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Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of craniofacial injuries in victims of fatal road traffic accidents, observed through autopsies conducted at Midnapore Medical College, West Midnapore from January 2021 to December 2023. Methods: It is a retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. Data were collected through a comprehensive analysis of post-mortem reports documenting injuries in alleged road traffic accident cases where victims sustained craniofacial injuries. The study covered a period of three years, from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2023. The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Conclusion: The study underscores the need for context-specific interventions to address the unique injury patterns observed in road traffic accidents in West Midnapore. Enhancing road infrastructure, increasing traffic safety awareness, and promoting the use of protective measures like seat belts and helmets can significantly reduce the incidence of severe craniofacial injuries. The high prevalence of maxillofacial fractures highlights the vulnerability of the face, with substantial long-term physical and psychological repercussions. Effective prevention strategies, including stringent traffic regulations and awareness campaigns about the dangers of distracted or impaired driving, are essential. Despite its limitations, this study offers valuable insights into the patterns of craniofacial injuries in fatal accidents, emphasizing the need for improved road safety measures, stricter traffic laws, and enhanced post-accident care. Interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, law enforcement, and policymakers is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies to manage and prevent these injuries. By analysing regional injury characteristics and comparing them with findings from other studies, this research contributes to a broader understanding of craniofacial trauma. The findings have significant implications for improving road safety, trauma care, and forensic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of two-wheelers is experiencing a notable surge, particularly evident in developing countries, attributed to their economical price points and widespread accessibility. Their compact dimensions, manoeuvrability, and user-friendly nature have solidified their status as among the most prevalent forms of transportation worldwide. In the context of this study, we undertook a comprehensive examination of spinal injuries observed in post-mortem assessments of individuals involved in motorized two-wheeler accidents. Our findings underscore a significant trend: cervical spine injuries emerge as the most prevalent type of injury across both helmeted and non-helmeted riders. This analysis sheds light on the critical importance of understanding the specific injury patterns associated with two-wheeler accidents, serving as a foundational resource for informing public policy initiatives aimed at enhancing safety measures and mitigating the risks associated with this increasingly prevalent mode of transportation. By elucidating the prevalence and characteristics of spinal injuries in such incidents, this research contributes valuable insights towards fostering safer road environments and reducing the toll of two-wheeler accidents on individuals and communities worldwide. It is intended that the data provided by this study would serve to cover the information gap in this area and contribute to known facts, facilitating policy planning and guiding necessary measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accident is one of the major avoidable public health problems and is on the rise which can be attributed to increase in the number of vehicles, daily life changes, nasty tendency of violating traffic rules, anarchic traffic system and risky approach. It is a matter of national concern, in view of its extent and gravity and the subsequent negative impacts on the economy, public health and the general wellbeing of the people. The aim of this study was to know the pattern of injuries in victims of fatal road traffic accidents. Material & Method: The present study was a prospective, cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at the tertiary healthcare centre in southern Haryana. Total of 75 cases of fatal road traffic accident cases were enrolled during one year of study period. The basic information about the deceased like age, gender, mode of travel of victim was obtained from investigating officer narration and inquest papers. During autopsy, detailed examination of injuries was carried out and the autopsy findings were recorded and analyzed. Results: It was observed that out of 75 cases male outnumbered female in ratio 5.25:1. Majority of the victims belonged to age group 21-30 year (26.7%). Among the external injuries, abrasions were most common followed by lacerations. It was also observed that majority of the victims had intracranial hemorrhage (60%) followed by rib fracture (41.3%) and 17.3% of the victims had pelvis fracture. Conclusion: From the present study it was concluded that road traffic accidents were more common in the younger age group and two wheeler occupants followed by pedestrians were most vulnerable to road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An essential and necessary component of any investigation into a sudden, suspicious death is the medico-legal autopsy. It's critical to understand the profile of medico-legal autopsy cases in order to ascertain the mortality rate from non-natural causes in a given area and addressing the demographic requirements in accordance with the region's unique mortality statistics. Material & Method: The present study was a retrospective study of autopsies performed at a tertiary care centre in southern Haryana, from January 2018 to December 2023. During this period a total of 886 medico legal autopsies were conducted. Relevant information and subjective data like age, gender, marital status & manner of death have been collected from medico legal autopsy register from January 2018 to December 2023. Results: It was observed that out of 886 cases male outnumbered females in ratio 2.06:1. Majority of the victims belonged to the age group 21-30 years. Majority of the deaths occurred due to poisoning (n=264, 29.79%), followed by road traffic accidents 26.74%. Conclusion: Majority of cases were in the 3rd decade of life, males outnumbered females. Poisoning and road traffic accidents were the leading cause of death. Public attention, awareness, preventive and remedial strategies should be undertaken to reduce similar incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several previous studies have questioned on the applicability of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for patients with old age having Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of GCS in diagnosing TBI in relation to elderly people. Materials and Method: A prospective study was performed involving 558 patients with brain injury out of that 126 had TBI. The GCS was assessed and compared with patients after dividing them into different age groups. Logistic regression was performed after adjusting for addition classical factors influencing the GCS like sex, Abbreviated Injury Scores (AIS) and mode of injury. Results: We found a continuously increasing trend for GCS score with age of the patients having TBI. The similar trend was noted at all the level of severity. Logistic regression has shown a significant trend after adjusting for patients' sex and mode of injury. However, level and height of the fall are the determining factors. GCS score increases significantly after the age of 44. Conclusion: Greater weightage should be given to the age of the patients and the level and mode of injury to patients with TBI during the screening procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road Traffic Accidents (RTA's) constitute a significant public health problem, they are rising in an alarming rate and causing increased morbidity and mortality among people. Motor vehicle accidents are complex events resulting primarily from human, technical, and environmental contributing factors. That is the reason, road traffic accidents are creating the burden for people related to mortality and morbidity. Objectives: The following study analyses the following: 1) Age and sex distribution of the deceased in RTA. 2) Month and Time of occurrence of RTA. 3) Pattern of injury sustained in RTA. