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People who are to live, study and work abroad will face more challenges in the new cultural environment and suffer more acculturative stress. Virtual Reality (VR), by which an immersive learning en...

The US federal government outsources much of its work abroad, spurring a large and competitive industry to implement these contracts. Simultaneously, the US government has an explicit foreign polic...

While considerable attention has been given to the impact of migration on left-behind families, such research focuses on the children of migrants, rather than older members of the family who play c...

The earnings of Sri Lankan migrant women who work abroad as housemaids account for a significant proportion of overseas remittances to Sri Lanka. Literature on the “maid trade” of Sri Lanka...

Many educators in the field of TESL work abroad and have experienced the complexities of negotiating how one fits into a new culture and context. Despite the privileges that may be awarded for bein...

This article investigates the activism of North American evangelical and Christian pacifist missionaries, specifically the leadership of the Committee of Cooperation in Latin America (CCLA) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), who took direct action to oppose US foreign policy toward Latin America prior to the promulgation of the Good Neighbor Policy in 1933. These historical actors were struggling to articulate a moral and Christian-based anti-imperialism that would bring Latin Americans and North Americans together. They were doing so at a critical historical moment of high US interventionism. Their respective missionary agendas demanded that they articulate non-violent, ethical and spiritual forms of anti-imperialist dissent as a way to salvage the Western Hemisphere from excessive materialism and unfair governance as well as to bolster the legitimacy of their missionary work abroad. A distinctive feature of the CCLA and the FOR's missionary work was their attempts to forge relationships...

Previous research has generally focused on employees’ willingness to accept international assignments and the rewards that are often associated with them. Little is known, however, about the potential career consequences of declining an international assignment. In this conceptual paper, psychological contract (PC) theory is used to develop propositions outlining factors that are likely to determine whether employees who turn down an international assignment will be viewed as having failed to live up to their obligations, by both the organization and themselves. Our theoretical model suggests that when the PC is breached due to the refusal of an international assignment, it may lead to reduced investments in the employee and, in turn, lower levels of objective and subjective career success for those who have spurned the offer to work abroad. We also address how the consequences of declining international assignments will affect perceptions of choice and international assignment refusal rates withi...

The history of the European translations of Charles Darwin's [On] The Origin of Species is discussed to demonstrate how ideological manipulation, censorship, and publishing strategies affected the reception of one of the most influential texts in the history of science. Darwin's involvement in the translation process is herein traced in his autobiographical writings and in the letters he exchanged with his continental translators and publishers. Aware of the decisive influence of translation on the correct understanding of his work abroad, and, in spite of his wishes to control the dissemination of his theories, Darwin had to cope with instances of overt ideological manipulation in some of the first versions he authorized, which forced him to seek out other translators to undertake new non-biased translations. The worldwide publishing success of the book came after his death, although manipulated, fragmented, or illegal editions in English and other languages also seem to have proliferated thereafter, in ...

This paper analyzes migration of Polish healthcare and eldercare workers since Poland's accession to the European Union. The research indicates that while many Polish doctors, nurses, and caregivers ‘left’ Poland, they did not necessarily ‘stay’ abroad. Contemporary Polish migration has become ‘liquid’ and has often taken on a form of ‘pendulum’ or ‘circular’ migration and, in some cases, transnational commuting, especially in the early years following Poland's accession to the EU. These patterns are particularly evident among healthcare and eldercare workers whose flexible working schedules or life stages allow for retaining employment positions and households in Poland while taking short-term or prolonged leave of absence to work abroad. The research also suggests that different migration patterns are related to the characteristics of the place of migrant origin and the geographic distance or proximity of the destination countries. Residents of border towns can easily commute to cities on the ot...

The demand for internationally mobile employees is increasing with globalization. Being able to assess an employee's intention to work abroad already at the stage of hiring becomes an important criteria for employee selection. Cognitions specified by the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were examined as mediators of the relationship between individuals' personality traits and the intention to work abroad. Utilizing a sample of 518 German business students, mediation analysis suggests that the cognitive constructs contained within the TPB fully mediate the relationships between the personality traits of openness to experience and extraversions and the intention to work abroad.

