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In professional circles, it often seems that the state of our urban environment and attitude towards the natural environment reflect a lack of attention devoted to educating all generations, and a lack of awareness raised on this topic. The picture of our settlements is actually a picture of ourselves. For this reason, and the desire to draw young people in and explain professional topics to them in an adequate and acceptable way, and to develop a love of the environment and awareness of the quality of life, several institutions and organizations have launched independent education programs. These programs and workshops are implemented partly voluntarily, or within activities related to specific events and projects and the regular activities of individual institutions, and they are designed as a supplement to educational programs in preschools, schools and universities. The paper analyzes known approaches, methods and techniques related to youth participation, shown through a selected review of the literature. Also cited are examples of several different educational workshops in some of Belgrade's professional institutions and organizations, based on architectural formatting, urban planning, the protection of built heritage and the preservation of ecological corridors. Based on the experiences acquired and the observed results, a series of recommendations are formed for the organization and implementation of this form of education. The aim of the research is to highlight the importance, possibilities and benefits of educating young people in terms of understanding and caring for the space that surrounds us, as well as others with whom we share that space. Participation in the creative process contributes to gathering observations, ideas, visions and expressing needs, with the possibility of their application.

Micro-housing means living in substandard conditions, in housing units that are very small in size. Such apartments usually have only the most basic contents, such as rooms for rest, kitchens and bathrooms, and they do not meet all functionality aspects, because users consciously choose to forego certain living needs in order to live in a certain location or have lower maintenance costs. The research considers characteristic examples of micro-apartments and analyses reference literature, in order to extract design principles from extensive material, through which it is possible to achieve spatial comfort in apartments of minimal dimensions. The aim of the research is to consider and systematize the most important principles that can achieve a higher level of spatial comfort in substandard conditions for micro-housing. The paper examines the view that the lower limit of the range of microhousing is the personal experience of comfort and convenience in the living space, determined by how well it meets the users' physiological needs. According to the results of the research, in order to have minimum spatial comfort in an apartment, it is necessary to have a rest area (bed), with the possibility of using a common space for food preparation and personal hygiene, which lowers the default lower limit of interpreting the term "micro-housing".

Polyvalence (gr. poly multi, nlat. valentia value - multivalued, ambiguous, multipurpose) is a term that has a wide range of uses in science and art. Polyvalence usually implies different ways (regimes) of using the same space, i.e., the adaptability of space to different human needs, with minimal physical modifications. It is a common opinion in science that the term polyvalence in residential architecture primarily refers to the level of an entire apartment or house, i.e., to the possibility of reorganizing the internal structure (conversion of the premises), which can be seen as a broader interpretation of the term. On the other hand, there is a narrower interpretation which refers to the polyvalence of a part of an apartment, to a particular space or room, i.e., to the possibility of overlapping housing functions at different times in the same space, a so-called open plan. The research considers the concepts of spatial organization in polyvalent residential spaces with an open plan. The scientific analysis of reference sources, the interpretation and analysis of characteristic examples, and the deductive method, were used to investigate polyvalent open-plan living spaces, with the aim of ascertaining their most important characteristics and the principles of their spatial organization.

The subject of the paper is corner infills in the urban environment. The term "corner infill" means an architectural object (house or building) that completes the continuity of two sequences of architectural objects that meet at an angle. One of the most important elements in the articulation of a corner house is the contact zone between the two external facades. Under certain circumstances, the so-called "corner theme" can become their meeting point. The corner theme in architecture implies a place that is emphasized in relation to the adjacent facade planes or the volumetry of the building. Although the principle of corner accentuation in architecture is present in most corner houses, there are numerous examples of urban infills in which the corner is not emphasized. That gives the impression that there are certain motifs or circumstances due to which the corner is accented or unaccented. The focus of the paper is not on the formal aspects of the corner articulation, but on analyzing the causes of the appearance of the corner motif. In the paper, characteristic examples of corner houses are considered through scientific analysis, and then the regularities are explored. The motifs that influence the emphasis of the angle in the interpolated building's composition were ascertained by the method of generalization. The aim of the research was to re-examine the position according to which the corner theme in urban infills is justified in situations when the house fits into the immediate urban environment of culturalhistorical or architectural significance. On the other hand, if the house is connected to surrounding buildings of lower quality or significance, the theme of the corner loses its meaning, because the whole house becomes a new city reference point, therefore emphasizing that the corner is superfluous.

