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Royal jelly is an important apiarian product for honeybees and has been used as an important ingredient to human health and healthy life style. Because of its wide use, there is great demand in their production. As royal jelly is a secretion of the cephalic glands of bees and it is produced at a certain age of the workers, it is necessary to perform the selection of producing queens to increase the amount produced. The employment of molecular markers is a tool that can be used to identify the genotypes of the best producers. Among the molecular markers, one of them called MRJP3 (Major Royal Jelly Protein 3) has been used in the Program of Improvement of Apis mellifera Royal Jelly Producing (PIAMRJP), State University of Maringa, Brazil. This molecular marker has been efficient in genotyping queens’ royal jelly producers. Combined with classical breeding studies, the selection of queens assisted by MRJP3 marker has allowed to keep the selected genotypes for royal jelly production since 2006 (10 years). In this chapter, we present the main aspects of royal jelly, the hypopharyngeal glands, the major proteins of royal jelly and how it can be used as molecular markers.

Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the Africanized honeybee effect on soybean production, mainly, over genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This chapter presents experimental data about floral biology of soybean Glycine max L. Merrill, BR-245 RR (transgenic soy – Roundup ReadTM) and BRS-133 (conventional soy) with and without application of Glyphosate, as well as the honeybee behaviour in those flowers of these varieties.

The study of sugar from floral nectary is important for identification if a rise or decrease in quantity or nectar quality. The plant may secret a little bit of nectar, but with high sugar concentration, or unlike, secret more quantities, but with low sugar concentration. These differences in nectar may vary depend on pollinator visitation. However, the frequency of honeybees that visit flowers may contribute for rising nectar production like change the sugar proportion.

Wainer Cesar Chiari1, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki2, Emerson Dechechi Chambo1, Carlos Arrabal Arias3, Clara Beatriz Hoffmann-Campo3 and Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1 1Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana 2Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana 3Empresa de Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria Soja, Londrina, Parana Brazil