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We demonstrate a method to evaluate the urban residential land use efficiency from the perspective of service facility capacity by using a neural network. Publicly available data were used to obtai...

Planning plays a key role in ensuring the provision of adequate residential land exists for housing development. This paper explores the failure of housing land supply policy in Wales from multiple policy failure perspectives, ultimately identifying three key findings. Firstly, the goal-orientated failure in achieving five-year housing land supply is evident. Secondly, the reasons for failure vary but focus on the ramifications of the calculations and also relationships of planners and housebuilders across the public and private sector. Finally, despite the explanations cited for failure, the need for five-year land supply calculations to facilitate housing provision remains an unquestioned necessity.

This study examines the spatiotemporal relationship between the newly built subway line and land price, focusing on difference and correlation between commercial and residential land uses. For a sp...

Communities and crime research presumes that purely nonresidential land uses are associated with more crime, whereas purely residential land use is associated with less crime. However, few studies ...

The owners of undeveloped urban land are often blamed for restricting housing supply and thereby driving up house prices in the face of increasing demand. This article shows how greater variation i...

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the past 3 decades, a series of presidential administrations—and the APA—have recommended that cities update their zoning codes to enable more a...

Land price mapping has recently drawn considerable attention from academics and practitioners alike. This paper investigates the factors influencing residential land prices in a rather underrepresented part of the world. Owing to land prices’ spatial association and heterogeneity, the study uses both traditional and Bayesian spatial regression techniques to test the impact of population density, the percentage of Kuwaitis among the total population, the total number of schools, traffic accidents, and air pollution as measured by the prevalence of both carbon monoxide (CO, ppm) and ground-level or tropospheric ozone level (O3, ppb) on residential land prices in Kuwait. The general pattern of the results shows that land prices are driven positively by density, the percentage of Kuwaitis and the existence of educational amenities, while air pollution has a negative impact on prices. The analysis also reveals that land prices in Kuwait tend to cluster in groups/hotspots. It is argued that such an accurate identification of hotspots and the correct understanding of their relation to explanatory variables can help decision-makers to make sound decisions in areas as diverse as planning for amenities and zoning.

© 2017 The Society of Urban Technology. In the urban sprawl paradigm, residential land use exhibits a more significant growth than other categories. Consequently, large proportions of the natural environment are converted to residential areas, particularly in tropical countries. Compact urban development is one of the most sustainable urban forms with environmental perspectives, such as rural development containment and natural environment preservation. However, no proper investigation of the relationship and influence of residential growth and city compactness is available. This study evaluated and forecasted the residential development of Kajang City in Malaysia based on compact development. First, the relationship between residential land use change and city compactness was evaluated. Second, residential growth was projected by utilizing the land transformation model (LTM) and the statistical-based weight of evidence (WoE) using various spatial parameters. Both models were evaluated with respect to observed land use and compactness maps. Results indicated that most of the newly developed residential areas were in zones where the degrees of compactness increase during certain periods. In addition, LTM performed better and provided a more accurate modeling of residential growth than the WoE. However, WoE provided clearer and more informative results than LTM in terms of functional relationships between dependent and independent variables related to city compactness.

The Austin MetroRail line in Texas, U.S.A. began operations in 2010 and since then transit-oriented development projects have been fuelled around train stations. Traditional location theory holds that proximity to a transit station should be capitalized into land prices, and numerous empirical studies have demonstrated the effects with mixed results. However, to date no empirical study has investigated this relationship between the newly built rail line and land prices in Austin. This study fills the research gap and suggests a positive effect associated with transit proximity by employing spatial hedonic models. This study also contributes to the existing literature especially in the context of Texas cities where there is a lack of relevant research on transit-capitalization-related topics, and provides insights for decision-makers with different perspectives regarding further rail investment or transportation financing strategies such as value capture programs.

The book opens by citing Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century with the claim that residential land is the most valuable use of land in the modern capitalist economy. It continues in an elo...