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted for a period of three month (October 2022-December 2022), in cases of road traffic accidents brought for autopsy at tertiary care teaching hospital, Madurai. All the data regarding the age, sex, month, time and place of occurrence, type and site of injuries and outcome are collected based on autopsy report. Data was analysed using standard statistical method. Results: Of the total 330 road traffic accidents cases, 81.8% cases were males, 18.2% females. Majority of the victims were in the age group of 41-50 years (21%), Urban victims found to be on the highest side (77.2%), compared to Rural victims 22.8%. Most of the RTA happened during the month of NOVEMBER (38.2%) and during the time period between 2 PM and 1 0PM (40.6%). Head injuries contributes the most common injury pattern (60.7%) compared to other pattern of injury. Conclusion: The present study concluded that head injuries were the most common injury pattern in RTAs and it is the main factor for death. Proper awareness about usage of helmets, punishment regarding drunk & driving and rash driving among the common people will help to reduce the mortality due to Road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accidents are preventable public health issues and are becoming more common. These accidents can be linked to a number of factors, including an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, changes in daily life, a nasty habit of breaking traffic laws, anarchic traffic systems, and risky driving practices. Thoraco-abdominal injury in different forms is one of the major causes of mortality in the victims of fatal road traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to know the pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries in victims of fatal road traffic accident cases. Material & Method: The present study was conducted at the tertiary healthcare centre in southern Haryana. Total of 75 cases of fatal road traffic accident cases were enrolled during one year of study period. The basic information about the deceased like age, gender, mode of travel of the victim was obtained from investigating officer narration and inquest papers. During autopsy, detailed examination of injuries was carried out and the autopsy findings were recorded and analyzed. Results: It was observed that out of 75 cases male outnumbered females in ratio 5.25:1. Majority of the victims belonged to the age group 21-30 years. The commonest injury of the thoracic region was rib fracture (41.3%). It was also observed that 17.3% of victims had pelvic fracture. Conclusion: Human error is a major contributing factor to fatal RTAs, which can be avoided in many cases. A more stringent licensing policy, particularly for four-wheelers, increased knowledge of traffic laws, the reduction of drug abuse and an appropriate road network that is in line with traffic volume can help to reduce the number of fatal road traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In casualty, Casualty Medical Officers come across a maximum number of Medico-legal cases. Any case where the doctor feels that it should be investigated by the Police or a Magistrate is considered as Medico legal case. As it is a Medico legal case, there will be an inquiry by the investigating officer and if needed an Investigating officer may require a report of that case to produce to the court. The doctor who has issued report can be called to the court to give the evidence regarding that case. Identifying the pattern of injuries, types of cases, age-wise distribution, and sex distribution of Medico-legal cases reported to the casualty department of the hospital will help administrators, social workers, NGO's, and policymakers to successfully manage and prevent such cases by devising necessary policies. A retrospective study was conducted at Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. All the reported cases to casualty between April 2022 and March 2023 at ESIC Medical College, Kalaburagi were analyzed. Total of 452 Medico-legal cases were analyzed which were attended in casualty in span of one year out of total 11288 Casualty cases. In that 344 were male and 108 female patients. In the present study, the maximum MLCs were Road Traffic Accidents, followed by assault, poisoning and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over the last few decades, road accidents have become one of the biggest problems worldwide. Despite improved road infrastructure and potential measures to address the problem, developing countries are experiencing an alarming increase in morbidity and mortality from accidents for pedestrians, drivers, and passengers. Most of the cars involved in accidents involved pedestrians and passengers. Pillion riders are the most common. To find ways to prevent these traffic accidents, this study aims to identify many types and patterns in pedestrian, driver, and passenger accidents. Aim: To understand the pattern of Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents and to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. Method: 1085 instances in all were utilized for the investigation, and information was gathered from the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences Emergency Department, records, and police records for the six months from October 2022 to March 2023. Result: Male Pillion Riders of the group of 15-35 years without wearing Safety precautions and having been drunk were most common among the affected. Conclusion: Education, adherence to traffic regulations, road improvement, and instruction on safety precautions like wearing helmets or seat belts while traveling can minimize the risk associated with RTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aortic rupture is one of the most important life-threatening conditions. Aortic rupture can occur by several causes, including trauma and spontaneous rupture. Case Details: A 62-year-old man was brought for an autopsy examination in a mortuary with a history of road traffic accidents. As per history revealed by the police and relatives, the deceased was a retired army officer and was driving a car. Autopsy Finding: The deceased was an elderly male. On external examination, the deceased sustained multiple reddish abraded contusions over the chest and both sides of the chest. On opening the thorax, the following injuries were present. Fracture of sternum was present at junction of body and manubrium associated with extravasations of blood in surrounding area. Multiple fracture of bilateral ribs associated with extravasations of blood in surrounding area. Discussion: All aortic segments are prone to rupture following sudden blunt trauma. In various studies it is found that 92% of aortic rupture occur at isthmus followed by arch of aorta (4%) followed by ascending aorta (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic accidents are considered one of the important general health concerns, as they result in numerous injuries and deaths worldwide. India is a developing nation which experiences very high rate of such accidents. This study was planned to study the sociodemographic profile of victims of fatal RTAs involving different types of vehicles, so as to widen the database for developing the preventive measures that could reduce morbidity and mortality in such cases. A retrospective study was conducted on one hundred cases of road traffic accidents brought for medicolegal autopsy to mortuary of Pt. B.D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak over a period of one year. Their age, gender, region and other socioeconomic factors were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular trauma is one of the devastating types of injuries . Despite this fact, there is an obvious deficiency in the educational sessions for vascular surgeons concerning the appropriate medicolegal dealing with such injuries. Aim: To highlight the role of vascular limb trauma during present scenario with the medicolegal and clinical findings. Methods: A 5-years retrospective study with a follow up period of 2 years studying the data of peripheral vascular injuries at three specialized trauma centre with special emphasize on the cause, the type, and the outcome of this trauma. Obtained data were statistically analysed using the SPSS computer program (version 23). Results: This study included 1550 trauma patients (987 males and 563 females) who presented with peripheral vascular injuries. The patients' age ranged from < 3 years to >70 years. There was a significant association between the age and the circumstances of trauma. The most encountered causative mechanisms were traffic accidents (45.7%) and firearms (21.7%). There was no significant association between outcome and age (p = 0.114) or circumstances of trauma (p = 0.208). There was a highly significant association between the outcome and the duration of hospital stay (p < 0.001). Lower limb injuries were higher in frequency than upper limb injuries (n = 286 and 123) respectively. Upper and lower limbs arterial injuries had a significantly higher frequency rate than the venous injuries. Ulnar artery and brachial vein injuries was the most frequently encountered upper limb arterial and venous trauma, while the femoral artery and the deep femoral vein were found to be the most affected lower limb vessels. Bone injuries were the most frequently accompanying injuries (44.6% of total cases). Conclusion: As any sort of injury may possess medical and lawful perspectives, medicolegal investigations have very important position when studying trauma cases, going hand in hand with the clinical aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study was conducted to know, pattern and distribution of intracranial haemorrhage in fatal head injuries in RTAs along with victim's age and sex and survival period. In addition, an attempt was also made to know the cause of death. Methodology: The present study was both retrospective and prospective study. The study material comprised of 75 victims of RTA cases, who were admitted and died in Basaveshwara teaching and general Hospital, MRMC, Gulbarga and subsequently autopsied, during the 3 year period from May 2011 to April 2014. Results: In this study, males outnumbered females in the ratio 2.9:1. Age group most commonly involved was 21 - 30 years (24%). Most of the victims died < 24 hours following accident (58.66%). Most common victims involved were motor cycle occupants (37.33%). Intracranial haemorrhage was present in maximum number of victims (58.67%), followed by lung injuries (33.33%). Subdural haemorrhage was seen in majority of cases (38.67%). Intracranial injuries alone were responsible for death in 57.33% followed by hemorrhagic shock in 36%.). Conclusion: RTA's are the penalty paid by us for rapid transportation and have become the commonest cause of unnatural deaths. The rise in the number of fast moving vehicles, semi-skilled drivers, drunken drivers, congested and ill-maintained roads has led to the increase in the number of RTA's. Intracranial injury was the most common finding in the study. It was observed that in majority of cases, intracranial injury contributed either directly or indirectly to death especially with skull fracture. Hence stricter implementation of traffic rules and promotion of road safety measures by the concerned authority viz. the use of helmets and seatbelts, avoidance of over speeding, using footpaths, etc. is the need of the hour. It also highlights the need of emergency trauma services at site of the occurrence for reducing morbidity and mortality in such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The profile of medico-legal autopsy cases is crucial to determining the mortality rates in a specific location owing to new causes and also aids in addressing the demographic demands in accordance with those rates. Materials and Methods: The present study is a retrospective study of autopsies performed at Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VCSGGIMS & R, Srikot, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2021. During this period a total of 156 autopsy cases were conducted. Relevant information and subjective data like age, sex, marital status & manner of death have been collected from medico legal autopsy register. Results: Out of 156 cases analysed, maximum number of autopsies were in the age group of 21-30 years with 41 cases (26.28%) andmajority of were males 119 (76.2%). Accidents accounted (58.3%), suicide (24.3%) and sudden death (17.3%) cases. Maximum number of deaths were due to road traffic accidents with 82 cases (52.5%) followed by natural death with 27 cases (17.3%). Conclusion: In our study we found that majority of cases were in 3rd and 4th decade of life, majority cases were males as compared to females, and Hindus being majority in number formed bulk of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor vehicle collisions usually result in consequences like property damage, injury and death. It causesfinancial losses to the victim himself, families of the victim and to the country. Traffic collision often results in injury, death or property damage. Purpose: The objective of the research is to provide a better understanding on motor vehicle accidents that occurred in the time span of 2008-2017 in Karnataka. Procedure: The data obtained was secondary data from report of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and CEIC Data Global Database website. This data was then categorised under India Premium Database's Automobile Sector-table IN.RAF018: Road Accidents: Karnataka. Conclusion: From the data obtained it is seen that the rate of Motor vehicle accidents in Karnataka is still growing at a rapid pace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In March 2020, the world health organization declared COVID-19 a world wide pandemic. Countries introduced public health measures to contain and reduce its spread. The effect of mandated societal lockdown to reduce the transmission of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on road traffic accidents is not known. For this we performed an in-depth analysis singdata of emergency and trauma centre UPUMS, Saifai. As most of the manpower was involved in managing Covid patients directly or indirectly, it was a challenge to manage these mass casualty patients who require intensive care as well as Medicolegal documentation, record keeping, Consent for life saving procedures in absence of Relatives. Materials and Methods: We reviewed data on total 2876 road traffic accident records in UPUMS, Saifai from January 1, 2020 through September 30, 2020. We treated March 20th as the first day of mandated societal lock down and 1st July as the first day of re-opening. Results: We have found that the reis increase in road traffic accidents resulting in serious or fatal injuries during lockdown and post-lockdown period. There was increased Medicolegal burden in spite of the decreased medical resources, manpower as most of manpower and resources were being utilized for covid patients. Conclusion: Road traffic accidents are a prominent contributor to hospitalization and may negatively impact the existing hospital resources directed towards COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The head is a common site of trauma in road accidents, and despite safety initiatives, the mortality rate for head injuries has not decreased. Despite the existence of a mandatory helmet law, both mortality and morbidity rates are on the rise. Head injuries are also associated with injuries to the neck, spine, stomach, abdomen, and pelvic cavity. Objectives: To study different patterns and distribution of skull fractures in different kinds of road accidents. Methods: In the Department of Forensic Medicine at Osmania General Hospital 4,213 post-mortem Examinations were carried out during the period (August 2019 to January 2021. In 784 cases, death was attributed to Road Traffic Accidents. Head injury was present in 634 cases. In 471 cases out of 784, skull fractures were found. The data has been collected from PME reports and inquest reports, relatives and friends of the deceased. Results: Most frequently noted type of fracture is fissured in 59.8% of the cases. Injuries in RTA's are almost always due to blunt force on cranial vault. Highest number of fractures are seen in temporal 100 (21%), Fractures occurring in cranial vault alone is 336(71.3%), BOS alone is 28(5.94%). Fractures extending into BOS are 308(65.3%). In the base of skull, overall highest frequency of fracture is found in MCF (alone in BOS) with 109 (23.1%), then in PCF (alone in BOS) is 71 (15%), least in ACF 39(8.28%). Only fracture MCF in all over skull is seen in 11(2.33%) cases, PCF 11(2.33%) cases. Conclusion: Commonest fracture of skull in road traffic accidents is the fissured fracture in the cranial vault, mostly in temporal bone. Fractures of cranial vault most frequently extend to middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa till foramen magnum which are responsible for immediate deaths. Victims who survived till hospital admission are almost half in number. Strict enforcement of road safety regulations and improving emergency medical services may prevent untimely deaths and disabilities caused by RTAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Health Organization defined accidents as "an unexpected, unplanned occurrence which may involve injury". Only 28 countries, covering 7% of the world's population, have comprehensive road safety laws on all five key risk factors: drinking and driving, speeding, and failing to use helmets, seat-belts, and child restraints as per the global status report on Road Safety 2013 by World Health Organization1. India is undergoing major economic and demographic transition coupled with increasing urbanization and motorization. Injuries on roads, at homes, and in the workplace have increased due to lack of safety-related policies and programs. The health sector bears the maximum brunt in terms of provision of acute care, and short-term and long term rehabilitation service. This study describes profile of motorcyclists' victims in road traffic accidents observation done and they were compared with the previous studies. This study was conducted toanalyzethe sociodemographic profile of motorcycle crashes among total cases of RTA.During study period, a total number of 22618 patients were admitted to trauma centre, from which 10564 were road traffic accident cases, from which 25 % were two wheeler clashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casualty department of any hospital is an important area, because most of the medical emergencies and almost all medico legal cases report first to causality of hospital. The prime duty of doctor is to treat and save the life of patient, however once stabilizedthe same doctor has to carry out exhaustive documentation of medico legal cases. This puts on extra burden on duty Doctor. The present study is carried out with a view to understand the pattern and magnitude of Medico legal cases in this region. Two years retrospective data was collectedbetween 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019 from the casualty, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga. Study revealed that Poisoning (40.04%) constituted majority of medico legal cases followed by road traffic accidents (31.12%) with male preponderance (3.32:1); majority of victims were between 21-30 years (32.5%); large number of victims were urban inhabitants (57.4%); most of the cases were from Hindu community (90.4%); majority of cases (58.9%) reported to casualty within 1 hour from the time of incidence;maximum number of cases (40.50%) were reported between 6 pm - 12 am of the day; maximum number of cases was treated on the IPD basis (64.30%);more number of MLC was reported in month of August (48 cases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present cross-sectional study was carried out in Apex Medical centre at Nagpur to determine the pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries in road traffic accident. Two-wheeler riders were the commonest type of victims of thoraco-abdominal injuries followed by pedestrian. Motorised two-wheelers was the commonest type of victim’s vehicle in contrast to heavy motor vehicle (HMV-truck/bus) as the commonest type of offending vehicle of thoraco-abdominal injuries in road traffic accident. Thorax region was more commonly involved than abdominal region in thoraco-abdominal injuries with abrasion as the commonest type of external injury followed by contusion and laceration. Fracture of ribs was the commonest internal injury in thoracic region followed by injury to lungs in comparison to injury to liver in abdominal region. Laceration was the commonest type of injury in all thoraco-abdominal organs except kidneys and bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic in India has started from the month of March when many cases were tested positive for novel coronavirus. The high infectivity of the disease led many governments to impose strict lockdown with the aim of limiting its spread. To restrict its spread and save the people of India our government has also imposed strict nationwide lockdown in a phase wise manner. Though the lockdown was imposed to restrict the spread of COVID 19 but it had severe undesirable impact on the socio-economical and psychological status of the people especially of low to medium income groups involved in private jobs. The aim of this study was to study the cases of autopsied unnatural deaths with special emphasis to find out the correlation between demographic pattern of deceased with the lockdown. In this study we have analysed the 961 cases of autopsied unnatural deathsin the mortuary of Department of Forensic Medicine, NBMCH, Darjeeling, West Bengal from the first day of lockdown up to the month of September (24th March 2020 to September 2020). All data were analysed by appropriate statistical tolls like SPSS software. In this study we found that male (66.4%) predominated over the females and most of the cases belongs to adult age group (44.27%). Persons involved in private jobs (44%) were more severely affected compared to the government jobs and cases of suicidal deaths (45.7%) rises but cases of deaths due to road traffic accidents (13.9%) drastically reduced during lockdown period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head injury is defined as sudden injury due to an external force that affects the functioning of brain. It may be either caused by sudden blow or impact (closed head injury) or by an object penetrating the skull (Penetrating injury). The common causes of head injury include road traffic accidents, fall from height and assault. The mortality from head injury is reported to be between 1-2% of death from all the causes. Not only it is one of the major causes of death in young adults but also may cause permanent disability in survivors. The importance of head injury as a public health problem cannot be overstated. In the studies of Road Traffic accidents provide valuable data for implementing effective emergency services to reduce the trauma related mortality and strengthening legal measures in peak hours of fatal accidents. We aimed to study, pattern of injuries especially cranio- cerebral injuries occurring in vehicular accidents. Patients case records with history of head injury and MLC records of victims of road traffic accident reported to Saveetha hospital, Chennai from 1st Jan 2019 to 31st Dec 2019 period were analysed retrospectively. Out of total 1846 Road Traffic Accidents cases reported to Emergency Medicine department, Saveetha Medical college hospital, Chennai, 10.40% cases had history of head injury. The male/female ratio was 9:1. Commonest age group affected was between 21-40 years involving 126 (65.62%n=192) cases. Fatal traumatic brain injuries were seen in 178 (92.70%, n=192) cases. Amongst 192 head injury cases, scalp injury noted in 167 (86.97%) cases, most common bone fractured was temporal bone 94(48.95%), followed by other bone parts. The commonest variety of intracranial haemorrhage was subdural haemorrhage 173 (n=192, 90.10%) followed by Subarachnoid haemorrhage and Extradural haemorrhage. In 26 (13.54%) patients of head injury, craniotomy surgery was done. The timings between 3PM to 6PM showed the highest number of cases accounting to 61.7% of the cases followed by 26.0% of cases between 6PM to 9PM. The two-wheeler accidents accounted for 69.9% of the head injury cases followed by that due to other vehicles (16.7%) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the strict implementation of helmet rule the number of head injuries due to road traffic accidents has subsequently decreased, but injuries sustained to thoracic and abdominal regions are still on the rise. Because of their size and anatomical position, they are major regions of trauma in road traffic accidents. This post mortem study of profile of thoraco-abdominal injuries, type, pattern and nature of external and internal injuries involved, was an attempt to highlight the trends & pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in Mangalore city. Material and Methods: Present study was a retrospective, autopsy-record based study of thoraco-abdominal injuries sustained in fatal road traffic accidents. Details of deceased individuals such as age, sex, information furnished by the police in the inquest papers (form 146 (i) & (ii)), autopsy findings, investigation reports if any and cause of death were noted in proforma. Results: During study period among 4271 cases 859 cases (20%) were due to road traffic accidents. Out of these 859 cases of road traffic accidents 247 cases (29%) sustained thoraco-abdominal injuries. 