At the time it was built, Hotel Majestic set the standards for elite hotels and for a high level of hotel management services in Serbia. Its owner, also the designer of the hotel, Milan Minić, fully carried out his intention for his hotel to stand out from other hotels, and become an elite and fashionable meeting place in Belgrade and in global high society. The building is a combination of architecture, fine and applied arts, and at the same time it represents high standards in design, construction and interior design, which makes it a significant authorial achievement of Belgrade's interwar architecture. The aim of this research was to analyze the architectural, urban, artistic and other characteristics of the Hotel Majestic building, in order to re-examine the view that Hotel Majestic was the forerunner of modern boutique hotels, and thus decades ahead of its time. Many authors have written about the characteristics of boutique hotels; however, the definition of the concept still remains vague. By comparative analysis of the available literature and by summarizing the results of this research, it can be concluded that Hotel Majestic fully meets all relevant criteria by which a boutique hotel can be recognized. The contribution of this research in the theoretical sense is reflected in the analysis and systematization of the most important interpretations of the concept of boutique hotels, as well as their basic characteristics. In the historiographical sense, the research provides a new insight into the so far unexplored area of boutique hotels in Serbia. Guidelines for further research could be directed towards discovering new examples of boutique hotels, as well as clarifying their definition and introducing them into legal regulations.

The perception of reality is experienced through the senses, where each sense contributes to the way we form our picture of the feeling of comfort. When it comes to the perception of space and spatiality, the most dominant are visual and tactile influences, providing the information that outbalance other senses. A widely accepted opinion in science is that there are several main categories of comfort - visual, thermic, auditory, olfactory and hygienic. In contrast to previously mentioned terms, spatial comfort has not been clearly defined, even though it is one of the key terms when discussing human needs and functionality of space in architecture. Along with being widely used in practice and the fact that a clear scientific determination of this term is still lacking, its use is understood as the equivalent of comfort of a certain space. Our paper analyzed and systematized most significant parameters that can be applied to enable achievement of spatial comfort, which does not necessarily mean that such a spatial comfort will in fact be achieved, as this depends largely on individual perception of a space user. Aiming to clarify the term spatial comfort and determine its precise definition, the main contribution of this paper is the analysis of parameters that can contribute to spatial comfort, as well as reexamination of the thesis that spatial comfort includes the feeling of coziness and content resulting from physical, visual and tactile qualities of a certain space.

The issue that the research focuses on is spatial organization of the coliving housing concept and the role that territoriality plays in their typological determination. Past research of co-living concept did not result in a clear systematization of the concept. By comparative analyses of characteristic examples it can be confirmed that in practice, a wide variety of relations between the main functional groups is present (common, shared and individual spaces) and that through links between all of them, different types of the coliving concept are generated. The main thesis of this paper is that the primary parameter, serving as the base of different concepts of coexisting in a shared space, is the "experience of territoriality" i.e. the level of tolerance that space users have in their readiness to share the same space and content with unknown individuals. The main contribution of the paper lies in determination of six characteristic types of coliving communities. The importance of this paper is reinforced not only by the fact that it initiates the possibility of further theoretical research in the housing sphere, but also in its practical usage in spatial and functional organisation of coliving and cohousing spaces. The presented concepts and classifications can serve as the basis for the definition of new programmes and the design of coliving objects.

Achieving spatiality is one of the essential topics in designing living space meant to offer a higher level of space comfort. There are various methods to reach this objective: from neutralizing physical barriers in the interior, which would open the space from within; occasional (flexible) extension of certain space boundaries; partial, directed or total opening of the space towards the environment: forming systems of circular communications, and even application of some optical illusions that redefine the perception of space boundaries. Depending on the applied methods, space boundaries can be clearly marked or more or less obviously marked, or the space can be formed without revealing all its qualities to static observation, so the viewer has to go through it to obtain full perception of it. If there is a lack of physical possibilities or if improvement of previously mentioned approaches is required, it is possible to change the perceptive image of the space by virtual improvement through optical illusions. The aim of this paper is to consider and systematize basic design principles that can help organisation, shaping or materialization of living space to achieve a higher level of spatiality.

Circular connection is one of the essential concepts of the organization of living space. The most commonly involves the formation of a continuous communication within the system chain of inter-related premises. It is used in situations where it is desired to achieve a higher level of space in terms of the small surface area, thereby diluting or neutralizing the feeling of lack of space, but also in larger surface area with the aim of clearly differentiating or linking distant functional areas. The science has not recorded the first use of circular relationships in history, although it can certainly be argued that the earliest examples existed during the Middle Ages, and even hints centuries. The aim is to systematization of different forms of circular bonds which are present in both theory and practice, as well as a review of the different triggers that can lead to its application.