In the past decade, Beijing has experienced dramatic spatial restructuring. In this paper, we test whether the conventional monocentric model of urban spatial structure can explain recent developments in Beijing’s land market. Using official land transaction data from 2008 through 2012, we find that (1) for commercial, mixed-use, and residential land parcels, both land prices and development intensities do not decline with distance from the urban center; (2) for industrial land parcels, land prices increase with distance from the urban center. These insignificant and positive land-price gradients defy the predictions of the monocentric model; such results are explained by examining Beijing’s evolution from a monocentric to a polycentric spatial configuration, which has been driven by various urban planning efforts and institutional reforms. Our analysis of post-Olympic Beijing land market dynamics leads to a fresh understanding of the city’s emerging polycentric metropolitan structure.

This study examines locational patterns of housing choice vouchers in Duval County, Florida, using the Housing Suitability Model (HSM), a newly developed geographic information system–based model that evaluates residential land parcels and neighborhoods in terms of their suitability for affordable housing. The HSM was used to characterize voucher locations and other residential parcels across the county in terms of opportunity and accessibility. The analysis explores the tradeoffs between opportunity and accessibility inherent in many neighborhoods throughout the county. It finds that voucher holders' locations lag substantially behind other residential locations in terms of opportunity measures but are more comparable in terms of accessibility. Further analysis finds differences in opportunity and accessibility among subgroups of voucher holders by various demographic characteristics. The study recommends the incorporation of opportunity and accessibility for voucher holders into local housing planning, ...

This study examines the impacts of the new mass transit systems on the land values of residential development in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand, using geographic information systems and spatial econometrics. The study finds that the proximity to mass transit stations spatially correlates with an increase in the prices of residential land. The benefits of the new mass transit stations, however, may not be equally distributed to the residents of Bangkok due to the lack of value-capture mechanisms such as a capital gains tax or a property tax. Policy implications regarding property taxation are also discussed.

Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana lacks well-engineered sanitary landfill sites. Increased urbanization and concomitant real estate growth lead landfills to compete with residential land use, resulting in closer proximity between landfill sites and residential neighborhoods. The effects of landfills on the property values of nearby residential communities have been the subject of much debate in the developed world, where state-of-the-art and environmentally well-engineered landfills are common. However, academic and other research is inconclusive on the effects of landfills on property values in the developed countries. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the effects of landfills on residential property values in Ghana, using the Oblogo and Mallam landfills in Accra as a case study. Our analysis indicates that while landfills do depress nearby residential property values, the effects are contingent on property location relative to the level of urbanization in a community, a...

State governments in Australia increasingly outsource the co-ordination and delivery of ‘difficult’ regeneration projects to state-owned land development agencies (LDAs). These LDAs were originally established in the 1970s with a strong redistributionist agenda, operating mainly to deliver low-cost residential land on greenfield sites. In the last 25 years, however, their roles have been redirected towards brownfield regeneration and they have been required to operate profitably. This paper uses the recent rise and fall of a powerful Queensland LDA to examine the potential of ‘positive planning’ in political contexts where governments wish to both limit their involvement in planning and achieve sustainable brownfield regeneration.

This article comments upon the situation of sprawl in Spain and Madrid, especially residential sprawl. It does not appear to be a serious problem due to its low starting point, but artificial surface and residential sprawl is growing rapidly. For that reason, it may be an issue in the future. Between 2000 and 2006, urban residential land use grew 0.4% in Spain and 0.2% in Europe per year, land use of industrial and commercial areas grew 2.3% in Spain and 0.4% in Europe and total artificial surface grew 2.7% in Spain and 0.6% in Europe (EEA, 2010). Further, we will study the legislation on maximum and minimum urban density in Spain. The highest maximum urban density is established by the Basque Country, with 230 dwellings per hectare, and the highest minimum urban density is established by Catalonia, with 50 dwellings per hectare. In both cases, it is applied to only certain types of territories. Finally, we will analyse what happens in the Region of Madrid in relation to sprawl. It has very similar patter...

