallot damage and reduced quality that usually occur to the shallot which were having a natural or conventional drying process. The purposes of this research were to measure the effects of two drying techniques (sun drying and in-store drying) on shallot quality and to measure in-store drying performance. The research used an experimental method with T-test, consist of 2 treatments, conventional drying method (sun drying) and in-store drying method. The observed parameters include physical properties, tuber hardness, sensory properties, chemical properties, tuber damage, equipment performances and financial feasibilities. The results showed that the application of in-store drying technology has a good efficiency (58.26%), financially feasible (R/C 1.27, BEP 200.92, PBP 4.8 months and net B/C 1.85) and significantly better than conventional way.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the management of raw material procurement on sweet bread production in Company X. Raw materials are the main factors that support the smooth and effective of the production process. The availability of raw materials must be in accordance with the quality, quantity, timeliness and minimum costs. Therefore, companies need to maintain the level of raw material inventory to avoid the problem of procurement of raw materials, which can affect the company's profit. To plan raw material requirements, the method used is Material Requirement Planning (MRP) with the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) technique. From the results of raw material requirements calculation, it can be seen that ordering all raw materials is done once a month. Raw materials are ordered in period 0 (the period before the production process), with the number of orders for wheat flour of 28,900 kg, yeast of 1,000 kg, salt of 2,625 kg, sugar of 8,050 kg, powdered milk of 2,125 kg, glutenfat of 2,256 kg, butter of 2,520 kg, bread improver of 220 kg, calcium propionate of 250 kg, water of 3,300 L, ice cubes of 11,830 kg and packaging materials of 455,000 packs. The cost of raw materials inventory in one month reaches IDR 61,707,525.48 or 13.06% of the total sales of sweet bread per month.

This volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series is devoted to the selected papers presented in the 2015 International Conference on Mathematics, its Applications, and Mathematics Education (ICMAME 2015). ICMAME 2015 was held by Sanata Dharma University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on 14-15 September 2015. This Conference was conducted to bring together mathematicians and other scientists working on new trends of mathematics, physics, its applications and also on mathematics education. More than 100 submissions were received by the committee for oral presentations. Peer-review was conducted after the Conference. Each full paper was reviewed by two or three referees. After review, 44 papers were accepted for publication. However, based on referees' recommendations, the editors decided that 20 papers would be selected for publication in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series. The rest (24 other papers which are not selected to be in this Journal but still publishable) are included in the Proceedings Book of ICMAME 2015. At least 200 people participated in this Conference. They were from, based on alphabetical order, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam. Among them, we had seven keynote/plenary speakers: Prof. Dr. Stephen Roberts (The Australian National University, Australia), Prof. Dr. Lutz Gross (The University of Queensland, Australia), Prof. em. Dr. Elmar Cohors-Fresenborg (The University of Osnabrueck, Germany), Dr. Eka Budiarto (Swiss German University, Indonesia), Dr. Yansen Marpaung (Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia), Dr. Herry Pribawanto Suryawan (Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia), and Dr. Hongki Julie (Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia). We thank all of the speakers, participants and organising committee members for their contribution. In particular, we also thank our generous sponsor for the financial support to ICMAME 2015: Australia Awards Indonesia Alumni Grant Scheme 2015 under project title "International Conference on Science and Education: ANUGA Software for Flood Mitigation in Indonesia".

In the textile industry, tons of dyes are lost to effluents every year during the dyeing and finishing operations, due to the inefficient processes. As the dyeing process produce tons of effluents, the re-dyeing process multiplies the number. The re-dyeing process will be done when the expected color not reached that caused by the improper setting of parameters. The waste of these processes could threaten the environment. In this paper, we utilize Taguchi methods and ANOVA to obtain the optimum conditions of a dyeing process at XYZ company and to gain the percentage of contributions of each parameter. To confirm the optimum conditions obtained by using the Taguchi Method, verification test was carried out to inspect the similarity between predicted output and five experiments under the optimal conditions and the result was confirmed. The optimum conditions for a dyeing process are dye concentration 3.5%; Na2SO4 concentration 80g/l; Na2CO3 concentration 5.8 g/l; and temperature at 80°C.