Although research on private-sector expatriates is abundant, not much is known about their public-sector counterparts, especially self-initiated expatriates, who themselves initiate the move to live and work abroad. Comparing work outcomes and creativity of self-initiated expatriates in the private vs. the public sector, the results of a survey including 329 respondents indicated that performance and effectiveness were higher in the private sector. However, only in the public sector was there a positive association between creativity and the two work outcomes. These findings are discussed in detail.

Since 2000 the Korean art world has witnessed the emergence of a new generation of artists. Arriving after the social and political upheavals of modern Korean society, this generation enjoys ready access to the larger world via the internet, ample opportunities to study/travel/work abroad, and broad recognition in international art fairs and exhibitions. Not surprisingly, unlike Korean artists of previous eras, their highly individual and varied works address ever more diverse issues in art, society and history. Their works do not conform to any overarching patterns, characteristics or attitudes that would point to ‘Korea’ as their common origin. What then makes them Korean artists? Do we suppose that their works deliver special insights about a unique culture and society, some definitive Korean-ness? Does it even matter whether we label their art ‘Korean’? By both exposing and questioning current discourse based in the transcendent ‘cult of origin’ of our seemingly globalized art world, this article will...

The Romanian work migration system came as an answer to the increased individual welfare risks caused by a particular form of Romanian neoliberalism. The system acts as a transnational labour market built up from the grassroots. Through its maturing, this migration system has acted as a ‘safety valve’ in Romania: neoliberal principles could be built into the Romanian welfare system. As such, migrant work abroad became a structural aspect of the Romanian welfare system. The austerity measures that are currently imposed on Mediterranean economies hosting Romanian migrants, and on Romania itself, therefore, create a double pressure on welfare in the latter, since they undermine the ‘safety valve’ capacity of the migration system ispartof: Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies vol:13 issue:2 pages:175-194 status: published

Sedentariness has been disregarded in migration studies. Although recent scholarship pays greater heed to immobility, the latter is often narrowly conceptualised as the exact opposite of mobility. This article attempts to overcome such dichotomies by focusing on agrarian life and activities in one of the most migratory rural contexts in West Africa, namely the Soninke villages of the Upper Gambia River valley. It shows how young men—normally the most mobile group in Soninke society—are trained to embody an agrarian ethos in order for them to be able to pursue not only agricultural livelihoods but also migratory ones. Physical, social and moral virtues cultivated in farm fields are thought to make the young man fit and adaptable to life and work abroad. The article further suggests that this agrarian ethos is reproduced through migratory dynamics, such as the integration of West African migrants as unqualified labourers in the stratified labour market of Europe and North America. As a synthesis or symbiosi...

This article provides the first comparable cross-country empirical evidence on labour migration from the South Caucasus, based on a well-designed household survey from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It quantifies recent emigration flows and provides preliminary evidence on the economic consequences of migration for the region. Results show that the most common destination for South Caucasian migrants is Russia and that the most common purpose of migration is to work abroad. An analysis of the demographic and socio-economic determinants of migration reveals that the migration flows do not involve mass emigration of skilled labour. However, this result is probably due to the relatively high cost of emigration to high-income countries. While individuals with higher education are not more likely to become migrants in general, having higher education is associated with up to four times higher probability of migration to a high-income OECD country among Armenians and Georgians. The results are in line with th...

Organizational expatriates, who have been assigned by their parent companies to the foreign location have been thoroughly investigated as compared to self-initiated expatriates, who themselves have decided to expatriate to work abroad. Consequently,much less is known about the latter type of expatriates. To help alleviate this dearth of research findings, data was collected from 428 self-initiated expatriate academics from 60 countries employed in 35 universities in five northern European countries. Four acquired demographic characteristics were investigated: marital status, nationality, previous expatriate experience and seniority, as well as five individual reasons to expatriate: adventure/travel, career, family, financial incentives and life change/escape. The results indicated support for the research propositions, suggesting that self-initiated expatriates’ (SIEs) reasons to expatriate differ in terms of acquired personal characteristics. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail. Organizational expatriates, who have been assigned by their parent companies to the foreign location have been thoroughly investigated as compared to self-initiated expatriates, who themselves have decided to expatriate to work abroad. Consequently, much less is known about the latter type of expatriates. To help alleviate this dearth of research findings, data was collected from 428 self-initiated expatriate academics from 60 countries employed in 35 universities in five northern European countries. Four acquired demographic characteristics were investigated: marital status, nationality, previous expatriate experience and seniority, as well as five individual reasons to expatriate: adventure/travel, career, family, financial incentives and life change/escape. The results indicated support for the research propositions, suggesting that self-initiated expatriates' (SIEs) reasons to expatriate differ in terms of acquired personal characteristics. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail.