Urban forests provide essential functions in support of human communities; however, studies indicate adjacent residential land uses degrade urban forests following development. The resulting impacts are known as encroachment. Local Ontario governments rely primarily on passive management, such as boundary structures (e.g. fences) to limit this degradation but do not know whether they are effective for limiting the area of the forest floor covered by these impacts. Transect and quadrat sampling of 40 forest edges adjacent to 186 residential properties were sampled in six Southern Ontario municipalities to determine impact frequency and area cover of encroachment. The results indicated some structures are effective in reducing the frequency and area cover of some encroachment behaviours. Other behaviours were not significantly reduced by any structural treatment. Furthermore, some behaviours were increased by structures. Substantial areas of encroachment continued to occur under even the most effec...

This article is an empirical study of residential land values in the vicinity of the TransMilenio system (Bus Rapid Transit, BRT) in Bogota (Colombia). The results have been established through impact evaluation by means of nonparameteric approaches (Propensity Score Matching, PSM) and econometric approaches (Spatial Hedonic Price, SHP) indicating that access to the BRT system generates benefits on the change of property value.

Goffette-Nagot F., Reginster I. and Thomas I. Spatial analysis of residential land prices in Belgium: accessibility, linguistic border, and environmental amenities, Regional Studies. This paper explores the spatial variation of land prices in Belgium. The originality of the methodology is threefold: to work at the spatial extent of an entire country; to compute accessibility measures to all jobs and several representations of the environmental amenities; and, more importantly, to test the hypothesis that jobs influence land prices only in the same linguistic region. Spatial autocorrelation is accounted for. The results show that the linguistic border acts as a strong barrier in the spatial pattern of land prices and that environmental variables have no significant effect at this spatial scale. Goffette-Nagot F., Reginster I. et Thomas I. Analyse spatiale des prix des terrains a usage residentiel en Belgique: accessibilite, frontiere linguistique et amenites environnementales, Regional Studies. Cet article...

We examine 5,603 property transactions in Jefferson County, Alabama that take place between 2004 and 2008. Using OLS regressions, we estimate the extent to which differences in walkability, as meas...

This research investigated critical factors that contribute to the success of residential land development in New Zealand. The methodology involved determining those factors identified as critical by international researchers and then drawing comparisons to critical factors identified in interviews with various members of four property development teams active in New Zealand. This paper focuses on factors associated with the site itself. The findings presented here include the concept of “success” in New Zealand is centered on profitability, timeframes and budgets. There was a greater focus on the due diligence phase, at the expense of the site selection phase, compared with earlier research. There were also fewer options available for financing property development in the New Zealand context. The development legislation was generally seen as appropriate, but its application was felt to be inconsistent and the source of much of the risk in a property development. While the critical factors identif...

This article examines the role and explanation of loft conversions in Clerkenwell, London, a recent form of middle-class inner city gentrification. This involves the conversion of old industrial buildings into residential use. It is argued that while it caters to a specific sub-market with a strong urban orientation, it is less preference but profitability and planning which are the key drivers of the process. Changes in the economics of industrial, office and residential land uses in London in the early 1990s and subsequently, made residential land use more profitable than industrial or office uses and conversion was permitted by changes in planning and land use classification. This led to a rapid upsurge in the number of planning applications for conversions. Conversions are a developer-led form of gentrification.

Land assembly and subdivision costs are negligible in residential land markets in certain land readjustment districts of Taichung City, Taiwan. Our empirical investigation finds evidence for significant quantity discounts in the case of land sales in these post-consolidated markets. This finding contradicts the prediction of the Le Chatelier-Braun Principle put forward in the work of Lin and Evans (2000). Moreover, the discounts are larger for land sales zoned in R-2 districts than those zoned in R-1 districts. These results are consistent with Brownstone and De Vany's (1991) non-diversifiable risk hypothesis.

Using information from a variety of published studies, a data set was assembled with approximately 200 surface soil samples collected from urban locations across New York State (NYS) not directly influenced by known sources of contamination. Statistical characteristics for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were examined and compared with draft NYS soil cleanup objectives that had been developed using risk-based and rural background considerations. For the carcinogenic PAH compounds, approximately 12–40% of samples exceeded cleanup objectives proposed for residential land use, but few samples exceeded the less stringent standards proposed for commercial and industrial properties. Qualitative comparisons with a recent study of NYS rural soils indicated substantial differences in background PAH levels between urban and rural locations. These findings motivate further research into the best manner for incorporating background information into soil cleanup objectives for urban areas.