The paper presents the change of functional parameters defined on the Abbott-Firestone curve in order to evaluate the surface quality of the balls from the four ball tester, after tests done with several vegetable oils. The tests were done using two grades of rapeseed oil (degummed and refined) and two grades of soybean oil (coarse and degummed) and a common transmission oil (T90). Test parameters were 200 N and 0.576 m/s (1500 rpm) for 60 minutes. For the refined rapeseed oil, the changes in shape of the Abbott-Firestone curves are more dramatic, these being characterized by high values of Spk (the average value for the wear scars on the three balls), thus being 40% of the sum Svk + Sk + Spk, percentage also obtained for the soybean oil, but the value Spk being lower. For the degummed soybean oil, the profile height of the wear scars are taller than those obtained after testing the coarse soybean oil, meaning that the degumming process has a negative influence on the worn surface quality and the lubricating capacity of this oil. Comparing the surface quality of the wear scars on fixed tested balls is a reliable method to point out the lubricant properties of the vegetable oils, especially if they are compared to a "classical" lubricant as a non-additivated transmission mineral oil T90. The best surface after testing was obtained for the soybean oil, followed by T90 oil and the degummed grades of the soybean oil and rapeseed oil (these three giving very close values for the functional parameters), but the refined rapeseed oil generated the poorest quality of the wear scars on the balls, under the same testing conditions.

In this short paper we illustrate by few examples the special role played by higher-order Riccati equations in the construction of Backlund transformations for integrable systems.

One method of proving the existence of solutions for ODEs , where f is continuous, is to approximate f by a sequence of Lipschitz functions for which standard existence results can be applied. This short paper shows conversely that, in a phase space that is not two-dimensional, for each solution of (such solutions may not be unique) there is a sequence of Lipschitz functions which approximate f and which have solutions which converge to the chosen limit.

This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize microwave sterilization (MS) of oil palm fruit (OPF). RSM used experimental design CCD (central composite design) arrangement with three experimental factors: mass (330-1171 g), microwave power (80-800 Watt) and sterilization time (5.3-18.7 minutes) as main variables. This study adjusted significant level to 5% error (α = 0.05) with confidence level of 95%. MS affected moisture loss during MS significantly indicated by p-value experimental factors less than 0.05. The p-value of mass, power and time were 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.002 respectively. RSM provided predictive model to evaluate effect of sterilization time, mass and microwave power to moisture loss. Evaluation on normalized curve of MS treatment and lack of fit test of predictive model resulted p-value of 0.011 or less than 0.05 indicated no deviation of experimental data with the model. Determination of optimum condition for MS was conducted by evaluated the surface and contour plots obtained from response surface study. The optimum condition of MS was obtained from combination of heating 350.7 g palm fruit using microwave power of 639.29 W for 18.728 minutes. The moisture loss during optimum MS treatment was observed approximately 32.07%.

This research was conducted in palm oil mill in Sumatra Utara Province, Indonesia. Currently, the main product of this mill is Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and hasn't met the expected standard quality. CPO is the raw material for many fat derivative products. The generally stipulated quality criteria are dirt count, free fatty acid, and moisture of CPO. The aim of this study is to obtain the optimal setting for factor's affect the quality of CPO. The optimal setting will result in an improvement of product's quality. In this research, Experimental Design with Taguchi Method is used. Steps of this method are identified influence factors, select the orthogonal array, processed data using ANOVA test and signal to noise ratio, and confirmed the research using Quality Loss Function. The result of this study using Taguchi Method is to suggest to set fruit maturity at 75.4-86.9%, digester temperature at 95°C and press at 21 Ampere to reduce quality deviation until 42.42%.

The production quality has an important impact retain the totality of characteristics of a product or service to pay attention to its capabilities to meet the needs that have been established. Quality criteria Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) set Factory kernel is as follows: oil content: max 8.50%, water content: max 12,00% and impurity content: max 4.00% While the average quality of the oil content of 8.94%, the water content of 5.51%, and 8.45% impurity content. To identify the defective product quality PKM produced, then used a method of analysis using Statistical Quality Control (SQC). PKM Plant Quality Kernel shows the oil content was 0.44% excess of a predetermined maximum value, and 4.50% impurity content. With excessive PKM content of oil and dirt cause disability content of production for oil, amounted to 854.6078 kg PKM and 8643.193 kg impurity content of PKM. Analysis of the results of cause and effect diagram and SQC, the factors that lead to poor quality of PKM is Ampere second press oil expeller and hours second press oil expeller.

Energy demand increases every day, while the energy source especially fossil energy depletes increasingly. One of the solutions to overcome the energy depletion is to provide renewable energies such as biogas. Biogas can be generated by corn cob and food waste. In this study, biogas production was carried out by solid-state anaerobic digestion. The steps of biogas production were the preparation of feedstock, the solid-state anaerobic digestion, and the measurement of biogas volume. This study was conducted on TS content of 20%, 22%, and 24%. The aim of this research was to compare kinetic models of biogas production from corn cob and food waste as a co-digestion using the linear, exponential equation, and first-kinetic models. The result showed that the exponential equation had a better correlation than the linear equation on the ascending graph of biogas production. On the contrary, the linear equation had a better correlation than the exponential equation on the descending graph of biogas production. The correlation values on the first-kinetic model had the smallest value compared to the linear and exponential models.