Young Polish migrants to the UK are often portrayed as being highly educated and mobile: willing nomads who are privileged to be able to take advantage of new opportunities for travel and work abroad offered by European Union membership. However, there are also less well-educated young people who adopt migration as a livelihood strategy in contemporary Poland. For many, the desire to experience life abroad combines with a sense of being ‘forced’ to leave localities where the transition to a market economy has resulted in a contraction of employment opportunities and where parents are unable to finance their children's higher education. My article explores why young people try to migrate to Britain, arguing that unemployment and low wages are important push factors. It is true that migration is also a response to new opportunities, particularly access to social networks. However, not everyone enjoys access to these. In addition, young migrants are to some extent constrained by the migration culture in thei...

This qualitative research study examines some of the motivating factors and personality traits found in American construction professionals who have experience working on United States embassy projects. In response to global terrorism in the 1990s, the United States federal government has entered into a phase of building newer, more secure embassy buildings in several countries across the globe. Construction professionals who choose to work on these projects are faced with a multitude of conditions which would not likely be found in U.S. domestic projects. Twenty construction professionals were interviewed about topics such as motivations to work overseas and personal challenges encountered abroad. Structured, videotaped interviews were used as an investigative research tool. Analysis and conclusions are based upon the interviewees' responses.

Appreciation of seismicity is fundamental to New Zealand's architectural development. Reports of the earthquakes of 1848 and 1855, in particular, help determine how this condition shaped the colony's architectural development. Despite initial official reluctance to acknowledge this hazard, reports of the disasters spread. The superior performance of wooden buildings under seismic loading meant that, by the late 1850s, timber was becoming understood internationally as the prudent building material choice in New Zealand. Although early colonists' ideas regarding the design of their settlements shifted, few connected seismic condition with wider contemporary aesthetic argument. Despite the prevalence of earthquakes, and because of the threat of fire, desire for substantial masonry buildings remained. This encouraged the colony's architects and engineers to develop boldly innovative technical solutions. These innovations, which sometimes drew upon work abroad, foreshadowed ground-breaking research and practice by the country's leading seismic designers and specialists in the 20th century.

Many researchers trained in Europe leave to work abroad, namely in the USA. This brain‐drain phenomenon is the result of a lack of openness and competition in European academic systems. Some aspects relating to the mobility of academic careers could make a difference in attracting – and maintaining – researchers, aside to serious structural reform. This article explains how, in terms of mobility, it is possible to distinguish four different higher education models in Europe, showing persistent heterogeneity in the tenth anniversary of the Bologna Declaration.

Comparative Education (CE) in Teacher Education (ITE) receives little attention in the literature, and this attention is mainly focussed on its decline in Western Countries. This article highlights, however, that it is not declining to the same extent in some countries in Asia, Eastern Europe and in South Africa. The study, upon which the article is based, explores a completely neglected aspect of CE in ITE – the perceptions of student teachers studying CE. The research was conducted among student primary teachers in Ireland and South Africa. Even though some similarities emerge, their perceptions are mainly divergent. It is in the analysis of this divergence, however, that a rich picture of student perceptions emerges. The main findings are: the Irish students knew much less about CE than their South African counterparts, and their main motivation for studying CE was to enable them to work abroad, whereas the South African students wanted to learn about other systems of education in order to improve Educ...

This paper considers the effects of a branch campus on the individual college education decision and the economic welfare of a developing country. There are a single domestic college and a single branch campus established by a foreign university. A graduate from the branch campus has an opportunity to emigrate and work abroad, earning a higher income, whereas a graduate from the domestic university is not allowed to work abroad. We derive the optimal quality of the branch campus for a profit‐seeking operator and a benevolent government, respectively. Economic welfare consideration suggests that a low‐quality branch campus is most probably beneficial whereas a high‐quality branch campus may cause severe brain drain problems and be harmful to a developing country.