38.5% cases happened on city roads & pedestrians were most common victims (45.8%). Most common injuries were fractures of ribs (60%), followed by injuries to lungs (37%) cases and injuries to heart (23%). Crush injuries were observed in 6% of cases. There were 136 (55%) cases of internal abdominal injuries, most common organ injured was liver (38%), followed by spleen (17%) & abdominal wall (14%). Among the 247 cases, most common cause of death was head injury (47%) followed by thoraco- abdominal injury (20%), head injury and thoracic injury (8%), only thoracic injury (7%), abdominal injury (6%). Conclusion: Most fatal accidents were reported on city roads, in summer season and cause of death was head injury followed by thoraco-abdominal injuries. Ribs, lungs and Liver were the organs most commonly injured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the strict implementation of helmet rule the number of head injuries due to road traffic accidents has subsequently decreased, but injuries sustained to thoracic and abdominal regions are still on the rise. This post mortem study of profile of thoraco-abdominal injuries, type, pattern and nature of external and internal injuries involved will be an attempt to highlight the trends of mortality due to thoracoabdominal injuries associated with road accidents in Mangalore city. Material and Methods: Present study was autopsy record based retrospective study conducted deaths associated with thoracic-abdominal injuries that have definite history of road traffic accidents. Results: From 247 deaths of RTA victims who sustained thoraco-abdominal injuries, most common age group was 20 – 29 (21.8%) years, male: female ratio was 5.6: 1. 21 % of cases were spot dead or dead on arrival to hospital, 60 % of cases died within 24 hours. 68.8% cases had thoracic trauma with signs of external injuries such as abrasions (60.7%), contusion (10.5%) and laceration (10.2%). External abdominal injuries were present on 54.2% cases, 48.9% cases had abrasion followed by contusion in 8.9% cases and laceration in 6.5% cases. 199 (80.6%) cases sustained internal injuries to thorax. Fractures of ribs were present on 59.5% cases. Injuries to lungs sustained in 37.2% cases and to heart in 22.6% cases. 136 (55.1%) cases of internal abdominal injuries, most common organ injured was liver (38%), followed by spleen (17%) & abdominal wall (14%). Among the 247 cases, cause of death in 47% cases was head injury followed by thoraco-abdominal injury (20%), head injury and thoracic injury (8%), only thoracic injury (7%), abdominal injury (6%). Conclusion: The present study maximum numbers of the victims were males, from age group of 20-39 years, reported on city roads, pedestrians, noted in summer season and cause of death was head injury followed by thoraco-abdominal injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims in road traffic accidents sustain large varieties of thoracic and abdominal injuries. This post mortem study of profile of thoraco-abdominal injuries, type, pattern and nature of external and internal injuries involved will be an attempt to highlight the trends in this region. This study is aimed to study socio-demographic profile of victims died due to fatal thoraco-abdominal injuries in road traffic accidents in Mangalore city. Material and Methods: Present study was a record based retrospective autopsy study carried autopsies that had thoraco-abdominal injuries sustained in fatal road traffic accidents. Results: 247 cases sustained thoraco-abdominal injuries in RTA were studied. The most common age group was 20 – 29 (21.8%) years followed by 30 -39 years (20.2%). Male victims (85.02%) were more compared to females (14.98%) and male: female ratio was 5.6: 1. Most cases were happened on city roads (38.5%) & pedestrians comprise the greatest number of victims involving 46% cases. 69% cases had thoracic trauma with signs of external injuries while external abdominal injuries were present on 54% cases. 199 (81%) cases sustained internal injuries to thorax. 55% cases were associated with external injuries of thorax and 26% cases are without external injuries. Most common injuries were fractures of ribs (60 %), injuries to lungs (38%) & injuries to heart (23%). There were 136 (55%) cases of internal abdominal injuries, most common organ injured was liver (38%), followed by spleen (17%) & abdominal wall (14%). Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to focus light upon socio-demographic profile of thoraco-abdominal injuries in fatal road traffic accidents. Maximum numbers of the victims in the present study were males (85 %) in the age group of 20-39 years (42%), reported in city roads (39%), during summer season. Maximum numbers of victims were pedestrians (46%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Street traffic accidents were a main community healthiness problematic particularly in low and middle-income countries, head injuries were found to be the most common injuries. Objectives: to identify the relationship of road traffic injuries with different associated factors. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted on 500 Road Traffic Accidents victims admitted to the emergency unit at Al-Sader Teaching General Hospital in Al Najaf Holy province-Iraq. Data collection was done using a pretested questionnaire. A medical team including neurosurgeon, medical, and orthopedics to identify the types (pattern) of cranio-cerebral injuries evaluated outcomes of the injury cases. Results: Most of the victims are males in their productive age, motorcycle is the most common cause of accidents, head injuries constituted the highest proportion (39.6%), the mortality rate was (13.6%), and unhealthy behaviors during driving were dominated. Conclusion: Cerebral contusions and skull fractures were the most common lesions among head injuries and trauma brain injuries victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a prospective study of fatal two wheelers accident cases brought at Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital & Post Graduate Institute, Puducherry. Amongst 118 cases, 79.66% were male whereas 20.33% were female. Highest numbers of victims were in the age group of 36-55 years, accounting for 45 (38.13%). There was a higher rate of head and neck injuries in the present study followed by head, neck & lower limb and head, neck & upper limb. Numbers of people who succumb to two wheeler accidents are on an increasing trend in India. Fatality rates among the people involved in RTA shows an alarming increase. It was observed that violating the traffic rules is found to be the major contributory factor and men and teenagers are the most common people involved in these accidents. Measures to prevent these accidents and decrease the mortality rates in these situations includes strict adherence to traffic rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wearing of turbans or head scarves is mandatory for practising Sikh men and women. Religious mandates stipulate that nothing may be placed on top of the turban (scarf), thus making it impossible for practicing Sikhs to wear protective motorcycle helmets. To honour the freedom of religious expression, many jurisdictions, including India, have exempted Sikhs from mandatory helmet laws. Despite studies into the efficacy of protective helmets while riding 'two-wheelers,' little is known about the protective potential of turbans. This paper represents a review of Indian literature (277 studies) related to head injuries sustained in road traffic accidents involving two-wheelers. This review shows that the extant literature is of limited value when trying to understand the extent of the protective potential of turbans and that systematic, evidence-based epidemiological studies derived from hospital admissions and forensic examinations are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: To know: i) The age and sex wise distribution of road traffic accidents (RTA) cases. ii) Pattern of limb injuries sustained. iii) Type of vehicle involved and speed of vehicle. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the department of F.M.T in association with the Department of Accident & Emergency, Department of Orthopaedics, and Department of Surgery of IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar. Duration of study June 2015-July 2017. Study type-cross sectional study. The number of cases were 200. Results: Of the 200 patients in the present study 90.5%(181) were males and only 9.5%(19) were females. Two wheelers were the most unsafe in the vehicles category involved in road traffic accidents (79.5%). Vehicle travelling between 60-80 km/hr are more susceptible (58%) to injury/accident. The most common injuries were laceration & fracture (30%). Right lower limb(38%) was mostly involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cause of unnatural deaths in females differ from that of males. Unnatural death is an intentional (hanging, poison ingestion) or unintentional death (road traffic accidents) as a result of external factors. The socioeconomic differences in lifestyle are associated with differences in attitudes towards life and hence accordingly the incidence of physical violence, suicides are encountered. There is an increasing incidence of traffic accidents among females in recent years, this may be a result of development in education and occupational opportunities for female sex. A total of 70 cases were analysed, in analysing religion 60 (85.71%) cases belong to Hindu religion. 62 (88.57%) cases were married, 55 (78.57%) cases were house wife, 49 (70%) cases were illiterate, 20 (28.57%)cases was seen in 61-70 years of age group, road traffic accidents 16 (22.85%) cases were noted. Distribution and causes of unnatural female deaths in present study is not similar to the pattern found in most of the other Indian studies The present study revealed that the unintentional trauma, mainly the road traffic accidents are responsible for unnatural deaths of females i.e pedestrian and pillion riders. This highlights the importance of timely interventions of road safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents are a counter product of modernization and hasty life and are considered as a modern day epidemic. A study was undertaken in Department of Forensic Medicine, G.M.C.H. to study of the pattern of injuries in the victims of road traffic accidents. An autopsy-based, purposive random sampling technique was applied to select the study sample of 150 post-mortem examination cases of road traffic accidents. The data collected during the study period was thoroughly analysed. Results showed that almost 90% (89.33%) of the victims were male. At least 44 (29.33%) victims were of 21-30 years which was the most common age group involved. Early detection of the injury and prompt treatment are necessary in saving the lives of many of these victims. So, it is clear that multidisciplinary approach is required to prevent deaths resulting from vehicular accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is a public health concern globally. Rapid urbanisation and increase in the number of motor vehicles, lack of discipline and violation of traffic regulations has led to a rapid rise in the deaths in vulnerable road users. A retrospective study was undertaken in the autopsy centre of a tertiary care hospital to observe the pattern and trends of deaths between 2013-2018 due to RTAs. Out of 248 RTA cases analysed in this study, 75.4% were male and 24.6% were female. The most vulnerable age group was 21-40 years in both two-wheeler and four-wheeler accidents while in pedestrians it was 41-50 years. High rate of accidents was seen during summer in afternoon in cases of pedestrians as well as motor vehicle occupants and in the evening after 6 PM in two-wheeler motorcyclists. Observation of the pattern of head injuries showed fracture of the skull was a common occurrence in two and four-wheeler accidents whereas a greater number of pedestrians reported no skull fracture. Non helmet users suffered higher mortality in the age group of 21-30 years. Subdural haemorrhage caused maximum deaths in two-wheeler motorcyclists and pedestrians while sub arachnoid haemorrhage was seen in four-wheeler accidents. Our study agreed with the WHO report of 2018 and various other studies from India and abroad. Increased number of fatalities was found to occur at a particular time of the day with seasonal preference. Two-wheeler motorcyclists without a helmet suffered maximum deaths. Real time analysis of data in various parts of the country would help in ensuring safe road user practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the widespread preventable cause of unnatural death is Road Traffic Accidents. A Retrospective cross sectional study of the sociodemographic profile of pillion riders being victims of Road traffic accidents, the circumstances leading to road traffic accidents, the pattern and severity of injuries of occurring in Chennai was conducted in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu. A total of 2438 cases of Road traffic accidents were recorded for a year (JAN2018-DEC2018). Out of which 62 cases (2.5%) of Road traffic accidents deals with the injuries of pillion riders. Among the pillion riders, Male outnumbered the Females(1.11 : 1). The most vulnerable age group was 21-30 years(50%). Most frequent of all is Head and Neck injuries and Injuries on the Upper limb. The information obtained can serve as a guide for better management of victims of Road traffic accidents and to establish Road safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head injuries are one of the leading cause of death worldwide as head being the most vulnerable part of the body. The present study was performed on 100 cases of road traffic accidents in which head injuries were present. In this study, males clearly outnumbered females. The highest incidents were seen in the age group 21 - 30 years (26%), followed by the age group 11 - 20 years (20%). In this study, special attention was given to the pattern and distribution of scalp injuries. Commonest scalp injury noticed in the present study was contusion, seen in 33% of cases, followed by lacerated wounds in 30% cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) constitute a significant health problem. They constitute the 8th leading cause of death. The aim of this study was to analyse road traffic accidents in Tirupati city and find out the pattern of injuries in drivers who were victims of fatal road traffic accidents. This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Forensic medicine, S.V Medical College, Tirupati during period 2016 to 2018. Specific findings regarding the injuries sustained to the drivers were noted. A total of 904 people were killed in RTA and were brought to the morgue for postmortem examination. Out of all victims 170 (18.80%) were drivers. Most common age group involved was 30 – 39 yrs. Most of the drivers were males. Polytrauma with lower limb injuries accounted for most common injury in drivers (40.35%) followed by head injury (19.29%) and thoracic injury (12.28%). This study has shown the vulnerability of the vehicle drivers to fatal injuries during RTA. Hence, there is a need for road safety awareness, usage of seat belts, strict enforcement of laws, maintaining vehicle fitness etc. to protect the vulnerable group of people, to decrease the associated morbidity, mortality and reduce the economic burden to the society/ country at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The profile of medico legal autopsy cases is important in order to know the death statistics in a region due to unnatural causes. The main objectives of the study were: a) To ascertain the various aspects of unnatural deaths, b) To analyze the probable reasons for the same & c) To find remedial measures to bring down the incidence. Materials and Method: The present study is a retrospective study of autopsies performed at GIMS, District Hospital, Kalaburagi, Karnataka from January 2018 to December 2018. During this period a total of 647 autopsy cases were conducted. Relevant information and subjective data like age, sex, marital status & manner of death have been collected from medicolegal autopsy register from January 2018 to December 2018. Results: Out of 647 cases analyzed, maximum number of autopsies were in the age group of 21-30 years with 204 cases(31.5%). Majority of victims were males 437(67.5%). Hindus were majority in number with 540 cases(83.4%), married were 432(66.8%) & unmarried were 215 cases(33.2%). In our study 73% were rural residents & only 27% were urban. Accident, Suicide and Homicide deaths were 282(43.6%), 331(51.2%)& 34(5.2%) cases respectively. Natural deaths were seen in 14% cases. Maximum number of deaths were due to road traffic accidents with 212 cases (32.8%) followed by poisoning with 85 cases (13.1%). Out of total 647 cases maximum number of autopsy cases 317(49.1%) were conducted in the month of May to August. Conclusion: In our present study it is observed that maximum cases were in 3rd decade of life, Males outnumbered females, rural residents were more in number. Hindus being majority formed bulk of cases. RTA, Poisoning & burns were seen as leading cause of death & maximum deaths were in the month of May