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A diverse tergomyan and gastropod assemblage is described from the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)section of the Sandbian Stage, Upper Ordovician, in the Fågelsång area, Scania, southern Sweden. Deep water graptolitic mudstone and shale comprise the succession, and previously only one gastropod species was known. The new material spans the Sularp Formation through the Lindegård Mudstone (Nemagraptus gracilis–Dicellograptus complanatus biozones). Fourteen species are described: two tergomyan, five bellerophontoid gastropods, and seven anisostrophically coiled gastropods.Three species are new: Peelerophon hodites, Tetranota scanica and Lophospira sandbiana. Three taxa (Tritonophon subtrilobatus,Tetranota scanica and Holopea mobergi) are found high in the Lindegård Mudstone (Vormsi–Pirgu stages). Cyrtodiscus, Peelerophon and Tritonophon are recorded for the first time in Baltoscandia. Some taxa may have been transportedfrom shallower water settings, whereas species of Peelerophon, Joleaudella, Mestoronema and Sinuites may have been partof the local benthos. Except for Bucania erratica, no species are shared with the fauna of the coeval Dalby Limestone in Sweden. Deaechospira elliptica, common in the Dalby Limestone, is not recorded at Fågelsång, although two closely relatedspecies are found (Deaechospira rotunda and Deaechospira? sp.). The Fågelsång assemblage has more in common with the older to coeval fauna of the Elnes and Arnestad formations in the Oslo Region, Norway (e.g. sharing Joleaudella, Sinuites, Mestoronema and Pararaphistoma). The Sandbian fauna of Fågelsång includes peri-Gondwanan taxa, e.g. Cyrtodiscus,Peelerophon and Deaechospira. Nevertheless, cluster analysis reveals that the faunas of Baltica and Laurentia were most similar, whereas faunas from Perunica and Baltica remained distinct and separated during the Darriwilian–Sandbian. The few similarities may result from spread of a temperate fauna supplementing rather than replacing t

Prosaurolophus maximus Brown is a saurolophine hadrosaurid known from numerous complete, articulated skulls from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Alberta, Canada) that range in size by approximately half a metre in total skull length. Therefore, it is an important taxon for understanding patterns of growth and variation in saurolophines. This study describes the cranial anatomy of P. maximus from the type locality of Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian) on the basis of ten articulated skulls, quantitatively examines its range of osteological variation, and provides the first hypothesized ontogenetic series for this taxon. A second species,Prosaurolophus blackfeetensis Horner, was named on the basis of geologically younger material from Montana (Two Medicine Formation: Campanian) that is diagnosed by putative morphological differences in the nasal crest. However, considerable nasal crest variation in the sample from the Dinosaur Park Formation does not permit quantitative differentiation of P. blackfeetensis from P. maximus. Furthermore, a species-level phylogenetic analysis of saurolophines that includes both P. maximus and P. blackfeetensis as originally defined recovers them as sister taxa that do not differ morphologically in the character matrix. Based on both the morphometric and phylogenetic data, this study supports the hypothesis that P. blackfeetensis is a junior synonym of P. maximus, thereby substantially increasing its temporal range to 1.6 million years, and a concomitant period of morphological stasis in this taxon.

The amniote faunal assemblages from the Pictou Group (Prince Edward Island, Canada) are re-evaluated for the first time in 50 years. Fossils recovered from formations within this group (Orby Head, Hillsborough River, and Kildare Capes) indicate the presence of a parareptile, representing the first occurrence of a non-synapsid amniote from the PEI redbeds. The amniote taxa from PEI are re-described within the context of current research, providing the basis for an updated faunal list for the vertebrate-bearing formations within the Pictou Group. The presence of a parareptile, diadectid, and possibly two synapsids (caseid and/or varanopid), together with the absence of edaphosaurids and definitive ophiacodontids, suggests similarities with the upland Bromacker and Richards Spur localities of Germany and Oklahoma, respectively. However, more research and new fossil discoveries are needed to confidently resolve the systematics and palaeoecology of amniotes from the Lower Permian of Atlantic Canada., Les assemblages faunistiques d’amniotes du groupe de Pictou (Île du Prince-Édouard, Canada) sont réévalués pour la première fois en 50 ans. Les fossiles collectés dans les formations au sein de ce groupe (Orby Head, Hillsborough River et Kildare Capes) indiquent la présence d’un parareptile, ce qui représente la première occurrence d’un amniote non synapside dans les couches rouges de l’ÎPÉ. Les taxons amniotes de l’ÎPÉ sont redécrits dans le contexte de la recherche actuelle, fournissant la base d’une liste faunistique actualisée pour les formations qui contiennent des vertébrés au sein du groupe de Pictou. La présence d’un parareptile, d’un diadectidé et de deux synapsidés possibles (un caséidé et/ou un varanopidé), ainsi que l’absence définitive d’édaphosauridés et d’ophiacodontidés suggèrent des similarités avec les localités de hautes terres de Bromacker et de Richards Spur, respectivement en Allemagne et en Oklahoma. Cependant, des recherches et de nouvelles découvertes de fossiles sont nécessaires pour résoudre avec confiance la systématique et la paléoécologie des amniotes du Permien inférieur du Canada atlantique., Article title in French: "Révision des amniotes du groupe de Pictou (Permocarbonifère), Île du Prince-Édouard, Canada"