The research attempts to find out how the location of the CBD(central business district), the distance to the main roads, the distribution of the public facilities, and the urban land-use pattern influence the urban residential land value variations. The study begins by identifying the influences into two categories: general circumstance and micro/neighboring circumstances. Benchmark price and market land value are tested to be the results influenced by general circumstance and both the influential range and the influential force of individual land-use are investigated and compared. At last explicit case comparisons are also taken for testing the result. The finding of the research is not only useful for understanding the spatial patterns of land values, but also beneficial for the policy-makers concerning land administration and urban planning.

Population growth and increasing development pressures are rapidly transforming the river basins across Sub-Saharan Africa. Planning decisions to monitor these landscapes and develop sound environmental management practices will require access to geo-technologies that permit the compilation of multi-date data for land use inventories and detection of change across space and time. This study demonstrates the functionality of these tools using multi-temporal satellite images, 1990 and 2000, acquired for the Densu River basin in Ghana. Change detection methods, based on image differencing and image regression, were used to evaluate the rates of change and identify the areas of significant change over the ten year period. The results show that residential land uses grew substantially during the study period, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the observed changes that occurred in the river basin. The expansion, involving farmland conversion, occurred mainly around Accra and its peri-urban areas. The...

The maquiladora (maquila) economy has brought enormous change to Mexico's northern border region during the last few decades. Scholars have studied many aspects of the region's maquila economy, including bi‐national trade, a range of environmental issues, and social and cultural impacts arising from rapid industrialization. Few, however, have examined the relationship between industrialization and the development of urban land. We respond to this deficiency by investigating land use change in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, during the 1988-1993 period. Two objectives guide the research. First, we document the extent to which the maquila economy has fostered rapid population growth and employment change in Ciudad Juarez and other Mexican border cities. Second, a simple simulation procedure is used to show how growth of the maquila economy has distorted residential and commercial land development in the city. The results indicate that during the 1988-1993 period residential land in the city was “overdevelop...

This paper introduces the practical method of estimating the final residential land demand using housing demand function rather than the existing method using target housing diffusion rate for estimating the demand for land. It also attempts to demonstrate that the new method can be applied to the field of practical land development. Using housing demand function, final residential land demand was estimated for a new town development expectant, Soowan area in Kwangju city in Korea. The estimated final residential land demand size is 445,517 pyung (about 360 Acre) according to Scenario 2. The method of estimating residential land demand suggested in the study may be appropriate to the new town development that low, medium and high density are mixed, so it may apply not only to Korea, but it may also apply to residential land development model for countries or regions which needs medium or high density development due to their relatively high population density.

House builders are the interface between the land and housing markets, determining present land values by forecasting future house prices and construction costs. The literature establishes that land values are derived from house prices and construction costs but that this relationship may be altered by uncertainty, yet very little analysis has been provided to establish this empirically. A model of house builder behaviour is proposed and tested through detailed empirical analysis of a sample of private house building projects. Methods of estimating the development values and costs associated with individual sites are set out and rates of achieved profit are estimated. Using simulation methods, the paper demonstrates the effects of house builders' forecasting behaviour on land values, and evidence is presented that house builders' behaviour in the land and housing markets depresses the price of land. It is concluded that house builders tend to forecast conservatively with the result that land is undervalued.

While the urban heat island is a well recognized and pervasive phenomenon, the less common condition of an urban heat sink has been observed in an Indianapolis case study. The authors have provided some explanatory basis for this anomaly largely with respect to variations in biomass and urban versus rural differences in thermal inertia resulting from variations in soil cover, moisture and density. Here specific attention is given to the influences of a variety of urban surfaces (residential, commercial, and industrial land uses) on the pattern of urban radiant temperatures exhibited by the Indianapolis heat sink. In addition, variations in the density of these land use forms are examined with respect to their influences on radiant temperatures. In all three land use categories, density variations demonstrate important influences on radiant temperatures. In the case of residential land use, the variable of housing unit density is strongly associated with radiant temperatures. The relationships exh...