This article explores the motives of individuals to accept international assignments. It uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to further our understanding of how important a variety of items are in the decision to work abroad. Employing a mutual dependency perspective it contrasts individual motives and organizational perspectives. Organizations significantly underestimate the importance of career, work/life balance and development considerations and overestimate the financial imperative and some family motives. The analysis showed that for individuals some of these factors significantly relate to outcome variables in terms of the perceived career capital accrued from assignments. The study presents a more nuanced picture of influence factors on the decision to go and advocates the use of context- sensitive, multiple perspectives. Practical implications for multinational organizations are discussed.

In light of recent reflexive ethnography based on frameworks of performativity, this work develops a phenomenological interpretation of my white, male, gaijin (foreign), English-speaking positionality inside Japan's private English conversation schools (eikaiwa). These eikaiwa are ubiquitous in modern urban areas. They are patronized predominantly by women who seek career enhancement, study and/or work abroad, and international romance. To understand the gendered participation patterns inside the eikaiwa I develop a phenomenological understanding of my positionality through a framework based on Occidentalism. This framework is grounded in the ideo-geographically specific notions of seken (surveillance) and akogare (desire). Akogare is instantiated and intensified inside eikaiwa by the performative aspects of staff, students and instructor practices in addition to eikaiwa texts and advertising and popular media discourses while seken, especially gender-normative seken, directed at women is minimized. This ...

Labor migration from rural areas is a conspicuous phenomenon in developing countries. Due to lack of employment opportunities and insufficient income from farming in rural areas, migrating to the urban areas or overseas for work is one of the limited options available to poor villagers. This paper analyzes labor out-migration based on data from a survey of migrant-sending areas in rural Pakistan and aims to identify household characteristics that influence migration decisions. The study finds an inverse U-shaped relationship between landholding size and the probability of migration in the case of external migration. Since external migration is a costly process, small landholders may not have the funds to finance migration and thus be less likely to migrate. Moreover, external migration of villagers who can afford it only serves as a temporary measure of development. Villagers who work abroad eventually return to Pakistan. This ends the flow of remittances, pushing their households back into poverty and un...

This paper constructs a theoretical model to evaluate the effects of borderless education on education resource allocation by a public university in a developing country. It is sometimes argued that, with sole emphasis and competence in global knowledge, borderless education will lead to the demise of local knowledge in the developing country. We provide several scenarios to demonstrate this concern is genuine. For example, if graduates from a satellite university established by a transnational organization have opportunities to work abroad and earn higher incomes, then an increase in the wage in the foreign country will lead to a reduction in local knowledge production.

The overwhelming victory of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) in the February 25, 2001, parliamentary elections, greater than any poll had predicted, came as a complete surprise, even to the Communists. The Kremlin was equally caught off guard, especially because speculation had it that leading up to the elections they had been paving the way for a power-sharing deal between the incumbent team of President Petru Lucinschi and Prime Minister Dumitru Braghis and the Communists as their best alternative. (1) In a free and fair election with a relatively high voter turnout of 67.52 percent, the PCRM won 51.07 percent of the votes, an absolute majority. Coming in a distant second was the Braghis Alliance with 13.36 percent of the votes. The only other party to clear the 6 percent hurdle necessary to gain seats in parliament was the pro-Romanian Christian Democratic Popular Party (CDPP) with 8.24 percent. After the proportional distribution of the remaining seats in parliament, with the Communists also getting the lion's share, the PCRM commanded a total of seventy-one of the one hundred one seats in Parliament. This not only gave them far more votes than the sixty-one needed to elect the next president, but even more than the necessary two-thirds to amend the constitution. The parliamentary opposition now only consisted of the Braghis Alliance with nineteen seats and the CDPP with eleven. (2) The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to take a brief look at how the PCRM has carried out its overwhelming mandate in the areas of domestic politics, foreign policy, and the economy, and second, to discuss the consequences of Moldova's transition from communism to democracy and a market economy as the PCRM's first term in office draws to a close. Considering that Moldova had become the poorest country in Europe, the PCRM's commanding victory probably should not have come as a surprise. Since declaring independence in 1991, Moldova has had the largest fall in gross national product (GNP) and living standard of any former socialist state in Europe. In 2000, with the GNP a mere 30 percent of what it was ten years before, average nominal monthly wages were let 405 (532), about two-fifths of the minimal monthly consumer basket. For pensioners, the average monthly pension, a pitiable let 84, only covered 18 percent of the consumer basket. (3) Approximately 80 percent of the population was living on less than $1 a day. (4) One of the few avenues of escape from this seemingly endless poverty has been emigration. A poll taken shortly before the February 2001 elections by the Romanian Center for Opinions and Market Studies (COMS) found that 36 percent of Moldovans wanted to leave the country and work abroad for some time, and 26 percent wanted to leave "'for good." (5) The number of those who have emigrated varies widely. In 2003, the Moldovan Department of Statistics and Sociology reported that 234,000 people, or 11.4 percent of the work force, were working abroad or were looking lot work outside the country. Other governmental agencies, claiming that many workers have slipped through the official statistics because they are working abroad illegally, have cited figures of 600,000 or more. (6) The International Labor Organization (ILO) recently calculated figures of approximately 600,000. (7) The Communists could not have asked for a better scenario. Accusing the opposition of failing to deliver on their promises of economic growth by their mishandling of market reforms, which the Communists by and large opposed, and being responsible for the collapse and general pauperization of the country, the Communists conducted an antireform, populist campaign that emphasized a greater role for the state in the political and economic processes and in society overall. This included clamping down on corruption, setting price controls, reinstating the old Soviet raion system of local control, raising pensions and wages for state workers, and creating a system of real social guarantees to ensure a decent life for citizens. …