Indium is extensively used in LCD screens and solar cells. It is mainly produced as a byproduct during ore processing. With ever increasing demand for indium and most of the production being restricted to a few countries new sources for indium are needed. In Sweden, the westernmost Bergslagen is the only area, which is known to exhibit minerals with essential indium. The indium mineralisations at Långban, the Linbom prospect, which are studied in this bachelor’s thesis show several trends. The most notable is the copper indium trend seen in sphalerite. A likely substitution based on similar ionic radii and charges is Cu1++ In3+ ↔ 2Zn2+.Usually when cassiterite is associated with similar polymetalic indium bearing mineralisations as at Långban there is also high concentrations in cassiterite. This has previously not observed in Sweden, however during this project concentrations were indeed found in cassiterite.

Island har perfekta förutsättningar för att utvinna geotermisk energi. Det är beläget på den mittatlantiskaryggen mellan två aktiva plattor som interagerar med den hotspot som ligger under Island. Formandet av jordskorpan i området är komplex, hotspoten och manteln produce- rar tillsammans stora mängder magma som har gjort att jordskorpan har blivit mer mäktig oceanskorpan. Dessa parametrar gör Island till ett land med unika dynamiska system som ger de bästa förutsättning- arna för att kunna utvinna samt förse sin befolkning med geotermisk energi. I denna studie är det främst två vulkaner som undersöks, Krafla och Hengill som ligger på norra respektive sydvästra Island. Vid dessa platser har man tagit flera borrprover där man fått reda på sammansättningen av magman. Sammansättningen har gjort det möjligt att utföra flera olika teoretiska modeller för att ta reda på mag- makamrars betydelse för energiutvinning. Syftet med detta projekt är att ta reda på temperaturerna i magmakamrarna och vid vilket djup dessa ligger på. Detta görs för att få reda på värmekällans egenskaper som då också hör ihop med ener- giutvinning. Här undersöks också hydrologiska flödesriktningar från de båda vulkanerna till deras geotermiska anläggningar i samma område. Utifrån magmans sammansättning tillämpades en modell i Excel för få fram djupet ner magmakamrarna för båda vulkanerna. Den hydrologiska 2D-modellen gjordes i programmet Hydrotherm som utvecklades av U.S Geological Survey där främst två ekvationer användes, Darcy’s lag samt ekvationen för termisk energitransport. Den sista modellen visade värmeflödet i de båda vulkanerna. Resultatet visar att Hengill har en magmakammare vid djup på 0,735 km och att medeltemperaturen är 1227°C. Vid Krafla ligger magmakammaren på ett djup av 15 km och medeltemperaturen är 1161°C. Värmeflödet är nästan 3 gånger större vid Hengill än vid Krafla och flödesriktingen av värmen upp mot ytan skiljde sig mellan de båda vulkanerna. Vid Krafla stiger värmen

Detta arbete diskuterar och belyser hur utvecklingen av mineralogiskanalysmetodik har sett ut genom att tillämpa samtbeskriva ett urval av både klassisk och modern metodik. Grundentill arbetet är en stensamling som byggts upp av HolgerJensen och beskrivits av hans son Rolf Jensen på 1940-talet.Den nya förteckningen som sammanställts jämförs med dengamla som Rolf gjorde. Den enda metoden som inte tillämpas ärgoniometri, vilken dock beskrivs på grund av dess historiskabetydelse i utvecklingen av kristallmorfologin. Klassisk metodikoch egenskaper som beskrivs och har tillämpats är exempelvisblåsrörsanalys, hårdhetstestning, streckfärg, spaltning ochbrott. Bland modern metodik valdes malmmikroskopi, röntgendiffraktion,elektronmikrosondanalys och Ramanspektroskopi.Tidigt under arbetets gång noterades att erfarenhet krävs oberoendemetodik för att få korrekt resultat och att det kommer dröjalänge innan de klassiska metoderna blir förlegade. Efter genomfördaanalyser fick vissa minerals identitet revideras.