Crushing is one of the operation units that aimed to convert the size of solid material to be smoother particle's size. The operation unit that can be used in this crushing is ball mill. The purpose of this study is to foresee the effect of raw material mass, grinding time, and the number of balls that are used in the ball mill tool related to the amount of raw material of coffee and cocoa beans. Solid material that has become smooth is then sieved with sieve mesh with size number: 50, 70, 100, and 140. It is in order to obtain the mass fraction that escaped from each sieve mesh. From the experiment, it can be concluded that mass percentage fraction of coffee powder is bigger than cocoa powder that escaped from the mesh. Hardness and humidity of coffee beans and cocoa beans have been the important factors that made coffee beans is easier to be crushed than cocoa beans.

Drying is widely used as a method to preserve food because of its convenience and affordability. Drying of ginger using tray dryer were carried out at various drying conditions, such as air-drying flow, air-drying temperature, and sample dimensions, to achieve the highest drying rate. Samples with various dimensions were placed in the tray dryer and dried using various air-drying flow and temperatures. The weights of samples were observed every 3 minutes interval. Drying was stopped after three times of constant weighing. Data of drying was collected to make the drying curves. Drying curves show that the highest drying rate is achieved using highest air flow and temperature.

In this short paper we generalize the conditions that Casoratian entries satisfy for the two-dimensional Toda lattice. Although we finally conclude that our generalization is trivial in some sense for getting new solutions, our discussion is still helpful for the study of Wronskian technique.

A technique of simultaneously measuring all three Cartesian components of displacement in holographic interferometry is proposed. A single camera is used to record four interferograms of different sensitivities on a single video frame with the aid of mirrors mounted behind the holographic plate. A transformation algorithm has been developed to transform the two-dimensional fringe centres on the interferograms onto the object surface in spatial coordinates. The transformation takes into account perspective distortion and lateral inversion of the images. The accuracy of the transformation is verified by transferring grid points on a graph paper fixed around a cylinder. The measurement technique has been verified by measuring the surface displacement of a thermally deforming cylinder and the results are compared with the prediction of a finite element model of the cylinder.

In this short paper an algebraic expression for (lambda 0) x (3 0) reduction Wigner coefficients in the SU(3) superset of R(3) physical basis is obtained using a building-up process. The SU(3) U-functions are also given.

The problem of determining the fines content of pulp in cases where consistency is not known remains to be solved. We explored the hypothesis that this problem may be solved by studying shape changes in a laser pulse after it has travelled through the pulp.A matrix was constructed of pulp samples with consistencies varying from 0 to 1.5% by increments of 0.2% and fines contents varying from 0 to 50% by 10% increments. A streak camera was used to record three pulses simultaneously. The first was a reference pulse, which was used to calibrate the measurement pulses. The second was a pulse measured at an angle of 90° to the straight light path. The third was the straight path pulse.Different fines contents form their own lines on consistency–maximum power graphs and consistency–time of 50% power fall graphs. When transmitted power is plotted against time of 50% power fall the lines representing different fines contents cross each other. These results indicate that the fines content and consistency can be measured in some cases with a single measurement. Also, if water is added in a controlled manner, measurement of the lowering in consistency allows the original consistency and fines content to be determined.

Let be a complex algebraic hypersurface in not passing through the point . The generators of the fundamental group and the relations among them are described in terms of the real cone over with apex at . This description is a generalization to the algebraic case of Wirtinger's corepresentation of the fundamental group of a knot in . A new proof of Zariski's conjecture about commutativity of the fundamental group for a projective nodal curve is given in the second part of the paper based on the description of the generators and the relations in the group obtained in the first part.

This research focuses on the problem occurred in the reactive dye synthesis process of a global manufacturer in Thailand which producing various chemicals for reactive dye products to supply global industries such as chemicals, textiles and garments. The product named "Reactive Blue Base" is selected in this study because it has highest demand and the current chemical yield shows a high variation, i.e. yield variation of 90.4% – 99.1% (S.D. = 2.405 and Cpk = -0.08) and average yield is 94.5% (lower than the 95% standard set by the company). The Six Sigma concept is applied aiming at increasing yield and reducing variation of this process. This approach is suitable since it provides a systematic guideline with five improvement phases (DMAIC) to effectively tackle the problem and find the appropriate parameter settings of the process. Under the new parameter settings, the process yield variation is reduced to range between 96.5% – 98.5% (S.D. = 0.525 and Cpk = 1.83) and the average yield is increased to 97.5% (higher than the 95% standard set by the company).

