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Data transmission has become a crucial aspect of our daily lives in the current digital age. However, this transmission comes with the risk of security breaches, which can result in data theft and unauthorized access. This issue can be addressed by using cryptographic techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In comparison to other cryptosystems, ECC is a potent cryptographic tool that provides high levels of security with comparatively reduced key sizes. This paper discusses the use of ECC in efficient and secure data transmission. It provides a comprehensive overview of ECC, including its mathematical background and how it can be applied to encryption and decryption processes. The paper also presents a comparison of ECC with other cryptographic techniques and highlights its advantages, including its resistance to attacks and efficiency in resource-constrained environments. Finally, the paper discusses the implementation of ECC in real-world scenarios and its potential to revolutionize secure data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of sending confidential data through the communication media and in complete secrecy is now necessary, whether the data is related to patients, a particular military operation, or a specified office. On the other hand, with the development of various ciphering algorithms, and information hiding algorithms, there is a need to obtain ciphered and hidden data securely without the need to exchange secret keys between the two ends of the communication. In this paper, a hiding algorithm based on fused images and Caesar cipher with intelligent methods to strengthen the security of confidential information is proposed. Firstly, fused image scattering is obtained using 1’s complement and circularly shifting the bits of fused pixels by specified positions before the hiding process. Secondly, the keys for the Caesar cipher are derived from the length of secret information according to the mathematical equation. Thirdly, strengthen the security of Caesar’s cipher by taking a 1’s complement of each letter in the cipher data. The results guarantee the security of the presented algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new encryption algorithm Twine-Mersenne was developed based on the Twine algorithm with the addition of a random number generator for the dynamic generation of S-boxes. Dynamic generation of random numbers based on the Mersenne Twister helps to increase the cryptographic strength of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm we propose solves the issues of optimizing the costs of computing and energy resources of internet of things (IoT) devices, using a combination of lightweight cryptographic principles and fuzzy logic, and also provides reliable security and intelligent authentication of the mobile application user. The paper also considers the practical implementation of the proposed algorithm based on Arduino ESP32, a device with limited computing resources. In addition to this, fuzzy logic has found its practical application in the field of intelligent user authentication in developed mobile applications based on Arduino Studio for mobile cellular applications. As a result, the proposed lightweight encryption algorithm has proven itself to be an effective tool in ensuring the security of data transmission and communication between IoT devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the development of a wheelchair control system by combining a Mindwave electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor, an MPU6050 inertial sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, and internet of things (IoT) technology. Stroke survivors often face challenges in controlling their wheelchairs due to cognitive and physical impairments, requiring specific solutions to ensure their safety and comfort. The integration of the Mindwave EEG sensor captures the user's cognitive state, such as level of attention and focus, while the MPU6050's inertial sensor monitors physical movement and changes in head orientation. Additionally, the ultrasonic sensor is incorporated to detect obstacles and provide proximity information for safe navigation. This wheelchair control system is also linked with IoT technology to enable monitoring of the user's cognitive, physical and environmental condition, and remote assistance. In this paper, to implement this wheelchair control system, a T-BEAM with an ESP32 controller is used, which is equipped with GPS to provide wheelchair location data and LORA radio communication for remote data transmission, and a TTGO LORA32 to forward the data to Arduino IoT cloud service over Wi-Fi. The results of the development show that the wheelchair control system is safer and more monitored, and users are easier and more flexible in operating wheelchairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent era of computational technologies, the internet is needed daily. The data generated is enormous and primarily stored on dedicated servers or clouds. Data migration and transfer are significant tasks for maintaining consistency and updating data. The data is the most critical component in any cloud service. There are various methods to protect data, like secure transfer, encryption, and authentication. These techniques are used as per need and transmission of the data. As data grows on a server or cloud, it must be migrated securely. Here, the exhaustive survey is provided for building a framework for migrating and transmitting cloud data. The framework should be sustainable and adaptable for load-balancing recovery and secure transmission. Various security load balancing parameters must be considered to obtain these state-of-the-art functionalities in the framework. The existing similar frameworks are studied, and findings are proposed in the paper to develop the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current trend of people having their multimedia-capable wireless and mobile devices roam within highly urbanized areas (i.e., smart cities) has led to the wide deployment of overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies. In this regard, various challenges have emerged, such as the number of mobile devices that connect or disconnect a wireless network domain, the diversity of time of their connections, frequent handovers as mobile devices frequently change their locations, the heterogeneity of wireless network technologies, cooperation challenges between the overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies, the increasing volume of multimedia traffic, security and privacy issues, and many more. This paper focuses on the deployment of a routing-based distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme to address the constraints and limitations of centralized wireless architectures for smart cities. The comparative analysis with centralized mobility management solutions shows significant alleviation in performance as to handover latency and packet losses, thus providing seamless handovers to maintain quality of service (QoS) for multimedia