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The article analyzes the process of approving by the Brazilian Parliament of the results of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) held in 2015 twenty years of existence. This article seeks to examine some aspects related to the creation of the institution, particularly in regard to Brazil.

Por que o Brasil tem tradicionalmente adotado postura defensiva em negociações multilaterais sobre o comércio de serviços? São três as principais categorias explicativas comumente usadas para entender os determinantes domésticos da diplomacia econômica: interesses, instituições e ideias. Neste estudo, avalio o papel dessas variáveis na determinação da posição brasileira nas negociações de serviços da Rodada Uruguai. O estudo de caso apresentado se vale de fontes primárias e entrevistas para reconstituir a posição negociadora do país ao longo da rodada, identificar as preferências dos atores governamentais e não governamentais relevantes e apontar os mecanismos e instâncias de interação entre governo e setor privado.

A educação superior faz parte dos setores de serviços negociáveis no Acordo Geral sobre Comércio de Serviços (Gats), um dos tratados de liberalização existente na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Neste artigo se busca analisar as conseqüências desta liberalização. Em específico, os impactos jurídicos das obrigações do Gats na conduta das políticas de educação superior de seus Membros. Entende-se que embora o Gats possua a potencialidade de gerar efeitos relevantes, seu modo de operação pode ser utilizado para anular ou minimizar seus efeitos, de acordo com o grau de liberalização pretendido por cada Membro. Por fim, o artigo apresenta um panorama sobre as posições dos Membros, destacando os argumentos pró e contra a liberalização da educação superior.Higher education is one of the sectors negotiable under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (Gats), one of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. This paper analyzes the consequences of this liberalization. Specifically, it assesses the legal impacts of Gats obligations for the pursuance of higher education policies by WTO Members. The paper argues that despite the potential effects of Gats, the way it works can be used to nullify or mitigate its effects, in accordance with the level of liberalization sought by each Member. At the end, this paper also presents an overview of Members' positions, stressing their arguments pro and against liberalization.

Partindo da recente intervenção anglo-americana no Iraque, o presente artigo inicia um debate acerca do papel desempenhado pelas organizações multilaterais no mundo atual. Questionando inicialmente a real eficácia dessas organizações, o autor conclui que seu processo de consolidação não é linear, estando sujeito a retrocessos, mas afirma que a continuidade da diplomacia multilateral não pode ser abandonada.Departing from the recent Anglo-American intervention in Iraq, this article inaugurates a debate regarding the role played by the multilateral organizations in today's world. Initially questioning the real efficiency of these organizations, the author infers that its process of consolidation is not linear, being subject to retrocessions, but affirms that the continuity of multilateral diplomacy cannot be disregarded.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) held in 2015 twenty years of existence. This article seeks to examine some aspects related to the creation of the institution, particularly in regard to Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the process of approving by the Brazilian Parliament of the results of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has Brazil traditionally adopted a defensive position in multilateral negotiations on trade in services? Three explanatory factors are typically used for understanding the domestic determinants of economic diplomacy: interests, institutions, and ideas. In this study, I assess the role of these variables in determining the Brazilian stance in the negotiations on trade in services in the Uruguay Round. I use archival evidence and interviews in a case study designed to recover the country's negotiating position throughout the round of negotiations, identify the preferences of relevant government and private actors, and reveal the mechanisms and loci of government-business interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education is one of the sectors negotiable under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (Gats), one of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. This paper analyzes the consequences of this liberalization. Specifically, it assesses the legal impacts of Gats obligations for the pursuance of higher education policies by WTO Members. The paper argues that despite the potential effects of Gats, the way it works can be used to nullify or mitigate its effects, in accordance with the level of liberalization sought by each Member. At the end, this paper also presents an overview of Members' positions, stressing their arguments pro and against liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from the recent Anglo-American intervention in Iraq, this article inaugurates a debate regarding the role played by the multilateral organizations in today's world. Initially questioning the real efficiency of these organizations, the author infers that its process of consolidation is not linear, being subject to retrocessions, but affirms that the continuity of multilateral diplomacy cannot be disregarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]