The process of cooking oil production generally is started by grating the ripe coconut meat, then pressing the grated meat to obtain coconut milk, and finally heating the coconut milk to obtain the cooking oil. Pressing mechanism to obtain coconut milk is a very important step and decisive in the process of producing cooking oil. The amount of milk produced depends on the pressure applied at the time of pressing grated coconut. The higher the pressure, the more milk is obtained. Some commercial mechanical pressing tools that available in the market are not efficient due to the working steps too much and take long time per cycle of work. The aims of this study was to design and manufacture a power screw squeezer for the collection of coconut milk. Power screw produces a compressive force in the cylinder to push and press the grated coconut until the end of the cylinder while the coconut milk and coconut dregs flow out simultaneously. Screw press was designed using straight shaft configuration with square profile. Performance test was done to investigate the actual capacity and yield of milk produced. The results showed that squeezer of grated coconut worked well with capacity an average of 13,63 kg/h and coconut milk yield of 58%.

In reading Sidney Perkowitz's article on innovative cookstoves ("Now we're cooking", June pp35–38) I was struck by his description of a particular combustion device that uses "agricultural by-products such as corn cobs and bagasse (the residue from crushed sugar cane)".

Starting from the experimental fact that any colour can be uniquely expressed by a trichromatic equation, provided negative coefficients may enter, it is shown that all problems of colour mixture are amenable to an exact system of geometrical calculation. The particular methods described in the paper are such as to obviate the introduction of stereographic projection and other geometrical complications which enter into previously published methods. This simplification is effected by conducting the actual colour mixture part of any calculation in the quantity units of one trichromatic system, leaving the relative magnitudes of the various systems of units, where more than one system is involved, to be accounted for by the introduction of suitable coefficients in the purely arithmetical part of the work. The problems dealt with are: Mixtures of two colours. Mixtures of three colours. Mixtures of four or more colours. Transformation of data from one trichromatic system to another, either directly or by means of general equations of transformation. Transformation of data between the trichromatic and monochromatic systems of specification. Calculation of colour from energy distribution of stimulus. Graphical solutions are described for all these problems, non-graphical solutions being also given for all cases in which they are applicable. The graphical solutions are described in relation to rectangular co-ordinates so that they may be carried out on ordinary graph paper without the necessity of specially prepared charts. The methods are illustrated by a number of worked examples specially designed to show how various types of data which may enter into a practical problem may be reduced to a form suitable for solution, and how the result of the colour calculation can be reconverted to the form in which the answer is required.

In Eritrea, the cooking of traditional yeast-leavened flat bread (injera or taita) is responsible for over 50% of the household's energy consumption. However, no literature exists in international journals, which reviews or analyses the efficiency or energy intensity of injera production. Injera is the product of baking a fermented mixture of water and flour for about three days. The mogogo, a clay-cooking plate, is the traditional stove for baking injera. Utton (intradiameter of around 60 cm) is a local name given to the three stoves for mogogo, tsahli and moklo, and are built adjacent to each other. The product of cooking is, respectively, injera, tsebhi (sauce) and kicha (hard bread). Adhanet is the name given to the improved mogogo. Recent research and developing efforts by the Energy and Training Center of the Department of Energy, has shown that an improved stove efficiency of 23% has been achieved, in contrast to the efficiency of the traditional stove of 6 to 8%.

The transmission error of a pair of spur gears is detected by an optical method and recorded continuously as a function of time. Measurement of the alternating component of the error is repeatable within ?5 ? 10-5 in., and of the mean value within ?1 ? 10-4 in., at base circle radius, at any speed in the range 0-6000 rev min-1 and at any load within the capacity of the gears. Records are taken on photographic paper wrapped round a drum which rotates with one of the gears being tested. In this way the wavelength of record per cycle of tooth-engagement is made independent of speed and comparison of static and dynamic behaviour is facilitated. The method of measurement is applicable only to a pair of gears with the same number of teeth.

A mechanical device for plotting characteristic curves of photographic emulsions is described. Details of construction are given, and readings from the instrument are compared with those obtained from an orthodox plot on graph paper. Considerable saving of time, and of material, may be effected by its use in instances where values of co-ordinates are to be entered from curves of similar character drawn through a series of experimental points, for which one set of co-ordinates has fixed values.