This study reports data from a mapping analysis designed to assess the extent to which liquor outlets concentrate in certain neighborhoods within one economically disadvantaged midsized city in New Jersey. Four neighborhoods, which occupy one-quarter of the residential land mass of the city and which are home to one-quarter of its population, were found to contain over half of its retail liquor outlets. Three of these neighborhoods are very poor and have large minority populations. The neighborhood with the highest concentration of outlets, however, has one of the lowest levels of poverty in the city and is ethnically quite diverse.

LEGER L. A. (1994) Regional land markets and trade-induced inequities, Reg. Studies 28, 109-118. Regional policies can be used to redress trade-induced inequities in a small open economy. A Ricardo-Viner general equilibrium trade model is used, in which interregional migration of labour is costly. Increasing relocation costs arise from the operation of markets for essential services, in particular residential land. These create distributional inequities and suggest the possibility of manipulation population density in regional land-use to effect both redistribution and a move to greater productive efficiency. LEGER L. A. (1994) Les marches fonciers regionaux et les inegalites provoquees par les echanges, Reg. Studies 28, 109-118. Dans une petite economie ouverte depourvue de terrains a bâtir les politiques regionales servent a corriger les inegalites provoquees par les echanges. On se sert d'un modele d'echanges du type Ricardo-Viner reposant sur la notion de l'equilibre general et qui suppose que le coUt...

All land in Tanzania is nationalized and in theory is easy to acquire and develop for housing. However, the time lag between designation of an urban area for housing development and commencement of construction may take up to four years and up to ten years to complete. This paper describes the actors and steps involved in the process of planning, servicing, and transferring urban land and outlines the physical, aesthetic, social, political, and economic effects. Recommendations are offered for shortening the process and some management techniques are suggested.

Soil cleanup guidelines were developed for diesel fuel No. 2 that are protective of human health. Guidelines were conservatively based on a residential land use scenario. This scenario estimates human health risks associated with long‐term exposure to site soil via the inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes of exposure. Lifetime dermal cancer studies were selected as the basis for deriving a safe level of diesel fuel in soil. Soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No. 2 ranged from 1166 to 11,287 mg/kg for adult or child residents and represent contaminant levels that pose acceptable health risks for both present and proposed future uses of a site.

This paper examines the economic segmentation model in explaining 1985-86 Japanese interregional migration. The analysis takes advantage of statistical graphic techniques to illustrate the following substantive issues of interregional migration: (1) to examine whether economic segmentation significantly influences Japanese regional migration and (2) to explain socioeconomic characteristics of prefectures for both in- and out-migration. Analytic techniques include a latent structural equation (LISREL) methodology and statistical residual mapping. The residual dispersion patterns, for instance, suggest the extent to which socioeconomic and geopolitical variables explain migration differences by showing unique clusters of unexplained residuals. The analysis further points out that extraneous factors such as high residential land values, significant commuting populations, and regional-specific cultures and traditions need to be incorporated in the economic segmentation model in order to assess the extent of the model's reliability in explaining the pattern of interprefectural migration.

This study attempts to detect whether power lines, power line towers, or both have an impact on the selling price of proximate residential land and to measure the magnitude of these impacts if they exist. Secondly, it attempts to determine whether any impact which is found to exist is diminished through time possibly as the growth of trees obscures the view of towers and lines, as attitudes change, or as uncertainty about the effects diminishes. Finally, the extent to which the impact extends beyond lots with an easement is considered. Throughout, the focus is on the value of land even though the use of developed property sales would ordinarily preclude such a focus. The approach is that of a hedonic price index in which selling price is Cobb-Douglas function of a number of property characteristics with land area being just one of the characteristics. By shifting the other property characteristic variables, it is possible to obtain predictions of land value alone.

This paper examines local government by-laws regulating animal husbandry on residential land in Melbourne, in terms of the ideologies of planning law. The possibilities for agricultural use of residential land are explored in the context of broader economic and social change. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications.