In nature there are about 4,500 minerals identified. These can roughly be divided into two groups, opaque phases and non-opaque phases, with the exception that some opaque phases also may act as a non-opaque phase in different circumstances. The division is made on the basis of the optical properties. Opaque phases are nontransparent, which means that a different type of microscope must be used. A conventional microscope uses transmitted light while the microscope for opaque phases or the ore microscope uses reflected light. The reason is that ore minerals often behave in an opaque manner. An ore mineral is actually a regular mineral but with the difference that it is economically advantageous to mine. Many sulphide and oxide minerals are classified as ore minerals. Sulfide and oxide ores are often associated with a particular type of formation environment and are found in a few areas in Sweden. Bergslagen, Skelleftefältet and Norrbotten belong to these areas. The purpose of this studie is to identify the mineralization from Skyttgruvan and Näverbergsgruvan in Falun by using a microscope., I naturen finns cirka 4,500 mineral identifierade. Dessa kan grovt sett delas upp i två grupper nämligen opaka faser och icke-opaka faser, då bortses dock från undantaget att vissa opaka faser också kan beteé sig som icke-opaka faser under olika omständigheter. Uppdelningen är gjord utifrån mineralens optiska egenskaper. Opaka faser är icke genomskinliga vilket innebär att en annan typ av mikroskop än de konventionella måste användas. Ett konventionellt mikroskop använder sig av genomfallande ljus samtidigt som mikroskop för opaka faser använder sig av påfallande ljus, ett så kallat malmmikroskop. Anledningen till att de kallas just så är för att malmineral ofta är opaka. Ett malmmineral är egentligen ett vanligt mineral men som är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt att bryta. Idag är många sulfid- och oxidmineral klassade som malmmineral. Sulfid och oxidmineral är ofta associerade med en viss typ av bildningsmiljö. Denna typ av bildningsmiljö går att finna spår av på några platser i Sverige. Bergslagen, Skelleftefältet och Norrbotten hör till dessa områden. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera de opaka faserna som påträffats i stuffer som samlats in från Skyttgruvan och Näverbergsgruvan.

The Canary islands are formed by a slow moving hotspot, from Fuerteventura 20 Ma to el Hierro 1.2Ma years old and La Palma is in the shield building stage of evolution. La Palma had its last eruption 1971 and has had seven eruptions since 1430, which makes it the most active of the islands in our times. The samples consist of host lavas, basanites, and mafic/ultramafic and felsic xenoliths, alkali gabbros and syenites respectively. Minerals in the lavas and the alkali gabbro xenolith samples are clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole and plagioclase, the clinopyroxenes are zoned. Forsterite content in the olivines increases at the rim for the xenoliths and decreases for the host lavas. While magnesium number in the clinopyroxenes decreases towards the rim. The Fe-Mg partitioning indicates that there were points of equilibrium between the clinopyroxenes and their host lavas, which was calculated to temperature, pressure and depth indicating 62-74km for the xenoliths and 23-35km for the host lavas. The temperatures and pressures were 1184-1205°C with 6-10 kbar for the host lavas compared to 1316-1341°C and 17-20 kbar for the xenoliths.

The Earth and everything else in the universe was created in the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. A point with tremendous density and mass began to expand and more and more atoms began to form. From the first and lightest like hydrogen and helium to heavier atoms such as iron and eventually gold. The formation of the Earth occurred about 4.6 billion years ago and so the first gold atoms were concentrated only here. It is however believed that much later in Earth's history an extra supply of gold occurred thanks to massive meteorite bombardments. Processes in the Earth's interior has since led to the formation of the continents that move around, which has created hydrothermal processes. These are important since gold is a precious metal and as such it binds reluctantly to other elements in the periodic table. Instead, it occurs in either sulfide or chloride complexes. The complexes makes gold soluble in fluids of different magmas that form due to tectonic and hydrothermal processes. Depending on the process and environment, different types of ore bodies containing gold that form. From porphyry-deposits formed at high depths to VMS-deposits may form on the sea floor or other marine environments. Some of these ores-types can be found in Sweden and are mined at several sites, including the Björkdal-mine and the Aitik-mine.

