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Objective: This work aims to improve the oral bioavailability and long-term aqueous stability of curcumin using various edible oil nanoemulsions (NEs). Methods: NEs were optimized using the water titration method. Curcumin was loaded into optimized emulsions, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined. Long-term stability of curcumin in the edible oil NEs was analyzed by determining the droplet size, PDI and curcumin concentrations over 4 mo. Release of curcumin from the NEs was determined using a Franz diffusion apparatus and analysed using 5 mathematical models. Results: The absorbance of curcumin was linear over the concentration range of 1 to 10 μg. ml -1 . The LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.57 to 1.26μg. ml -1 and 1.89 to 4.19μg. ml -1 respectively. All the NEs were monodisperse and had a droplet size less than 150 nm. Long-term emulsion stability shows no change in droplet size and PI (Dunnett's multiple comparisons test with a confidence interval of 95%). Olive oil NE showed significantly low release in gastric fluid (9.28%) with a good release (92.99%) in intestinal fluid and 48% in a body fluid by 8 h. Conclusion: The work highlights the use of olive oil NEs as a delivery vehicle for curcumin with excellent release characteristics and the ability to protect curcumin in an aqueous environment.

Objective: Azithromycin (AZM), an azalide drug is used to treat bacterial infections. It is poorly water-soluble, with low human bioavailability due to partial absorption. This can be improved using a microemulsion drug delivery system using essential oil. Methods: Microemulsion system was prepared with AZM solubilized lemongrass oil ( Cymbopogon citratus ), Tween 20 and water containing 1% (v/v) 10 mmol sodium hydroxide. In vitro drug release was determined using a 14KDa semipermeable dialysis membrane. The kinetics of bacterial killing was done at MIC concentrations, and viable counts were determined hourly for 24 h. Bacterial cell viability was determined by differential staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. In vitro toxicity was determined by the MTT assay, while in vivo toxicity was determined in male Wistar rats. Results: The optimized formulation (5:20:75 %) was thermodynamically stable with drug solubility of 366.90 mg/ml and a droplet diameter of 12.4±3.9 nm, which do not show in vivo or in vitro toxicity. In vitro drug release study in simulated body fluids revealed a controlled drug release from microemulsion-based formulation. The MIC was 1μg/ml and 2μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively . In vitro kill kinetics showed>2 log 10 killing by 8 h. Bacterial cell viability assay and scanning electron microscopy analysis further confirmed substantial morphological changes due to alteration in the cell membrane. Conclusion: The reduced droplet size and the inherent antibacterial property of lemongrass oil enhanced the efficacy of the AZM loaded ME system in comparison with the bulk drug, against the bacterial pathogens.