services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is necessary for the internet of things (IoT) because it offers scalable, reliable, and energy-efficient routing capabilities. The trickling algorithm generates a destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) with the broadcasting of suppression. However, broadcast suppression is insufficient when addressing network coverage and optimization problems based on uneven node distribution. Network congestion develops in large-scale IoT implementations where many devices are interconnected and congestion causes data transmission delays, decreased overall reliability, and higher latency. In this paper, the grasshopper optimization algorithm with the DODAG (GOA-DODAG) is proposed to determine optimization problems and energy-efficient reliable routing paths which include coverage-based dynamic trickling technique to construct DODAG energy-efficient without affecting the coverage of network and data routing reliability. The GOADODAG achieves a 98% packet delivery ratio (PDR) while consuming 0.48 mJ, which is more preferable in comparison to the existing methods like efficient-routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (E-RPL), reliable and energy-efficient RPL (REFER), elaborated cross-layer RPL objective function to achieve energy efficiency (ELITE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the significant techniques for hiding important information (such as text, image, and audio) is steganography. Steganography is used to keep this information as secret as possible, especially the sensitive ones after the massive expansion of data transmission through the Internet inside a conventional, non-secret, file, or message. This paper uses the American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) mapping technique (AMT) to hide the data in the color and grey image by converting it in a binary form, also convert the three levels of the red, green, and blue (RGB) image and grey image in the binary form, and then hide the data through hiding every two bits of the text in the two bits of one of the levels from the RGB image and grey image that means the text will be distributed throughout the images and allows hiding large amounts of data. That will send the information in a good securing way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wireless sensor network comprises of distributed independent devices, called sensors that monitor the physical conditions of the environment for various applications, such as tracking and observing environmental changes. Sensors have the ability to detect information, process it, and forward it to neighboring sensor nodes. Wireless sensor networks are facing many issues in terms of scalability, which necessitates numerous nodes and network range. The route chosen between the source node and the destination node with the shortest distance determines how well the network performs. In this paper, evolutionary algorithm based shortest path selection provides high end accessibility of path nodes for data transmission among source and destination. It employs the best fitness function methodology, which involves the replication of input, mutation, crossover, and mutation methods, to produce efficient outcomes that align with the best fitness function, thereby determining the shortest path. This is a probabilistic technique that receives input from learning models and provides the best results. The execution results are presented well compared with earlier methodologies in terms of path cost, function values, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and computation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) with continuous development allows multiple devices to be connected to each other through the external environment. With that, free space optical (FSO) transmission links provide high data transmission rates, so that enhanced quality of services, that is very suitable for deployment for fifth generation (5G) and IoT. FSO is known as license free, cost effective and line-of-sight green communication technology, which is employed in various circumstances, such as high data rate connections between buildings within campus or city. This study performs enhancement of FSO link for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) aided over free space with gamma-gamma distribution channels. The paper analyzes the performance of FSO links affected by misalignment fading, RISs aided, and link distance with the subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation scheme. Several numerical outcomes obtained for average electrical end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio, misalignment fading displacement standard deviation and link distance are shown to illustrate the average channel capacity of systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in intelligent systems have significantly improved power management, load distribution, and resource management capabilities, far beyond past constraints. Despite these gains, the development of internetconnected technology has brought various vulnerabilities, leading to negative results. The integration of intelligent technology has unintentionally offered chances for hackers to enter networks and modify data sent to central systems for analysis. One of the most serious risks is the false data injection attack (FDIA), which may drastically impair analytical outcomes. Previous research has shown that standard approaches for recovering data affected by FDIA are unreliable and inefficient. This paper investigates the use of the proof of stake (PoS) consensus method in this framework improves data integrity and makes it easier to identify illegal changes. Participating nodes may reject or change block transactions, ensuring the ledger's correctness. Our results show that the PoS consensus method is exceptionally successful in creating and adding transactions to the blockchain. Furthermore, the PoS mechanism's simplicity in block formation enhances both time and energy efficiency, resulting in considerable benefits in operational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight communication protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are unfolding for machine to machine (M2M) communications and thus there is always going to be a possible conflict of interest on which protocol is best suited for any particular application. The two protocols of interest in this study are the message queue telemetry transport protocol for sensor network (MQTT-SN), a variant of message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol and the constrained application protocol (CoAP). There have been studies that reveal that these protocols perform differently based on the underlying network conditions. CoAP experience lower delays than MQTT for higher packet loss and higher delays for lower packet loss. MQTT default communication via a broker is easier to scale compared to CoAP direct request-response paradigm. Although this is a huge advantage over CoAP, it presents the single point-of-failure problem. In this paper we propose an integration of MQTT-CoAP protocol using an abstraction