to August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is a retrospective study conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, for a period of one year, from September 2018 to August 2019. During this period a total of 46 cases of road traffic accidents were reported amounting to 34.6% of total medico-legal autopsies conducted (133 cases). Among 46 cases of road traffic accident majority were males 39 (84.8%) and females account to 7 cases (15.2%). Majority of the victims belonged to age group of 31 - 50 years. According to the road user category involved in the accident the maximum were pedestrians (45.7 %) followed by the two wheeler (43.5 %) and the main offending vehicle involved in the accidents were two wheeler (43.5 %). High proportion of cases showed skull fractures (87 %), 52.2 % shows chest bone fractures, followed by lower limb (32.6 %) and upper limb (21.7 %) fractures. Most of the skull fractures were associated with brain injury (82.6%) in the form of laceration or contusions of brain or brain haemorrhages, followed by thoracic injuries leading to lung lacerations or contusions (30.4%). Following the road traffic accidents, most of the victims (80.4%) died at the scene before reaching the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- This study is intended to construe epidemiological causes, occurrence and allocation resulting to fatality in two wheeler fortuitous deaths. Materials and Method- This observational and cross section study, among the medico-legal autopsies conducted in the study Centre, includes motorized and non-motorized two wheeler associated accidental deaths. It was too assessed to identify the individual, automobile and road issues originating accidents. All findings pertaining to the bodies including wounds were thoroughly observed at autopsy and well interrelated with pat instances. Results- Two wheeler fatalities in males were found to be considerably much elevated (91.66%) than females The fatalities percentage in male were recorded as 91.66% whereas in females, it was only 8.33%. The entire victims were in the age group of 20 to 29 years (35%). The preponderance of the victims belonged to the city population which comprised of 48% of the total size. Working and business group individuals were 28%. National highways share maximum numbers of fatalities (37%) whereas roads in villages have comparatively less accidents (13%). Conclusion- Road traffic accidents are very frequent in the riders of young age group which is also a huge loss to the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- Abdominal trauma is an injury to abdomen and is a common presentation in the emergency room if it is caused by blunt force. According to WHO, in few years trauma will become the first or second leading cause of loss of productive years of life for both developed and developing countries. The most common cause of blunt abdominal trauma are road traffic accidents, fall from height, assaults, industrial accidents, etc. Objective- To study the pattern and prevalence of abdominal injuries in relation to the various epidemiological factors. Materials and Method- This retrospective study was conducted over a period of 3 years from January 2016 to December 2018. The total number of cases studied were 120 showing abdominal injuries. This study on medicolegal autopsies was carried out at mortuary of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka. Results- A total of 120 cases were included in this study who presented with blunt abdominal trauma. In our study males (83 cases) outnumbered females (37 cases) and majority of the cases were in age group of 21-30 years (38.3%). Most of the cases were from rural background (57.5%). Road traffic accidents (75.8%) were the most common reason behind the abdominal trauma. The most common cause of death was shock and haemorrhage (69.2%). Liver was involved in majority of the victims followed by spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Iraq, is one of the countries with higher rates of RTIs Objectives: To identify Risk factors and pattern of injuries of Road Traffic injuries in Holy city of Karbala/Iraq. Method: A Hospital-based cross sectional study conducted at Imam Hussein medical city in Karbala during the period March, 1st to May 30th 2019 included 400 patients with different Road traffic injuries who were present at the emergency department or admitted to the surgical wards after initial management in the emergency department Results: The mean age of the subjects was (26.35 ± 15.42). Almost (27.5%) of victims aged 11-20 years and (85.5%) of cases were males and almost (48%) had low level of education. Head injuries were more frequent, accounted for (35.1%), lower and upper limbs were injuries in (32.3%% and 10.5% respectively). Fractures accounted for about 30% of cases. Almost (31%) the cases needed admission to the wards. The case fatality rate was 2.5%. Conclusion: Road traffic injuries are the most common among young people, especially motorbike drivers, and Teenager are the most vulnerable. The Head is the most exposed part to injuries and the fractures are the most frequent type. A large proportion of cases require medical attention within the hospital and head injuries are the most common cause of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accidents are considered as one of the important public health problems around the world. Data from India showed that more than 1.3 lakh people died on Indian roads, giving India the dubious honor of topping the global list of fatalities from road crashes. Rapid urbanization, motorization, lack of appropriate road engineering, poor awareness levels, nonexistent injury prevention programmes, and poor enforcement of traffic laws has exacerbated the situation. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students from 1st to 9th term. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire by interview method. Convenient sampling was done. A sample size of 260 was calculated assuming the awareness levels among medical students as 50%, a relative precision of 6% and confidence level of 95%. Results: The overall awareness levels among the study participants regarding road safety measures are good. More than 90% students were aware of the basic safety measures like regular use of seat belts, distraction caused by loud music and speed limitations. In the present study only 4 students (1.5%) have admitted being involved in drunken driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a total of (200) people (170 men and 30 women), aged (20-60) years were enrolled during a period of 10 months in Baghdad city. The informed consent of the studied groups was first taken and the blood alcohol levels after accidents showed negative results. The control group consisted of 100 individuals (60 men and 40 women), residents of the same region and in the same age group with no clinical signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis. The commercial IgG and IgM ELISA kits were used to examine the collected serum samples. The serological test results of the studied group (SG) showed that 92(21.90%) were IgG positive, 75(17.85%) were IgM positive when compared with the control group (CG) who showed 11(2.61%) IgG positive and 33(7.857%) IgM positive. We can conclude that there is a high traffic accident risk to the drivers because of the high seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis. Prospective studies are still recommended and latent toxoplasmosis of the car drivers should be considered while strategies are being designed to prevent traffic road accidents in Baghdad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The profile of medico legal autopsy cases is important in order to know the death statistics in a region due to unnatural causes and also help to address the demographic needs according to the mortality statistics specific to that region. Materials and Methods: The present study is a retrospective study of autopsies performed at KAHER'S tertiary care centre K.L.E Hospital, Belagavi, Karnataka India in the year 2017. During this period a total of 159 autopsy cases were conducted. Relevant information and subjective data like age, sex, marital status & manner of death have been collected from medicolegal autopsy register from January 2017 to December 2017. Results: Out of 159 cases analyzed, maximum number of autopsies were in the age group of 21-30 years with 55 cases(34.6%). Majority of victims were males 118(74.2%). Hindus were majority in number with 147 cases(92.6%), married were 122(76.7%) & unmarried were 37 cases(23.3%). In our study 67.9% were rural residents & only 32.1% were urban. Accident, Suicide and Homicide deaths were 110(69.2%), 37(23.3%)& 1(0.6%) cases respectively.Natural deaths were seen in 6.9% cases. Maximum number of deaths were due to road traffic accidents with 92 cases (57.9%) followed by poisoning with 27 cases (17%). Out of total 159 cases maximum number of autopsy cases 60(37.7%) were conducted in the month of April to June. Conclusion: In our present study it is observed that maximum cases were in 3rd decade of life, Males outnumbered females, rural residents were more in number. Hindus being majority formed bulk of cases. RTA, Poisoning & burns were seen as leading cause of death &maximum deaths were in the second quarter of the year (April,May&June). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatal road traffic accident cases with skull fractures were studied for three years from July 2015 to June 2018 from the medicolegal autopsy cases coming to the Mortuary of the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The patterns of skull fractures in various types of victims involved in accidents with different types of vehicles were analyzed in detail. It was observed that skull fractures were encountered most commonly in pedestrian victims.Of the various types of skull fractures, comminuted fracture was observed in maximum number of cases (31.5%). Preventive and interventional measures in the form of wearing helmets by two wheeler riders,strict implementation of traffic rules and prompt emergency services especially neurosurgery facilities which can help in reducing the incidence of road traffic accident fatalities are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road Traffic Accidents are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The etiological factors may be classified into human and environmental out of which human factors are much more responsible for number of accidents. This study was carried out on Road Traffic Accidents cases reported to casualty department of Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar (U.P) from 1st July 2016 to 30th June 2017. The main objectives of the study were to know the causes and factors responsible for the accidents. Data were collected and analyzed. A Total of 416 cases were included in the study. Human error is responsible for accidents in 78% of cases in which drivers were at fault in 57.0% of cases followed by the pedestrians and passengers of vehicles who were responsible for 18% and 3.0% cases respectively. Faults in vehicles and poor weather accounted for accidents 8.0% & 7.8% of total cases respectively. Bad roads were responsible for accidents in 4.0% of total cases. None of the driver or passengers of the vehicles was wearing helmets or seat belts which are a very alarming trend. The important human factors responsible for accidents were over speeding, rash driving, violation of traffic rules, carelessness, wrong crossing, playing on roads, alcohol intake, fatigue or sleepiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranio-cerebral injuries are a morbid state, resulting from gross structural changes to the scalp, skull and the contents of the cranium. In present scenario, accidents are now considered as one of major contributing factors of Non-Communicable Diseases which have become major health problems of developing countries like India. According to the national crime bureau statistics In India, over 1,46,133 people were killed in various road traffic accidents during 2015 and the count raised to 1,50,785 in 2016. Information on the contributing factors is mandatory to reduce this burden. A prospective study of all Road Traffic accidents coming for autopsy at Government Medical College, Anantapuram. Majority of victims were male in the age group between 31-40 years. Most of them had Linear fractures of the skull along with Sub dural haemorrhage. Two Wheeler riders were the most common victims. Most of the victims died due to Cranio-Cerebral Injury. Most of the times, it is the negligence, which results in an accident. The negligence may be on the part of the victim or may be there on the part of other person who occupied the second vehicle. Sometimes innocent pedestrians are also victimized to these deaths. An accident for all practical purposes is preventable, provided if it is anticipated and proper precaution and preventive measures are adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Road traffic accidents is one of the leading causes of death in India. Due to the rapid increase in the number of two-wheeler commuters, the number of fatalities in victims involved in fatal two-wheeler accidents has also increased substantially. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of head injuries in victims involved in fatal motorised two-wheeler accidents. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 100 cases. Results: It was found that most of the victims were males. Motorcycles and mopeds were more frequently involved in fatalities when compared to scooters. Head injury was the commonest cause of death. This may be due to the fact that, in straddle type of seated position adopted by riders on motorbikes and mopeds causes the rider to fall sideways in the event of an accident and the impacting surface is usually the side of the head, this was corroborated with the injuries sustained over the head. This is not the case in scooters, as the position of the legs over the footrest in front allows for more manoeuvrability and prevents the rider from falling sideways. Conclusion: Hence, this study comes to the conclusion that scooters are a safer alternative to motorcycles and mopeds as a means of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road construction is viewed as a core development activity. The unfortunate downside of this is the increasing burden of Road traffic Injuries(CRTs). 50 years ago, the WHO was called upon to do something about the heavy human toll of RTIs. However, RTIs remain a very significant contributor to human morbidity and mortality. It is significant to note that the burden of RTIs has shifted to low and middle income countries (LMICs), which despite having only about 50% of the world's motor vehicles, account for 90% of the burden of 12.5 lakh road traffic deaths and 2 to 5 crore non fatal road traffic injuries. UN Sustainable development goal (SDG) target 3.6 is to reduce by 50% the number of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes across the globe by 2020. This implies the saving of 50 lakh lives,the prevention of 5 crore serious injuries, and an economic benefit to the tune of over US$3 trillion. This is a major challenge. The WHO says that RTIs have a significant negative macroeconomics impact in LMICs. The loss to national GDP ranges from 1.03 percent in South Korea to 2.9 percent in Vietnam. Reducing RTI morbidity and mortality by 50% over a 24 year timeline can generate an additional flow of income equivalent to 22.2 % GDP(2014) in Thailand, 15% in China, 14% in India,7.2% in the Philippines and 7.1% in Tanzania. RTI deaths in India have consistently increased year on year from 1990 to 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidence of injury cases are on rise year in urban as well as in rural population. The present work involved all autopsies referred from PRH or brought dead directly to P.M. Room, department of forensic medicine, rural Medical college, Loni during the years July 1997 to June 2000. A pre-tested structured proforma was used to obtain the information regarding the injuries. The observations thus made are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to analyse the road accidents in India at National, state and inter-city levels. According to the recent available statistics, there is age and gender-wise variations in the proportion of road traffic accidents and deaths where males have a very high percentage share of fatalities (85%) when compared to females (15%). Tamil Nadu had the highest percentage share of accidents (14.9) and Uttar Pradesh had the highest percentage share of fatalities (12.8). Some of the possible solution to combat this raising trend of road traffic accidents are- awareness initiatives, maintenance of good data base, planning and designing for road safety, remedial action at high crash sites, design for pedestrians and cyclists and implementation of strict speed limits. Thus there is an urgent need to provide emphasis on road safety and curtail the worsening situation of road traffic accidents, injuries and deaths in India which is the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]