The Blötberget deposit is situated in the north-western part of Bergslagen. The mineralization is an apatite-iron oxide ore of Kiruna type. In Bergslagen the apatite-iron oxide ores occur along a zone from Grängesberg through Blötberget to Idkerberget in the northeast and they represent the largest and the most important iron oxide deposit in Sweden, south of Norrbotten. Different REE hosting phosphate phases has been studied by optical microscopy and analyzed by EDS attached to an electron microscope. The key minerals other than iron oxides are apatite, monazite and xenotime. The relative concentration of the REE-bearing phases differs from the other apatite-iron oxide mineralizations in the area, for example Grängesberg, by a higher concentration of xenotime and lower contents of allanite., Blötbergets gruvor ligger i den nordvästra delen av Bergslagen, och utgörs av en apatitjärnmalm av Kirunatyp. Malmsstråket Grängesberg-Blötberget-Idkerberget är den största och viktigaste järnmineraliseringen i mellersta och södra Sverige. Detta arbete har fokuserat på olika REE-förande faser, framför allt fosfater. Undersökningen har utförts genom optisk mikroskopering och SEM-EDS analyser. Nyckelmineralen i denna undersökning är förutom järnoxider, apatit, monazit och xenotim. Fördelningen av REE-rika faser i apatitjärnmalmen i Blötberget skiljer sig en aning mot angränsande mineraliseringar som exempelvis Grängesberg. Blötberget har troligtvis en högre halt av xenotim och en lägre halt av allanit än Grängesberg.

Hur undviker man ras vid bergbebyggelse, svaret är bergförstärkningar. Det lättaste vore om det alltid byggdes tunnlar ochandra bergbebyggelser med säkra förstärkningar så skulle riskenför ras alltid vara liten. Klart är dock att det inte alltid behövsförstärkningar om bergkvaliteten är god. Att förstärka berg medmycket god kvalitet är både onödigt med avseende på tiden ochkostnader. En bedömning behöver alltså göras för att fastställaom förstärkning är nödvändig eller inte. Bedömningen byggerpå bergets kvalitet som kan fastställas med hjälp av olika klassificeringssystem.Två frekvent använda system är Q-systemet avBarton och RMR-systemet av Bieniawski. Dessa två systembehandlas i denna rapport och ska fungera som en vägledningvid bedömning av bergets kvalitet.En tunnel i Hauketo, Norge som byggdes under tidigt70-tal drevs utan hjälp av dessa klassificeringssystem. Efterundersökning av berget i tunneln i samband med denna rapportoch med stöd av Q och RMR har några lokaler på undersökttunnelsträcka bedömts vara icke stabila. Utifrån denna bedömningbör dessa lokaler förstärkas eftersom de idag saknarförstärkning. Övriga lokaler bedöms som stabila med massivtberg.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of metamorphism and thereby identify the preserved magmatic signature in metavolcanics from Wedel Jarlsberg Land in southwestern Svalbard. Samples have been collected from late Precambrian metavolcanics occurring within metasedimentary rocks of the Sofiebogen Group, as well as dikes cutting older metasedimentary rocks of the Deilegga Group. The volcanic rocks were metamorphosed under greenschist facies conditions during the Caledonian Orogeny. To investigate the role of metamorphism, we present petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and use factor analysis as a tool to identify correlations that correspond to primary magmatic signals. The metavolcanics are classified as subalkaline basalt to basaltic andesite and they contain relicts of primary clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The metamorphic minerals are actinolite, secondary plagioclase, chlorite and minerals belonging to the epidote group. Major element variations are highly scattered with no obvious trends observed. The HFSE and REE show strong trends attributed to fractional crystallization. The LILE, Th and La show elevated contents in some samples. Factor analysis shows that the HFSE and REE are well correlated. The LILE form a separate well correlated group, while the major elements are not correlated, except for Na2O, Fe2O3 and CaO. The lack of correlation for major elements, as well as the lack of observed fractional crystallization trends between these elements suggests that they were modified by metamorphism. The strong correlation of HFSE and REE reflects the original geochemical signal generated by magmatic processes. The correlation of the LILE is consistent with their elevated composition implying the influence of crustal contamination processes, and though some variability is likely superimposed due to metamorphism, the primary magmatic record is not completely destroyed. We conclude that the HFSE and REE are not influenced by metamorphic