This paper presents interviews with renowned Serbian architects Svetislav Ličina, Spasoje Krunić, Branislav Mitrović, Goran Vojvodić and Jelena Ivanović Vojvodić, whose works, according to numerous critics and historiographers, are considered the most significant examples of infill design in contemporary Serbian architecture. The interviews were aimed at contributing to the formation of database which would include characteristic examples of architectural and urban design in a protected urban context, as well as at attempting to genuinely present the attitudes of the authors who designed important architectural infills in Belgrade and Serbia, which, in turn, would initiate further research of the methodology of design in protected settings. The emphasis was placed: on clarifying the elements required for an architectural object to fit in the existing surroundings, the selection of the optimal creative method of infill design and what is the adequate use of 'the bond' as an integrative element.

'Salon apartment' is a term linked to the exclusive apartments built as part of multi-family houses in Belgrade and in certain towns in Serbia in the first decades of the 20th century. The structure of the apartments included centrally located ante room with a combined function of the dining room and one or more salon areas. Most of these apartments were built in Belgrade, along with the first examples of apartments popularly named 'salon apartments', with the concept of spatial and functional organization later spreading to other larger urban centers in Serbia. One of the key problems emerging in scientific analysis of this type of residential housing is terminological determination of this concept. In practice, generally accepted term 'salon apartment' suggests that the apartment structure includes the salon and that the apartment in its character is exclusive, while scientific research mentions different terms, such as 'Belgrade apartment between the two world wars', 'Belgrade apartment of the early Modernism', 'an apartment with central ante room' etc. By analyzing the characteristics and types of these apartments this paper aims to reassess whether the term 'salon apartment' is adequate for the concept of spatial and functional organization of the apartments with salons in multi-family buildings between the two world wars in Serbia.

Open-plan is a term which in architecture denotes the principle of spatial integration of functions. Although it has been widely used both in science and in practice, not very much research has been directed at essential understanding of this term. Since the 1950's, when it was first introduced in the architecture glossary, open-plan has constantly been connected to the principle of flexibility and fluidity of space, but up until now, their relation has not been adequately explained. On the other hand, although open-plan is a concept used generally in all modern living spaces, as it contributes to the quality and space comfort, particularly in smaller living spaces, there has been no research that aimed to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of open-plan, as well as approaches to space integration of housing functions. This is why the aim of this research paper is to shed some light on the origin of this concept, its development in housing architecture and to present the most significant examples that applied the concept of open-plan in a characteristic way. A further aim of this paper is also to emphasize the existence of various design approaches, all contributing to the creation of specific forms of open-plan.

The subject of this study was space within space concept which is one of the universal principles in architecture. This paper analyses typical contemporary and historical examples where this concept has been applied in such a way that one or more independent spatial and functional unities appear within open plan space. The emphasis was on examining various reasons that resulted in the application of space within space concept in certain situations, with particular attention directed towards generalization and explanation of the key design approaches where this concept has been most frequently applied in practice.

The double-tract unit is a rather rare typological shape in residential architecture in the world, and this is why it has not been explored extensively in the field of habitology, although it is known that the first examples of double-tract units in multi- family dwellings were implemented back in XIX century. Every attempt at typology depends on the angle of analysis of a given subject, as well as the selection and hierarchy of the criteria and categorization of individual elements. This makes it hard to tell whether it is feasible to establish universal typology for all architectural patterns. Typology of residential types in architecture is mostly set according to current patterns (most often, only those that were executed). However, since the shape of double-tract unit is quite rare in the world, in most cases it was not even recorded, and even when it was, it was most often included as part of some other category or terminological definition. The aim of this paper is to outline the typology for the double-tract units in multi-family dwellings with an overview of current, established patterns (designed and executed), but also those which could yet be taken into consideration.

The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the view that the two key elements in achieving good quality of architecture infill in immediate, current surroundings, are the selection of optimal creative method of infill architecture and adequate application of 'the bond' as integrative element, The success of achievement and the quality of architectural infill mainly depend on the assessment of various circumstances, but also on the professionalism, creativity, sensibility, and finally innovativeness of the architect, In order for the infill procedure to be carried out adequately, it is necessary to carry out the assessment of quality of the current surroundings that the object will be integrated into, and then to choose the creative approach that will allow the object to establish an optimal dialogue with its surroundings, On a wider scale, both theory and the practice differentiate thee main creative approaches to infill objects: a)mimetic approach (mimesis), b)associative approach and c)contrasting approach, Which of the stated approaches will be chosen depends primarily on the fact whether the existing physical structure into which the object is being infilled is 'distinct', 'specific' or 'indistinct', but it also depends on the inclination of the designer, 'The bond' is a term which in architecture denotes an element or zone of one object, but in some instances it can refer to the whole object which has been articulated in a specific way, with an aim of reaching the solution for the visual conflict as is often the case in situations when there is a clash between the existing objects and the newly designed or reconstructed object, This paper provides in-depth analysis of different types of bonds, such as 'direction as bond', 'cornice as bond', 'structure as bond', 'texture as bond' and 'material as bond', which indicate complexity and multiple layers of the designing process of object interpolation.