This article discusses the inflationary effects of local land use controls, and proposes a monitoring system for measuring the demand for and supply of residential land. By monitoring the demand for and supply of land, local land use planners can adjust land development regulations to avoid substantial land price inflation. The steps for creating a local land monitoring system are outlined, and a hypothetical case is presented. The article ends by discussing why local communities would be willing to adopt a land monitoring system.

Recent multi-variate research has isolated several classes of urban residential land value determinants. The relative importance of five selected determinants is examined with reference to residential land values in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging region.

Summary Second homes and the market for residential land in resort areas have received little research attention in Australia. In particular, little is known about location patterns of second homes and subdivisions, characteristics of consumers and their behaviour. Consumers include those who buy cottages for holiday and retirement use, or simply land for speculation. These motives are the key to understanding the role of distance in ordering the nature and behaviour of consumers. The paper relates distances between permanent and second homes to the socio‐economic and behavioural characteristics of buyers, the characteristics of dwellings and the passage of time. The interplay of these variables is argued to entail discrimination between types of second‐home area.

There are more than ten million platted lots on rural land across the United States, most of them created by subdivision prior to modern land use planning review. They are not usable for homesites since they are too small for on-site water and sewage provision, or for productive uses like farming and timber production because they are held in small and diverse ownerships. What can planners do about rural land wasted by “antiquated subdivisions”? Planning officials agreed to allow a group of property owners to develop a portion of an antiquated subdivision on rural land near Portland, Oregon, as small acreage rural residential homesites and converted about two-thirds of it into productive, large acreage, timber producing “woodlots.” The residential value of woodlots subsidizes otherwise uneconomical timber management practices. Planners elsewhere can use the same approach to increase resource productivity in other antiquated rural subdivisions.

Residential land use succession theory is permeated by the “life cycle’ ideas of social ecology, but the leading succession models offer conflicting interpretations of the sequences of change that residential areas are believed to pass through. Models have not been substantiated by analyses of the complete land use histories of all sites in areas of change. An Edmonton stage-model is derived from actual measurements of residential land use change over ten-year periods, from 1921 to 1971. It provides an empirical framework for evaluating the theoretical models, from which it is concluded that the life-cycle concept has little value as an explanation of residential change in a young, rapidly-growing city. The best fit for Edmonton's experience to date is found in the Andrews model, since it is more sensitive than most to changes in the demand environment.

Greenwood Lake is a 777 ha lake in the suburban New York metropolitan area. The lake lies in New York State (Orange County) and New Jersey (Passaic County) and comes under the jurisdiction of both States. The 6,000 ha watershed is 80 percent forested and 17 percent in residential land use. Greenwood Lake is a headwater of the Wanaque River in the Passaic–Hudson River Drainage Basin. The lake experiences heavy recreational use including boating, fishing, and swimming. Over the course of the last 30 years the lake's water quality has declined appreciably and recreational usage has dropped as a result. Historically, many different citizens organizatons have been formed to address the problems of the lake then gradually died. One major problem with maintaining an active and viable organizaton to coordinate and implement lake management activities on the lake is that the lake is in two States. Although a single lake and a single watershed, local parochial interests prevented coordinated action. In 197...

Classical land value theory emphasizes accessibility as a determinant of residential land values as well as of intensity of residential development. Regression and correlation methods are used to e...

Summary The relationship between aviation developments and residential land values in the area of Sydney Airport are examined over the period 1959–73 to ascertain the short‐ and longer‐term effects of aircraft‐based externalities. Two areas in the airport‐affected zone and two non‐affected areas which act as controls are considered. It is shown that in the short run adverse effects on sales prices of residences are noted in the airport areas but in the longer term prices display a similar trend in both airport and non‐airport areas. It is indicated also that areas respond differently to such externality impact according to their socio‐economic character.

An empirical examination of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model. The author presents an operational definition and suggests a method for determining accessibility patterns within metropolitan areas. This is a process of distributing forecasted metropolitan population to small areas within the metropolitan region. Although the model presented is not yet sufficiently well refined for estimating purposes, the concept and the approach may be potentially useful tools for metropolitan planning purposes.