Palaeontological exploration of the Bonnet Plume Basin in northwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, has revealed a Late Paleocene to Early Eocene macrofloral assemblage from a channel fill deposit. The flora is typified by cosmopolitan taxa and dominated by deciduous angiosperms, with the notable presence of Zizyphoides, Ettingshausenia, and Corylites. Floras with a similar composition are known from Late Cretaceous through Early Eocene deposits in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, where they have been interpreted as evidence for warm, equable temperatures. This collection represents the most diverse known Paleogene plant macrofossil assemblage from the Yukon Territory and helps to expand our knowledge of ancient high-latitude floras.

Dinosaurs and other terrestrial vertebrates are poorly documented in the Mesozoic of the Canadian polar region. Here, we provide a complete review of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) vertebrate fauna of the Bonnet Plume Formation in the northeastern Yukon Territory, Canada, which includes the description of the first newly collected dinosaur bones from this unit in almost half a century. Previously reported fragmentary dinosaur remains collected in the early 1960’s pertain to an indeterminate hadrosaurid. New material includes a poorly preserved forelimb bone and a pedal phalanx. These new remains pertain to at least one species of non-hadrosaurid ornithischian dinosaur, and the humerus is tentatively referred to a small-bodied basal ornithopod. The new vertebrate fossils from the Bonnet Plume Formation provide further evidence of vertebrates from this unit. However, directed field surveys in 2008 and 2009 suggest that vertebrate fossils are not abundant. A review of the known localities of terrestrial Mesozoic vertebrates from the Canadian Arctic indicate that it had a relatively diverse community of terrestrial vertebrates, including dinosaurs, during the Late Cretaceous, but emphasizes our limited knowledge of the Mesozoic Arctic and considerable potential for future exploration and discovery.

One special feature in the Swedish nature, mainly in the county of Uppland is one distinctive kind of dip, which can be distinguished from its fast and unaccounted drainage. These dips are called “glupar” and can mainly be found in coarse-grained pebbled moraine under the highest shoreline (HK). During spring, and particularly when snowmelting occur, the wateramliptude fluctuates a lot until late summer or the beginning of fall comes; these dips are then often almost fully drained. During winter however, the waterlevel stands high. Therefore, “glupar” can for some time be falsely interpreted as a small pond. Areas around Jumkil just outside Uppsala are charaterized for their large amount of these kinds of dips. The origin of “glupar” is poorly studied or described through the literature, which to a large extent is the main reason for this study.

