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Polarisation and modal behaviour are compared for very low threshold oxide confined and airgap confined vertical cavity lasers. Although both structures have nearly identical optical models leading to the same stable fundamental mode emission up to many times threshold, they show very different polarisation behaviours. Predetermined polarisation up to 18 times threshold is achieved for the oxide confined vertical cavity lasers.

The authors demonstrate the first intracavity quantum-well photodetector within a VCSEL. Minimal spontaneous emission is detected by the internal detector. The effective responsivity is as high as 9 A/W; the dark current is

The authors report the first demonstration of a VCSEL with GHz-range self-pulsations using a quantum-well saturable absorber. Negative differential resistance in the saturable absorber was observed, which can lead to bistable operation or self-pulsations under a range of user-controlled conditions. Self-pulsation frequencies up to 2 GHz with an RF linewidth