Both hospitality management internships and international student exchange programs have been integral parts of many hospitality management curricula for quite some time now, yet a combination of the two, the international internship, is not found extensively. This article looks at the international internship as a means to combine work experience and international exposure, and highlights why it is important to send students abroad. It contends that students who work abroad as interns are better prepared than their non-participating peers to face some of the challenges they will encounter in the increasingly globalized hospitality industry of tomorrow.

In 1993, Zhang Huan (b. 1965, Anyang, Henan Province) and Ma Liuming (b. 1969, Huangshi, Hubei Province) presented their performances for the first time in Beijing. They are among the first few artists in China to take performance art as their medium after the June 4th Incident of 1989, but they have not had the opportunity to show their work in public spaces in that country up to this day. In 1996, they began to draw international attention and to show their work abroad.

The relationship between life goals and willingness to accept an international assignment is investigated. 109 British managers responded to a questionnaire which tapped their willingness to accept an assignment in various countries and for a variety of different types of organizations. Also they had to indicate the importance of 11 life goals (Exercise Life Goals; Bass, 1976). Two life goals were consistently related to willingness to work abroad, namely: “independence”, which was positively related to willingness to accept an international assignment; and “security”, which was negatively related. Less consistent patterns were found for “self-realization”, “duty”, “pleasure”, and “affection”.

This study uses data collected in rural Egypt to estimate a micro‐level model of the economic and demographic determinants of international migration. This model uses predicted income functions to establish origin incomes (incomes excluding remittances). Three findings are noteworthy. First, the results suggest that education may not necessarily be positively correlated with migration. Second, the data indicate that the relationship between income and migration is that of a flat, inverted U‐shaped curve. Third, when the combined effects of income and land are considered, males from poor and landless households have the highest propensity to migrate. Poverty and landlessness combine to push rural Egyptians to work abroad.

The Dresden University of Technology takes part in various international student exchange programmes as part of the overall policy of the German Democratic Republic in favour of international understanding and co‐operation. Various kinds of student exchange and travel programmes are offered, and the ambition of the university is to generalize them so that all graduates will have completed some of their academic work abroad. The author cites the example of his institution's programme of promotion classes for talented students as being particularly valuable for the involvement of research‐oriented honours students in exchange projects. Yet he also argues that average students too should be involved in student exchanges.

The building recession in many western industrialised countries has obliged their construction industries to look abroad for new markets. A Swedish view of this situation and the scope for consultancy work overseas is given here by a partner in civil engineering consultants Kjessler and Mannerstrale, AB, of Stockholm. Most recent estimates, incidentally, put the annual value of such Swedish construction consultancy work abroad as £50-£60 million, about 60 per cent of it in the Middle East.