The mine dumps of Kiruna-type apatite-iron oxide ore in Bergslagen, South Central Sweden, contain elevated amounts of rare earth elements (REEs). A recently started project at Uppsala University has been initiated to study these ores among others in order to document occurrences of REEs and other critical elements in the mine dumps. In this study a selection of samples from the Idkerberget deposit have been studied with respect to their geochemistry and petrography with a special focus on REE-bearing phases. In addition, their mining potential and their relationship to related ore deposits such as Blötberget, Grängesberg and Kiirunavaara have been considered. The bulk geochemistry of the ores was analyzed using ICP-ES and ICP-MS. Polished sections of the ore samples were studied using ore microscopy, SEM-EDS and WDS microprobe technique. The results indicate that the ores consist mainly of magnetite and hematite, with minor silicates, flourapatite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, monazite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce), thorium silicate, titanite and zircon. Most REEs were originally hosted in flourapatite, but metamorphic and/or hydrothermal overprinting has resulted in complex textures and neomineralisation involving exotic REE-bearing minerals such as monazite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce) and secondary flourapatite. These features have also been observed in the related ore deposits nearby. The ores are enriched in REEs by factors between 1 and 9 compared to crustal values, with LREEs being the most enriched. These enrichments are rather low compared to other REE-ores currently being mined, but the easy access to the ores could mean that mining can be profitable with the current demand of these commodities., Varphögar av apatitjärnmalm av Kirunatyp ifrån järnmalmsbrytning i Bergslagen, Sydcentrala Sverige, innehåller förhöjda halter av sällsynta jordartsmetaller. Ett projekt vid Uppsala Universitet undersöker förekomster av sällsynta jordartsmetaller och andra kritiska element i varphögar bland annat från apatitjärnmalmer. I denna studie har prover från ett av Bergslagens apatitjärnmalmsfält, Idkerberget, undersökts geokemiskt och petrografiskt med fokus på faser som innehåller sällsynta jordartsmetaller. Deras utvinningspotential och deras relation till liknande förekomster såsom Blötberget, Grängesberg samt Kiirunavaara har också tagits i beaktning. Bulkgeokemin i proverna analyserades med ICP-EM och ICP-MS. Polerprov av malmerna undersöktes medelst optisk mikroskopi, SEM-EDS samt med WDS-mikrosondteknik. Resultaten visar att malmerna framförallt består av magnetit och hematit, med mindre mängder silikater, flourapatit, pyrit, kopparkis, monazit-(Ce), allanit-(Ce), thoriumsilikat, titanit och zirkon. Sällsynta jordartsmetaller är i huvudsak bundna i flourapatit, men metamorfa och/eller hydrotermala processer har resulterat i nybildningen av exotiska mineral såsom monazit-(Ce), allanit-(Ce), och sekundär flourapatit. Dessa egenskaper har även observerats i apatitjärnmalmer från andra platser. Proverna från Idkerberget har 1-9 gånger högre koncentration av sällsynta jordartsmetaller än jordskorpan generellt, och lätta sällsynta jordartsmetaller är de mest anrikade. Dessa halter är relativt låga jämfört med sällsynta jordartsmalmer som bryts i dagsläget, men eftersom materialet förekommer i enorma varphögar gör tillgängligheten att metallerna ändå kan utvinnas med vinst om efterfrågan på denna resurs består.

Magmatic stoping is a term that has been controversial almost since it was first mentioned over a century ago. Scientists have been arguing whether it plays an important part as an emplacement process of magma chambers, or whether it takes place at all. With growing evidence for both pro- and counterar guments the debate becomes tenser and the question raised is whether it is possible to find a unanimous answer. Magmatic stoping is often associated with the presence of xenoliths, “foreign” rocks that have been enclosed by magma. As parts of the roof or walls in the magma chamber detach, the pieces become trapped in it if they don’t have time to dissolve before the magma cools. The new cavities make room for a growing chamber and the possibility for magmatic stoping to be a volumetrically significant process is as well in discussion. The problematic starts early, beginning with the definitions of words like stoping, xenoliths, and rafts which are not unified. Natural findings of xenoliths in plutons are rare and speak against stoping but are often explained by xenoliths that possibly sunk down to the floor of magma chambers and become inaccessible for researchers. Nowadays there are several explanations to these statements that will be both presented and discussed in this thesis. A case study is also made from the Åva ring complex in Finland, and it has been shown to provide a fairly clear idea of the evidence for magmatic stoping. With remote sensing xenoliths have been mapped and measured and the results show that magmatic stoping is an abundant process and not something to be dismissed.

This thesis discusses the effects of basal friction and basement configuration on the deformation of the fold-and-thrust belts in convergent zones. A series of analogue models were conducted with adjacent different basal configuration and frictional properties to observe and gain a better understanding of these basal effects and their interactions. The results from these side-by-side systematic models demonstrate that the kinematics and geometry of the deformation wedges are strongly influenced by the mechanical and geometrical basal effects. In these experiments, high accuracy laser scanner and digital camera were used to record the evolution of the surface topography of the deformed sand packs. Comparison between models with different basal friction shows that the basal friction plays a significant role on the propagation and topography of the deformation structures in aspects such as wedge height, taper angle, number of imbricates and deformation front. The models with a basal viscous material, which acts as low friction substrate, illustrates that the propagation of deformation above viscous material is faster and further than above the adjacent mechanically different frictional decollement. In the experiments with a moving plate under the part of the sand pack, the velocity discontinuity was introduced by either rigid, i.e. frontal edge of the metal plate, or deformable like distal end of the viscous materials. The results of these kinds of experiments, applicable to for example basement faults, salt decollements and tectonic underplating simulations, illustrate that the deformation localizes and develops continuously above the velocity discontinuities. Besides, the different rate and distance of the propagation of deformation fronts caused by different substrate distribution between the adjacent zones also lead to the formation of transpressive zones at the boundary of these adjacent domains with different basal friction/configurations.