layer that enables both MQTT-SN and CoAP protocol to be used in the same sensor node. Resources are managed by directly modifying sensor node configuration using CoAP protocol. Performance evaluation of these protocols under the integrated scenario shows acceptable levels of latency and energy consumption for internet of thing (IoT) operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid proliferation of the internet of things (IoT) technology has significantly transformed urban landscapes, giving rise to smart city frameworks that leverage interconnected devices for enhanced efficiency and functionality. In these environments, vast amounts of data are generated by diverse sensors and devices, necessitating advanced strategies for effective data collection and transmission. This paper introduces a novel approach to address data collection and transmission challenges in IoTenabled smart city frameworks. The proposed design integrates IoT-Cloud for efficient data collection and employs the energy efficient reliable data transmission (EERDT) model, optimizing IoT data transmission. The enhanced dragonfly routing algorithm, incorporating the firefly algorithm, enhances data routing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate EERDT's superiority over energy-aware iot-routing (EAIR) and locationcentric energy-harvesting aware-routing (LCEHAR), revealing significant improvements in communication overhead, data processing latency, and network lifetime. The EERDT exhibits substantial reductions in communication overhead, enhancing overall network performance. The EERDT model showcases lower data processing latency and energy consumption, highlighting its potential for resource-efficient IoT data transmission. This work contributes an innovative solution for smart city IoT networks, emphasizing performance enhancements and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wearable devices continue to proliferate, seamlessly integrating them into wireless body-area networks (WBANs) becomes increasingly crucial. Bodycoupled communication (BCC) emerges as a promising WBAN technology, utilizing the human body itself as a transmission channel. This paper presents a novel BCC transceiver designed for efficiency and miniaturization. The proposed transceiver prioritizes reliable data transmission with a convolutional encoder. It leverages a simple direct digital synthesizer (DDS) for frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation, minimizing chip area. At the receiver, a Viterbi decoder (VD) ensures accurate data recovery. This design shines in its resource efficiency. It occupies less than 1% of an Artix-7 FPGA, operates at 268.77 MHz with a mere 111 mW power consumption, and achieves a remarkable data rate of 13.78 Mbps. This translates to a hardware efficiency of 44.46 Kbps/slice, surpassing existing transceivers. Moreover, the BCC transceiver exhibits a stellar bit error rate (BER) of over 10-7 under realistic body channel conditions. Overall, this work presents a highly efficient BCC transceiver with significant improvements in chip area, power consumption, and data rate compared to existing designs. This paves the way for practical and miniaturized WBAN solutions for future wearable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) technological support for the simultaneous and frequent access by a large number of users to radio resources. For 5G cellular systems, this exhaust is not enough to provide physical layer services. An appropriate Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) minimization principle, which maximizes data capacity and channel utility, has been used to address this issue. In this paper, mainly focus on minimize the high PAPR of the candidate sequence of the OFDM sub-block using modified enhancement asymmetric arithmetic coding scheme (M-EAAC). According to this, circular shifting of the candidate sequence is established in the spatial circular shifting and temporal interleaving (SCS-TI) form to generated different set of conjugated phases which is multiplied with candidate sequence. Then, the transmitting antenna is identified the best lowest PAPR of the candidate sequence is chosen for entire OFDM data transmission. The simulation results conveys that the proposed SCS-TI method provide acceptable improvement in the PAPR reduction as compared with conventional selective mapping (SLM) and pseudo-random SLM (PR-SLM). Moreover, the complexity evaluation which ensure the proposed method provides better improvement at three important stages includes inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation, optimization process, and PAPR calculation at each candidate sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibreless optics or free space optical communications (FSOC) has been at the forefront of many academic research in telecommunications due to its numerous benefits of large spectrum, high-speed data transmission, security, low transmit power, unlicensed spectrum and non-interfering links. Among the technical challenges of dense deployment of small cells in heterogeneous networks (HetNet) is a flexible and cost-effective backhaul link. This paper proposes, designs, simulates and evaluates the performance of a 350 m FSOC link under different atmospheric impairments for picocell to macrocell backhauling applications. The performance of the FSOC link is assessed by evaluating bit error rate (BER), eye diagram and quality factor (Q-factor). Results obtained recommend the FSOC link deployment for picomacrocell backhauling under the weather conditions of clear sky with/without turbulence, heavy rain, heavy haze, heavy fog and wet snow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things is the latest booming innovation in the current period, which lets the physical entity to process and intervene with the virtual entities. As all the entities relate to each other, it generates load of data, which lacks proper security and privacy standards. Cryptography is one of the domains of Network Security, which is one such mechanism that helps the data transmission process to be secure enough over the wireless or wired channel and along with that, it provides authenticity, confidentiality, integrity of data and prevents repudiation. In this paper, we have proposed an alternate enhanced cryptographic solution combing the characteristic of symmetric, asymmetric encryption algorithms and Public Key Server. Here, the key pairs of end points (User's Device and IoT device) are generated using Elliptic Curve Cryptography and the respective public keys are registered in Public Key Server along with their unique MAC address. Thereafter, both the ends will agree on one common private secret key, which will be the base for further cryptographic process using AES algorithm. This model can be called as multi-phase protection mechanism. It will make the process of data transmission secure enough that no intermediate can tamper the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students' learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embedded-system design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing the vehicles movement becomes an urgent necessity due to exponentially increasing numbers of vehicles in the world. However, to this regard, a good deal of research had been presented to estimate the exact physical position of the vehicle. The major challenges faced vehicle localization systems are large coverage areas required, positioning at diverse environments and positioning during a high-speed movement. However, in this paper, the challenges of employing the vehicle localization techniques, which rely on the propagation signal properties, are discussed. Moreover, a comparison between these techniques, in terms of accuracy, responsiveness, scalability, cost, and complexity, is conducted. The presented positioning technologies are classified into five categories: satellite based, radio frequency based, radio waves based, optical based, and sound based. The discussion shows that, both of satellite-based technology and cellular-based technology are emerge solutions to overcome the challenges of vehicle positioning. Satellite-based can provide a high accurate positioning in open outdoor environment, whereas the cellular-based can provide accurate and reliable vehicle localization in urban environment, it can support non-line of sight (NLOS) positioning and provide large coverage and high data transmission. The paper also shows that, the standalone localization technology still has limitations. Therefore, we discussed how the presented techniques are integrated to improve the positioning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest towards wireless communication advancement with smart devices has provided the desired throughput of wireless communication mechanisms. But, attaining high-speed data packets amenities is the biggest issue in different multimedia applications. Recently, OFDM has come up with the useful features for wireless communication however it faces interference issues at carrier level (intercarrier interferences). To resolve these interference issues in OFDM, various existing mechanisms were utilized cyclic prefix, but it leads to redundancy in transmitted data. Also, the transmission of this redundant data can take some more power and bandwidth. All these limitations factors can be removed from a parallel cancellation mechanism. The integration of parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding and decoding in MIMOOFDMA will be an effective solution to have high data rate which also associations with the benefits of both the architectures of MIMO and OFDMA modulation approaches. This paper deals with this integrated mechanism for efficient resource allocation and power consumption. For performance analysis, MIMO-OFDMA system is analyzed with three different approaches likeMIMO-OFDM system without parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-WPC), MIMO-OFDMA System with parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-PC) and proposed IMO-OFDMA system with parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding/decoding (pMIMO-OFDMAPC &CVed) for 4x4 transmitter and receiver. Through performance analysis, it is found that the proposed system achieved better resource allocation (bandwidth) with high data rate by minimized BER rate and achieved least power consumption with least BER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry is currently experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the automation of cyber physical systems and advanced connectivity through the internet of things (IoT). This revolution enables real-time monitoring of machines status on the shop floor by leveraging cyber-physical and IoT technologies. This paper describes the results of research that develops IoT and cloud-based visualization for a machining manufacturing system shop floor. Our proposed solution involves an internet of things device equipped with two current sensors to detect machine and spindle current. The sensor connected to an Arduino Nano, which is then connected to Wemos D1 for wireless transmission of data to the cloud. The cloud has been developed to store data and provide visualization applications, in the form of machines layout map to monitor machines conditions in the form of machines ON, machines OFF, spindles ON and spindles OFF in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing evolution of applications and services in internet-of-things (IoT), there is an increasing concern of offering superior quality of service to its ever-increasing user base. This demand can be fulfilled by harnessing the potential of cognitive radio network (CRN) where better accessibility of services and resources can be achieved. However, existing review of literature shows that there are still open-end issues in this regard and hence, the proposed system offers a solution to address this problem. This paper presents a model which is capable of performing an optimization of resources when CRN is integrated in IoT using five generation (5G) network. The implementation uses analytical modeling to frame up the process of topology construction for IoT and optimizing the resources by introducing a simplified data transmission mechanism in IoT environment. The study outcome shows proposed system to excel better performance with respect to throughput and response time in comparison to existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internet of things (IoT) defines the connectivity of physical devices to provide the machine to machine communication. This communication is achieved through various wireless standards for sensor node connectivity. The IoT calls from the formation of various wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) in a network. The existing neighborhood discovery method had the disadvantage of time complexity to calculate the cluster distance. Our proposed method rectifies this issue and gives accurate execution time. This paper proposed mobility management system based on proxy mobile IPv6 as distributed PMIPv6 with constrained application protocol (CoAP-DPMIP) and PMIPv6 with constrained application protocol (CoAP-PMIP). It also provides the optimized transmission path to reduce the delay handover in IoT network. The PMIPv6 described the IPv6 address of mobile sensor device for efficient mobility management. The network architecture explains three protocol layers of open systems interconnection model (OSI model). The OSI layers are data link layer, network layer and transport layer. We have proposed the distance estimation algorithm for efficient data frames transmission. This paper mainly focuses the secure data transmission with minimum loss of error. The evaluation result proved that proposed technique performance with delay, energy, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Also, it measures the computational time very effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to a robust and effective methods for secure data transferring makes the more credible. Two disciplines for data encryption presented in this paper: machine learning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to achieve the above goal and following common goals: prevent unauthorized access