Double-tract is a type of residential unit which is characteristic of multiple-family residences. It is characterized by two closely and parallelly placed residential tracts, sharing a common staircase and lift communication, most often set normally in relation to the direction of tracts. Primary residential areas are, by rule, almost always oriented towards outer facades of the object, while secondary areas are oriented towards open, atrium interspace between the tracts. The first type of double-tract unit was built in 1957 in Belgrade by architect Milorad Macura, followed by a variation of this unit, mostly as a consequence of functional research and experimenting in architecture competitions, which were very popular during the second half of XX century in Serbia. Although in Serbia (and mostly in Belgrade), a large number of residential blocks and individual objects used double-tracts, this phenomenon has not been more significantly explored until now, either in habitology or historiography sense. This is why this paper will focus on the circumstances of its emergence and the reasons for the wide use of double-tract units in residential architecture in Serbia. The aim of the paper is to check the thesis claiming that the design of double-tract was a topic present in the second half of XX century in Serbia and whose use in most cases was not in accordance with the basic principles of orientation of double- tract unit in space, as well as look into reasons why double-tract unit was widely used in Serbia particularly.

The term 'Belgrade apartment' is related to two periods and two phenomena: a)the concept of apartment in multiple-family buildings in Belgrade between the two world wars (1918-1941) and b)activities of 'Belgrade School' of architecture, formed during the 60's and 70's of the twentieth century. In order for a certain concept of apartment organization to be called 'Belgrade', it had to have clearly defined characteristics which set it apart from other typology of apartments built in its immediate surroundings, or it had to be created in Belgrade, and then spread further. Until today it has never been researched or explained what these characteristics of 'Belgrade apartment' were, as it has been defined in scientific literature as a creative and an authentic type of apartment organization in multiple-family buildings in collective housing. The research discussed types of characteristic concepts of room organizations in apartments built during the two periods, from 1918 to 1941 and 1960 to 1975. The aim of the research was to prove the hypothesis on the existence of the authentic concepts of Belgrade apartments which were designed in the mentioned periods.

Architecture in-between vision and reality, as a way of presenting critical alternatives to the built environment, open to possibilities beyond the everyday, encourage experimentation with the 11th International Architecture Exhibition. Experiments in architecture that do not solve problems, but articulate and think of them, challenge the reality referring to art, film technologies and landscape and lead to the place where utopia and practice converge. Architecture that is separated from the progression of styles and demands of functional efficiency or contextual silence is the theme of Biennale di Venezia.

Regional concept of environmental protection and waste management represents a new methodology in spatial interventions which enable an integral view of all of the environmental parameters. In this way, contrary to the prevailing decentralized methodology of environmental protection and negation of the pollution aftereffects, it is recommended to form a unified database of main pollutants for the whole region. This database enables impact detection of specific factors (industrial facilities, waste dumps and other pollutants) on a scale which transcends to neighboring municipalities, regions, or the overall country. The state of the environment and waste management in the South Morava region is directly impacted by an array of environmentally degradable factors, with economics being the most prominent one (industrial facilities, which represented the main pollutants in the past, applied little, if any, regard to the environmental protection, dumping their waste on improvised, unprotected waste dumps). On the other hand, low level of employment, rudimentary industrial technology made positive environmental effect in the past 5 to 10 years, because of lack of direct pollution. The subject of this paper will be based on recommendations for better organization on regional level in the environmental and waste management field, and based on examples from Jablanica and Pčinja district, which are located in the South Morava region.

Strategy of transport system development based on real estimate of spatial and functional region possibilities, creates a communication web as an illustration of whole social needs trend, economical progress and planning policy. TGV system is considered as significant direction of France region development, designed by global time demands but proceeded by connecting local level potentials. The highest ambition in railway development project is Mediteranee line, linking Marseille - Lyon, demonstrating a step beyond speed limit, technological aesthetic and architecture.