We report on a partial varanopid skull and mandible from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group, in the South African Karoo Basin, which is probably latest Middle Permian (Capitanian) in age. This mycterosaurine is not only the youngest known varanopid from the Southern Hemisphere, but it is also the youngest known “pelycosaur” (i.e., non-therapsid synapsid). Like all other members of this clade of hypercarnivores, the teeth are strongly flattened, recurved, and have finely serrated cutting edges. The anterior dentary teeth form a caniniform region, and the splenial features a foramen intermandibularis oralis, the first ever to be described in a “pelycosaur.” The last varanopids were the smallest carnivores of latest Middle Permian continental faunas. Occupation of the small carnivore guild appears to have allowed varanopids to achieve a nearly cosmopolitan distribution throughout the Middle Permian, between the great Early Permian radiation of basal synapsids and the spectacular diversification of therapsid synapsids in the Late Permian and Early Triassic.

This report is the first presentation of the project 'Falun above from Falun under' and comprises two reports on ongoing work within the project and two individual articles on dating wood from older parts of the mine and buildings. The main aims of the project were to reconstruct the landscape surrounding Falu Copper mine before mining activity started and to determine how increasing activity in the area affected the environment, and whether this could be measured as a indicator of increasing human impact in the area., "Falun ovan från Falun under"; Världsarvets världar

Arthropods have a rich fossil record spanning the Phanerozoic. Biomineralized forms such as the extinct trilobites are particularly common and are proven index fossils for biostratigraphy. Forms with an unmineralized cuticle are more rare, preserved only in so called konservat lagerstätten. Cambrian strata of Greenland have yielded rich trilobite faunas with potential for intercontinental correlation of Cambrian strata, but also an exceptionally preserved fauna, the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte. The first part of this thesis is concerned with trilobite biotratigraphy of the provisional Cambrian Series 2 in Greenland. The second part is concerned with exceptionally preserved arthropods from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, but also from 'Orsten' deposits from the Cambrian of Sweden. Perissopyge phenax occurs in the Henson Gletscher and Paralleldal formations spanning the Series 2 and 3 boundary interval in North Greenland. It also occurs in the Sekwi Formation of Yukon Territory, demonstrating that the species may hold potential for correlation within Laurentia. An indeterminate species of Perissopyge is shown to occur in the Ella Island Formation of North-East Greenland together with Olenellus cf. hanseni, which is similar to Olenellus cf. truemani described from the Henson Gletscher Formation. If this correlation is further corroborated it would offer a first tie-point for the An t'Sron Formation of North-West Scotland which yields Fritzolenellus lapworthi, herein reported for the first time from the Bastion Formation which underlies the Ella Island Formation. Oelandocaris oelandica from ‘Orsten’ deposits in the Cambrian series 3 and 4 boundary interval in Sweden is an early representative of the Crustacean stem lineage. Kiisortoqia avannaarsuensis is a new arthropod from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte with robust antennulae strikingly similar to the 'raptorial' limb of the problematic anomalocaridids. The ventral morphology of the 'bivalved' Isoxys volucris is described

Denna rapport är en presentation av jordartsgeologin i området runt Västra Skälby, väster om Västerås. Rapporten baseras på litteraturstudier och besök i fält vid de arkeologiska utgrävningarna i samband med de arkeologiska slutundersökningarna under 2006, där utgrävningar genomfördes av Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (SAU). Platsen Västra Skälby ligger på många sätt i klassisk kvartärgeologisk mark, med tanke på hela Mälardalsregionen, där det finns slättområden uppbyggda av finsediment som lera vilket ger speciella förutsättningar för det arkeologiska utgrävningsarbetet och bevarandeförhållanden. Det undersökta området har helt legat under havsytan efter senaste istidens avslutning (Weichsel) och sedimentation av finsediment har skett i akvatisk miljö. Därför domineras jordartsgeologin av postglaciala och glaciala leror. Undersökningen riktar in sig på ett antal frågor. Dels är det utbredningen av jordarter i landskapet. Dels handlade det om frågor kring landskapets geologiska förutsättningar, jordarternas utnyttjande och olika markfenomen som komplicerade bilden av de anläggningar som hittades. Syftet med undersökningen har inte varit en fördjupad analys och presentation av geologin runt lokalerna Västra Skälby, utan mer en övergripande genomgång av kvartärgeologin på utgrävningsplatsen, samt att ge en övergripande bild av jordarterna och att förklara de geologiska förutsättningarna för de förhistoriska lämningar som hittats i samband med den arkeologiska utgrävningen. Beskrivning av jordarter och arbetsmetodik i fält följer den metodik som tidigare utnyttjats vid Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning vid kartläggning i södra Sverige i skala 1:50 000 (SGU, 1983). Indelningen av jordarter och kornstorleksgränser är enligt de beskrivningar som gjorts till de geologiska kartbladen från Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (bl.a. SGU, 1983) och enligt Sveriges Geotekniska Förening (SGF, 1981). Eftersom kartläggningen av berg- och jordartsgeologin utförs efter kartbladsind, Särskild arkeologisk undersökning