and eavesdropper. They used as powerful tool in cryptography. This paper grounded first on a two modified Hebbian neural network (MHNN) as a machine learning tool for message encryption in an unsupervised method. These two modified Hebbian neural nets classified as a: learning neural net (LNN) for generating optimal key ciphering and ciphering neural net CNN) for coding the plaintext using the LNN keys. The second granulation using DNA nucleated to increase data confusion and compression. Exploiting the DNA computing operations to upgrade data transmission security over the open nets. The results approved that the method is effective in protect the transferring data in a secure manner in less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments and widespread in wireless sensor network have led to many routing protocols, many of these protocols consider the efficiency of energy as the ultimate factor to maximize the WSN lifetime. The quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different applications of wireless sensor networks has posed additional challenges. Imaging and data transmission needs both QoS aware routing and energy to ensure the efficient use of sensors. In this paper, we propose an Efficient, Energy-Aware, Least Cost, (ECQSR) quality of service routing protocol for sensor networks which can run efficiently with best-effort traffic processing. The protocol aims to maximize the lifetime of the network out of balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, by using the concept of service differentiation, finding lower cost by finding the shortest path using nearest neighbor algorithm (NN), also put certain constraints on the delay of the path for real-time data from where link cost that captures energy nodes reserve, energy of the transmission, error rate and other parameters. The results show that the proposed protocol improves the network lifetime and low power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Wireless sensor networks having of multi-hop transmission in the Adhoc networks. These Adhoc networks having advantages of limited bandwidth and mobility which is more useful for the changing of and usage of various protocols, so that these Adhoc networks having energy conservation, simple to construct, robustness. In this paper we are proposing a new protocol called Surrounding supporting multicast routing protocol [SSMRP]. This protocol uses the mesh networks to enhance the resilience against change of node. This SSMRP utilizes the node locality which reduces the overhead of the route maintenance and it also reduces the route for good data transmissions. In this paper we clearly explains how the data will be delivered efficiently by reducing the overheads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for broad-band antennas has been increased in the recent years. They find to be extensively used in high frequency and high speed data communication. The factors affecting the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna is discussed in this paper. There are two main parameters responsible for the broadening of the antenna. One is the height of the dielectric substrate and another one is the width of the patch. In this paper, we study the performance characteristics of rectangular patch antenna with variable thickness of the substrate and width of the patch. One of the parameter is varied keeping the other fixed and the characteristic effects on resonant frequency, band width and gain are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the high volume of observe and transmitted data among sensor nodes make it requires to maintain the security. Even though numerous secure data transmission approaches designed over a network, an inadequate resource and the complex environment cause not able to used in WSNs. Moreover, secure data communication is a big challenging problem in WSNs especially for the military application. This paper proposes a dingo algorithm-based forwarder selection and huffman coding (DAHC) to improve authentication in internet of things (IoT) WSN. Initially, it detects the anomalous nodes by applying support vector machine (SVM) algorithm based on sensor node energy, node selfishness, and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Next, we using the dingo algorithm to select the forwarder node. This dingo algorithm computes the fitness function based on node degreee, node distance and node energy. Finally, the huffman coding to provide end to end authentication established on node energy from sender to receiver. During data transmission, the huffman coding to build the binary hop count value, it improves the authentication in the WSN. Performance results specify that this approach enhances the detection ratio and throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during routing data in wireless sensor networks in general and particularly in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN). For this purpose, the present paper proposes a multilayer chain based on genetic algorithm routing (MCGA) for routing data from nodes to the sink. This algorithm consists to create a limited number of local chains constructed by using genetic algorithm in order to obtain the shortest path between nodes; furthermore, a leader node (LN) is elected in each chain followed by constructing a global chain containing LNs. The selection of the LN in the closest chain to the sink is as follows: Initially, the closest node to sink is elected LN in this latter because all nodes have initially the same energy value; then the future selection of the LN is based on the residual energy of the nodes. LNs in the other chains are selected based on the proximity to the previous LNs. Data transmission is performed in two steps: intra-chain transmission and inter-chain transmission. Furthermore, MCGA is simulated for different scenarios of mobility and density of nodes in the networks. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique shows a considerable reduction in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the traffic demand grows and the RF environment changes, the mobile network relies on techniques such as SFR in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) to overcome capacity and link budget limitation to maintain user experience. Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) strongly affecting Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of active UEs, especially cell-edge users, which leads to a significant degradation in the total throughput. In this paper we evaluate the performance of SFR with HetNet system in order dealing with interferences. Simulation result shows that the power ratio control in SFR HetNet system doesn't have much effect on total achieved capacity for overall cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era of technology, the high speed internet is the most important part of human life. The current available network is reckoned to be slow in speed and not be up to snuff for data transmission regarding business applications. The objective of handover mechanism is to reassign the current session handle by internet gadget. The globe needs the next generation high mobility and throughput performance based internet model. This research paper explains the proposed method of design and development for handover based 5G cellular network. In comparison to the traditional method, we propose to control the handovers between base-stations using a concentric method. The channel simulator is applied over the range of the frequencies from 500 MHz to 150 GHz and radio frequency for the 700 MHz bandwidth. The performance of the simulation system is calculated on the basis of handover preparation and completion time regarding base station as well as number of users. From this experiment we achieve the 7.08 ms handover preparation time and 9.98 ms handover completion time. The author recommended the minimum handover completion time, perform the high speed for 5G cellular networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data communication has been growing in present day. Therefore, the data encryption became very essential in secured data transmission and storage and protecting data contents from intruder and unauthorized persons. In this paper, a fast technique for text encryption depending on genetic algorithm is presented. The encryption approach is achieved by the genetic operators Crossover and mutation. The encryption proposal technique based on dividing the plain text characters into pairs, and applying the crossover operation between them, followed by the mutation operation to get the encrypted text. The experimental results show that the proposal provides an important improvement in encryption rate with comparatively high-speed processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, wireless sensor network (WSN) is developed as a key technology to observe and track applications over a wide range. However, energy consumption and security are considered as important issues in the WSN. In this paper, the multi objective-trust centric artificial algae algorithm (M-TCAAA) is proposed to accomplish a secure broadcasting over the WSN. The proposed M-TCAAA is used to choose the secure cluster head (SCH) as well as routing path, based on the distinct fitness measures such as trust, communication cost, residual energy, and node degree. Hence, the M-TCAAA is used to ensure a secure data transmission while decreasing the energy consumed by the nodes. The performance of the M-TCAAA is analyzed by means of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end to end delay (EED), normalized routing load (NRL), and network lifetime. The existing researches namely energy aware trust and opportunity-based routing with mobile nodes (ETOR-MN), grey wolf updated whale optimization (GUWO), secure cluster-based routing protocol (SCBRP), secure routing protocol based on multi-objective ant-colonyoptimization (SRPMA) and multi objective trust aware hybrid optimization (MOTAHO) are considered for evaluating the M-TCAAA. The PDR of the M-TCAAA for 100 nodes is 99.87%, which is larger than the ETOR-MN, GUWO, SRPMA and MOTAHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been an increasingly important technology that has been applied in almost all domains, even in complex environments where human activity is impossible. In WSN, various factors are impacted energy consumption, such as communication protocols, packet data transmission, and limited battery. So, the lifespan of the WSNs is limited. In this context, energy efficiency is the factor most attracted by many researchers. In this paper, we proposed a new improved LEACH routing protocol. This proposed protocol based on the current energy to select cluster-heads, and it uses a root cluster-head with more current energy and low distance to the sink to gather all data, then sends it to the sink. The simulation results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm performed better than the conventional LEACH protocol, and increased the network lifetime in WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing usage of wireless services is lacking in providing high-speed data communication in recent times. Hence, many of the modulation techniques are evolved to attain these communication needs. The recent researches have widely considered OFDM technology as the prominent modulation mechanism to fulfill the futuristic needs of wireless communication. The OFDM can bring effective usage of resources, bandwidth, and system performance enhancement in collaboration with the smart antenna and resource allocation mechanism (adaptive). However, the usage of adaptive beamforming with the OFDM leads to complication in the design of medium access layer and which causes a problem in adaptive resource allocation mechanism (ARAM). Hence, the proposed manuscript intends to design an OFDM system by considering different switched beam smart antenna (SBSA) along with the cross-layer adaptive resource allocation (CLARA) and hybrid adaptive array (HAA). In this, various smart antenna mechanism are considered to analyze the quality of service (QoS) and complexity reduction in the OFDM system. In this paper, various SA schemes are used as per the quality of service (QoS) requirement of the different users. The performance analysis is conducted by considering data traffic reduction, bit-rate reduction, and average delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest towards wireless communication advancement with smart devices has provided the desired throughput of wireless communication mechanisms. But, attaining high-speed data packets amenities is the biggest issue in different multimedia applications. Recently, OFDM has come up with the useful features for wireless communication however it faces interference issues at carrier level (intercarrier interferences). To resolve these interference issues in OFDM, various existing mechanisms were utilized cyclic prefix, but it leads to redundancy in transmitted data. Also, the transmission of this redundant data can take some more power and bandwidth. All these limitations factors can be removed from a parallel cancellation mechanism. The integration of parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding and decoding in MIMOOFDMA will be an effective solution to have high data rate which also associations with the benefits of both the architectures of MIMO and OFDMA modulation approaches. This paper deals with this integrated mechanism for efficient resource allocation and power consumption. For performance analysis, MIMO-OFDMA system is analyzed with three different approaches likeMIMO-OFDM system without parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-WPC), MIMO-OFDMA System with parallel cancellation (MIMO-OFDMA-PC) and proposed IMO-OFDMA system with parallel cancellation and Convolution Viterbi encoding/decoding (pMIMO-OFDMAPC &CVed) for 4x4 transmitter and receiver. Through performance analysis, it is found that the proposed system achieved better resource allocation (bandwidth) with high data rate by minimized BER rate and achieved least power consumption with least BER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IEEE 802.11n supports high data rate transmissions due its physical