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O artigo trata do longo processo de integração política e econômica dos países do Cone Sul. Ele aborda os primeiros passos da tentativa de união, ocorridos ainda no início da Guerra Fria. O texto estende-se até o começo da década de 90, quando quatro países - Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai - formaram o Mercado Comum do Sul - MERCOSUL.

O artigo biografa o General Alexander Haig, figura de destaque na gestão de Richard Nixon e Ronald Reagan. Descreve a ambição do militar em ser ele mesmo Presidente dos Estados Unidos.

No contexto dos 30 anos da assinatura e vigência do Tratado das Forças Nucleares de Alcance Intermediário (Tratado INF), o artigo tem como objetivo discutir os conceitos de controle de armas e desarmamento, bem como analisar o conteúdo do tratado que resultou na eliminação de todos os mísseis balísticos e de cruzeiro, lançados de terra, com alcance compreendido entre 500 e 5.500 quilômetros, pertencentes às duas superpotências da Guerra Fria.

In the context of the 30th anniversary of the signing and entry into force of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), the paper aims to discuss arms control and disarmament concepts, as well as to analyze the treaty content that resulted in the elimination of all ballistic and cruise missiles launched from land, ranging between 500 and 5,500 kilometers, belonging to the two Cold War superpowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decisão do governo dos Estados Unidos de invadir Cuba, em abril de 1961, foi resultado de uma combinação de vários fatores históricos e políticos. Entre eles, a continuidade das interferências dos Estados Unidos no contexto do entorno caribenho, de forma direta (entre o início do século XX até o início dos anos 1930), e, mais tarde, de forma indireta; as bem sucedidas intervenções promovidas pela CIA no Irã (1953) e na Guatemala (1954); além da "necessidade" política, no plano doméstico, do recém-eleito presidente Kennedy de demonstrar o quão comprometido estava com a contenção do comunismo. Ou seja, nenhum fator isolado pode explicar, sozinho, a decisão de ir em frente com um plano que findou por ser um grande fracasso político para o governo dos EUA.The decision of the United States government to intervene in Cuba, in April 1961, was the result of a combination of historical and political factors. Among them, the history of US interference in the Caribbean context, both directly (between the beginning of the 20th century up to the first years of the 1930's), and, later on, indirectly; the successful interventions promoted by the CIA in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954); as well as the political "need", domestically, of recently elected president Kennedy to demonstrate how committed he was with containing communism. Thus, no single factor can solely explain the decision to go ahead with the plan, which turned out to be a huge political failure for the US government.

A idéia central do artigo é que o fim da Guerra Fria no final da década de 1980 não deve ser interpretado como um episódio e sim como parte de um amplo processo de mudança. A partir desta idéia, tenta-se demonstrar, por meio de visões expressas em várias obras e artigos, que o processo que levaria ao fim da Guerra Fria já estava em andamento quase duas décadas antes de 1989. Na parte final, propõe-se a lógica da ação coletiva de Olson e o descompasso no desenvolvimento das regiões como instrumentais teóricos para compreender o caráter eminentemente instável da ordem internacional. A conclusão é que a complexa agenda internacional da realidade contemporânea não é muito diferente da que predominava na última década da Guerra Fria, mas a forma como as questões são percebidas e encaminhadas se modificou substancialmente.The core idea of the article is that the end of the Cold War in the last years of the eighties should not be viewed as a single fact, but as a part of a broad process of change. From this standpoint, it searches to prove, through the points of view expressed in several books and articles, that the process which led to the end of the Cold War was already in motion almost two decades before 1989. The second part of the article argues in favor of Olson's Logic of Collective Action and the existence of a gap between the development of world regions as theoretical frameworks to comprehend the naturally unstable feature of the international order. It concludes by stating that the complex contemporary international agenda is not quite different from the one which was predominant in the last decade of the Cold War, but the manner through which issues are realized and forwarded has substantially changed.

The article is a biographical account of General Alexander Haig, a leading figure in the administration of Richard Nixon and of Ronald Reagan. It describes his own ambitions to become President of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision of the United States government to intervene in Cuba, in April 1961, was the result of a combination of historical and political factors. Among them, the history of US interference in the Caribbean context, both directly (between the beginning of the 20th century up to the first years of the 1930's), and, later on, indirectly; the successful interventions promoted by the CIA in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954); as well as the political "need", domestically, of recently elected president Kennedy to demonstrate how committed he was with containing communism. Thus, no single factor can solely explain the decision to go ahead with the plan, which turned out to be a huge political failure for the US government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core idea of the article is that the end of the Cold War in the last years of the eighties should not be viewed as a single fact, but as a part of a broad process of change. From this standpoint, it searches to prove, through the points of view expressed in several books and articles, that the process which led to the end of the Cold War was already in motion almost two decades before 1989. The second part of the article argues in favor of Olson's Logic of Collective Action and the existence of a gap between the development of world regions as theoretical frameworks to comprehend the naturally unstable feature of the international order. It concludes by stating that the complex contemporary international agenda is not quite different from the one which was predominant in the last decade of the Cold War, but the manner through which issues are realized and forwarded has substantially changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close of the long-standing East/West conflict gave rise to two major trends in the international system: fragmentation and integration. The former is identified with the phenomena of civil strifes, protectionism, fundamentalism, while de latter is characterized by economic interdependence, the establishment of democratic regimes in many countries and the strengthening of the United Nations' role in world affairs. This article deals with three areas (international trade, environment and human rights) in which Brazilian foreign policy was changed as a response to, among others factors, the incentives and constraints provided by the contradictory nature of integration. The author seeks to shed light on both the potentially for shared gains represented by some "universal values" and the manipulation of such values in order to protect vested interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

a new world was born after the fall of the Berlin Wall. It meant the end of the XXth century, of the geography based on the division of the planet in three different worlds, and of the soviet monolithic model. After that the processes of establishment of economic blocs were expanded. A new center of gravity of capitalist system began to be considered as the evidence of a new hegemonic cycle (an Asian one, led by China). But dilemmas and risks are not smaller if compared to the past which can be deduced by the fall of the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the attack on the Pentagon, in 2001, the proliferation of terrorist networks, the latent nuclear threat, and systemic economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]