Särksild Arkeologisk Undersökning, Västra Skälby

The interpretation of pedicle soft tissue preservation in a unique brachiopodspecimen of Wenlock (Silurian) age from Herefordshire, western England, is re-assessed. Bethia serraticulma, assigned originally to the Orthida, is more probably a member of the Strophomenida (Plectambonitoidea). The supposed pedicle structure is more plausibly a weakly mineralised pedicle sheath, which is a common morphological and functional development in the early ontogeny of a number of Palaeozoic brachiopod lineages.

Denna rapport är en presentation av jordartsgeologin i området runt Västra Skälby, väster om Västerås. Rapporten baseras på litteraturstudier och besök i fält vid de arkeologiska utgrävningarna i samband med de arkeologiska slutundersökningarna under 2006, där utgrävningar genomfördes av Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis (SAU). Platsen Västra Skälby ligger på många sätt i klassisk kvartärgeologisk mark, med tanke på hela Mälardalsregionen, där det finns slättområden uppbyggda av finsediment som lera vilket ger speciella förutsättningar för det arkeologiska utgrävningsarbetet och bevarandeförhållanden. Det undersökta området har helt legat under havsytan efter senaste istidens avslutning (Weichsel) och sedimentation av finsediment har skett i akvatisk miljö. Därför domineras jordartsgeologin av postglaciala och glaciala leror. Undersökningen riktar in sig på ett antal frågor. Dels är det utbredningen av jordarter i landskapet. Dels handlade det om frågor kring landskapets geologiska förutsättningar, jordarternas utnyttjande och olika markfenomen som komplicerade bilden av de anläggningar som hittades. Syftet med undersökningen har inte varit en fördjupad analys och presentation av geologin runt lokalerna Västra Skälby, utan mer en övergripande genomgång av kvartärgeologin på utgrävningsplatsen, samt att ge en övergripande bild av jordarterna och att förklara de geologiska förutsättningarna för de förhistoriska lämningar som hittats i samband med den arkeologiska utgrävningen. Beskrivning av jordarter och arbetsmetodik i fält följer den metodik som tidigare utnyttjats vid Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning vid kartläggning i södra Sverige i skala 1:50 000 (SGU, 1983). Indelningen av jordarter och kornstorleksgränser är enligt de beskrivningar som gjorts till de geologiska kartbladen från Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (bl.a. SGU, 1983) och enligt Sveriges Geotekniska Förening (SGF, 1981). Eftersom kartläggningen av berg- och jordartsgeologin utförs efter kartbladsind

Ingår i projekt1?Ingår i projektOm publikationen ingår i ett projekt, ange projektets namn. För att ange flera projekt, klicka på Ytterligare projekt.x, Lövstaholm. Boplatslämningar från yngre Bronsålder-folkvandringstid utmed Samnan, Arkeologi E4

Hólarransöknin (Hólar project)

We present and interpret the results of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at 35 stations in and beside the Zagros Mountain belt, SW Iran, for three campaigns ending March 1998, December 1999 and June 2001. Preliminary motion estimates show clearly the change in character along the strike of the belt. Stations to the SE move at 13–22 ± 3 mm a–1 towards N 7 ± 5°E with respect to Eurasia. Most of the shortening indicated by the GPS velocities seems to occur in the SE Zagros along two major seismic zones and along the Zagros front. To the NW, stations move oblique to the trend of the belt towards N 12 ± 8°W, at 14–19 ± 3 mm a–1. Most of the shortening in the NW Zagros seems to occur along the Mountain Front Fault with its major earthquakes as well as along the Zagros front. The change in direction and magnitude of the velocity vectors across the north–south-trending Kazerun and Karebas faults involves extension of up to 4 mm a–1 along the strike of the Zagros belt.