layer Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) advanced antenna system and MAC layer enhancement features (frame aggregation and block acknowledgement). As a result this standard is very suitable for multimedia services through its Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA). This paper focuses on evaluating the Quality of Service (QoS) application on the performance of the IEEE 802.11n random topology WLAN. Three different number of nodes (3, 9 and 18) random topology with one access point are modeled and simulated by using the Riverbed OPNET 17.5 Modular to investigate the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) performance for different spatial streams. The result clarified the impact of QoS application and showed that its effect is best at the 18 node number topology. For a 4x4 MIMO, when QoS is applied and with respect to the no QoS application case, simulation results show a maximum improvement of 86.4%, 33.9%, 52.2% and 68.9% for throughput, delay, data drop and retransmission attempts, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Industrial firewall is a system used to supervise and regulate traffic to and from a network for the purpose of securing appliances on a network. It analyzes the data passing through it to an already defined surveillance criteria or protocols, discarding data that does not meet the protocol's requirements. In effect, it is a filter preventing undesirable network traffic and selectively limiting the type of transmission that occurs between a secured transmission line. In this research paper a SCADA based Firewall is implemented for protection of the data transmission to a PLC, against external hacking devices. This firewall is virtually exposed to several external hackers and the degree of vulnerability is carefully studied, in order to develop an ideal Firewall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed wireless connection that consists many wireless sensor devices. It is used to get information from the surrounding activities or the environment and send the details to the user for future work. Due to its advantages, WSN has been widely used to help people to collect, monitor and analyse data. However, the biggest limitation of WSN is about the network lifetime. Usually WSN has a small energy capacity for operation, and after the energy was used up below the threshold value, it will then be declared as a dead node. When this happens, the sensor node cannot receive and send the data until the energy is renewed. To reduce WSN energy consumption, the process of selecting a path to the destination is very important. Currently, the data transmission from sensor nodes to the cluster head uses a single hop which consumes more energy; thus, in this paper the enhancement of previous algorithm, which is MAP, the data transmission will use several paths to reach the cluster head. The best path uses a small amount of energy and will take a short time for packet delivery. The element of Shortest Path First (SPF) Algorithm that is used in a routing protocol will be implemented. It will determine the path based on a cost, in which the decision will be made depending on the lowest cost between several connected paths. By using the MATLAB simulation tool, the performance of SPF algorithm and conventional method will be evaluated. The expected result of SPF implementation will increase the energy consumption in order to prolong the network lifetime for WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of systems with the capacity to compress audio signals and simultaneously secure is a highly attractive research subject. This is because of the need to enhance storage usage and speed up the transmission of data, as well as securing the transmission of sensitive signals over limited and insecure communication channels. Thus, many researchers have studied and produced different systems, either to compress or encrypt audio data using different algorithms and methods, all of which suffer from certain issues including high time consumption or complex calculations. This paper proposes a compressing sensing-based system that compresses audio signals and simultaneously provides an encryption system. The audio signal is segmented into small matrices of samples and then multiplied by a non-square sensing matrix generated by a Gaussian random generator. The reconstruction process is carried out by solving a linear system using the pseudoinverse of Moore-Penrose. The statistical analysis results obtaining from implementing different types and sizes of audio signals prove that the proposed system succeeds in compressing the audio signals with a ratio reaching 28% of real size and reconstructing the signal with a correlation metric between 0.98 and 0.99. It also scores very good results in the normalized mean square error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio metrics (PSNR), and the structural similarity index (SSIM), as well as giving the signal a high level of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating wireless sensor networks, their implementation and evaluation, requires the use of a discrete event simulator. Omnet++ is quite a powerful simulator which supports concise and easy modeling of wired as well as wireless sensors environment. Scenarios involving multimedia transmissions with characteristics of video quality control and evaluation must be computed on the basis of Quality of Experience (QoE), which relies on user's perception to maintain the video quality. For the multimedia growth and awareness of future Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), it is quite necessary that the performance should be tested for different types of radio models. So varying the radio parameters may allow for the optimization and improvement of the video quality. In this paper, we have worked on Omnet++ framework for the evaluation and optimization of the performance of WMSN by using different radio models. The performance is evaluated based on the QoE metrics; i.e. Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio (PSNR) and Mean Opinion Score (MoS), which depend on user's perception to maintain the video quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper subsumes the implementation of automation in tracking the electrical consumption data of household systems over the network (WEB). This could sub-sequentially cut down the manual work involved in the process of collecting no: of units consumed from each house, thereby avoiding the manual costs and errors by building an automatic network access. The installation of this system is quite an easy task, which do not need much hardware work. The key elements that make this system are Current sensor and Voltage sensor interfaced to an Arduino board (A General Purpose Micro Controller board) with an Ethernet shield and a WIFI Router for transmission of data wirelessly to the server for storing consumption values into the database. Hosting web pages with the database connectivity will make the administrator generate electricity bill automatically that facilitates user's to view and pay his electricity bill online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the zero client module that targets Large Format Display (LFD) system for display wall. Increased resolution in modern LFD requires a high bandwidth channel and a high performance display controller to transfer the image data to the monitor. The key idea is to use a Gigabit- Ethernet communication based Daisy-Chain to transfer an image data. This communication supports sufficient bandwidth for image data transfer. As a result, we implement the LFD system using the zero client module and LCD monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum sensing is one of the functionalities of cognitive radios to exploit spectrum holes without interrupting primary users transmission. The more efficient of the spectrum sensing, the highest the throughput of secondary and primary network. This paper presents spectrum sensing method based on phase type modelling that is simple to do for secondary users to conclude about the channel state (idle or busy) under collision constraint. The parameters of phase type model can be adjusted based on desired operating point of the receiver sensor in its ROC curve. The presented approach can run a trade off between sensing time and the two error probabilities of sensor false alarm and miss-detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid increase in demand for high performance computing, there is also a significant growth of data communication that leads to leverage the significance of network on chip. This paper proposes a reconfigurable fault tolerant on chip architecture with hierarchical agent based monitoring system for enhancing the performance of network based multiprocessor system on chip against faulty links and nodes. These distributed agents provide healthy status and congestion information of the network. This status information is used for further packet routing in the network with the help of XY routing algorithm. The functionality of Agent is enhanced not only to work as information provider but also to take decision for packet to either pass or stop to the processing element by setting the firewall in order to provide security. Proposed design provides a better performance and area optimization by avoiding deadlock and live lock as compared to existing approaches over network design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective key management plays a crucial role in imposing a resilient security technique in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). After reviewing the existing approaches of key management, it is confirmed that existing approachs does not offer good coverage on all potential security breaches in WSN. With WSN being essential part of Internet-of-Things (IoT), the existing approaches of key management can definitely not address such security breaches. Therefore, this paper introduces a Framework for Secure Data Aggregation (FSDA) that hybridizes the public key encryption mechanism in order to obtain a novel key management system. The proposed system does not target any specific attacks but is widely applicable for both internal and external attacks in WSN owing to its design principle. The study outcome exhibits that proposed FSDA offers highly reduced computational burden, minimal delay, less energy consumption, and higher data transmission perforance in contrast to frequency used encryption schemes in WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization techniques based on Swarm-intelligence has been reported to have significant benefits towards addressing communication issues in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). We reviewed the most dominant swarm intelligence technique called as Bacteria Foraging Optimization (BFO) to find that there are very less significant model towards addressing the problems in WSN. Therefore, the proposed paper introduced a novel BFO algorithm which maintains a very good balance between the computational and communication demands of a sensor node unlike the conventional BFO algorithms. The significant contribution of the proposed study is to minimize the iterative steps and inclusion of minimization of both receiving / transmittance power in entire data aggregation process. The study outcome when compared with standard energy-efficient algorithm was found to offer superior network lifetime in terms of higher residual energy as well as data transmission performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of service (QoS) is essential for carrying out data transmission using resource-constrained sensor nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN). The introduction of mobile agent-based data aggregation is reported to offer energy efficiency; however, it has limitations, especially using a single mobile agent, where QoS optimization is not feasible. A review of existing studies showcases some dedicated attempts to use a mobile agent-based approach and address QoS enhancements. However, they were never combined studied. Therefore, this paper introduces a unique concept of retaining maximum QoS performance during data aggregation using a single mobile agent. The model introduces a unique communication framework, transmission provisioning using exceptional routine management, and simplified energy modeling. The proposed model has aimed for a lower delay and faster data aggregation speed with lower consumption of transmittance energy. The implementation and assessment of the model are carried out considering the challenging environment of WSN with multiple scales of data priority. The proposed model also contributes to evolving out with simplified communication vectors in a highly decentralized method. MATLAB's simulation outcome shows that the proposed system offers better delay performance, optimal energy management, and faster response time than existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring pipeline leaks is one of the recent hot studies. Leakage may occur because of time corrosion in the tube raw materials. To reduce the negative consequences of this leak, an effective leak detection system is used to prevent serious leakage accidents and damage in oil pipelines. Buildings, ecosystems, air pollution, and human life are all at risk in case of leakage occurs which could lead to fires. This paper introduces one of the research methods for the detection of pipeline leaks with a particular focus on software-based methods. The computer board interface (CBI) and wireless sensor networks have been used beside Arduino as a micro-monitor for the entire system. ZigBee is also utilized to send read data from sensors to the monitoring system displayed on the LabVIEW graphical user interface (GUI). The operator can take direct action when a leak occurs. The effectiveness of the leakage monitoring process and its practical use are demonstrated by the introduction of computerized techniques based on pressure gauge analysis on a specific pipeline in the laboratory. The result showed that the system is widely covered, accurate data transmission and robust real-time performance which reduces economic losses and environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]