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To date, the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct does not include direct guidance about how psychologists should navigate social media. Given the variety of rol...

The Theravadi Bhikku Kathikawath (Registration) Bill, presented to the parliament of Sri Lanka in January 2016, is a proposed framework for formulating codes of conduct for Buddhist monks. The bill...

The topic of governance is much discussed in the higher education literature. Corruption is less discussed, and mostly in general and cautionary terms. Yet there are important relations between the...

The Old Order Amish are the fastest growing religious subpopulation in the United States. The Amish population, most recently estimated at 340,000, is expected to double in size during the next 20 years. While still relatively few in number, their growing population and increasing interaction with American society will likely result in more Amish individuals seeking mental health treatment. Despite the call for culturally competent mental health professionals, this population has been underrepresented in the psychotherapy literature. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this article is the first known attempt to review the ethical considerations that may arise when working with members of the Old Order Amish. This article uses the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct to frame the discussion of ethical mental health treatment with Amish individuals.

The adaptation to life within the prisons is still unknown today despite having been defined almost 80 years ago by Clemmer under the name of prisonization. The aim of this paper is to estimate the...

This article is a commentary on O’Donohue’s2019 37-point critique of the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct ([Ethics Code] 2017). In this bri...

O’Donohue has identified 37 criticisms of the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (Ethics Code), although many of his criticisms go far beyo...

While best practices are provided for green spas, Indigenous tourism, and ecotourism, there has been an absence of a code of conduct for spas that aim to sustainably integrate culture. The need for...

The majority of the research on school suspension practices has focused on individual student-level factors and their relationship to school suspension practices. A substantial number of studies ha...

The time has come for a thorough review of the Guidelines for the Consideration of Governing Bodies in Adopting a Code of Conduct for Learners (hereafter the Guidelines). More than 20 years...

To improve quality of life to the citizens, Government of India has proposed to create 100 Smart Cities in India (SCI). Each entity in SCI (enterprises) remains connected using Enterprise Informati...

Objective Internet represents a major source of information related to health issues, increasingly used by providers. Indeed, there are numerous websites concerning eating and weight disorders, such as anorexia nervosa. The aim of the current investigation was to systematically perform a reliability and content analysis of Italian language anorexia nervosa-related websites. Methods Reliability of the anorexia nervosa website pages was assessed using the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct Standards (HonCode®) certification mark. A comprehensive content analysis (thematic cluster analysis, correspondence analysis of emerging themes and topics, density and degree-centrality analysis, and co-word analysis) was performed using the commercial software T-Lab. Results 402 unique website pages were included and analyzed in the current study. Statistically significant differences related to the accomplishment or less to the items of the HonCode® certificate mark were found for all items, except for confidentiality and webmaster/additional contact. From the thematic cluster analysis, four clusters were identified: namely, treatment (26.6%), vomiting (24.7%), weight (24.4%) and onset-age (24.3%). Treatment (in particular, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy) was the most represented theme (with a frequency of 97.76%, recurring in 393 websites). Pro-ana content characterized 147 website pages (with a frequency of 36.57%). Conclusion The quality of Italian language anorexia nervosa-related websites was rather moderate-poor, being generally inconsistent with the principles of the HonCode® certification mark. Therefore, physicians and health authorities should be aware of such findings to provide their patients with proper answers and education.

This paper examines the internal and external challenges to the implementation of the code of conduct in the Ghana’s civil service using the Controller and Accountant Generals’ Department (CAGD) as...

To address labour issues with apparel suppliers, many multinational enterprises adopted codes of conduct (CoC) policies. However, lack of contextualisation in CoC implementation has challenged thei...

This study applies a participatory action research (PAR) approach to investigate a corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative by a Norwegian destination management organization (DMO). This initiative concerns whale watching and refers to a voluntary code of conduct. The focus is on the features of the relevant institutional field and the discursive development of collaborative interactions among the actors who worked actively to the code of conduct. The aim is twofold: to gain a deep understanding of the processes of development and implementation of CSR initiatives at the destination level, and to reflect on the adoption of PAR in this context. The findings highlight the potential role of DMOs as leaders and consider some critically important factors (resources, support by public institutions and acceptance). The findings also suggest the usefulness of PAR in CSR studies in relation to explore and understand the complexity of the processes related to the development of the initiatives and t...

The Djibouti Code of Conduct plays a central role in addressing maritime piracy and armed robbery in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. Assuming rational actors base diplomatic ...

At the 2012 Olympic Games, eight badminton players were disqualified from the women’s doubles tournament for intentionally losing matches in the group stage. The incident marks the largest mass dis...

Idealism and relativism were designed to assess different ethical ideological views. Their relation with attitudes toward a variety of outgroups has not been previously studied. Understanding how concerns over ethical principles and consequences are related to prejudiced attitudes could provide some insight into these constructs and into the nature of prejudice. In two studies totaling 311 participants, participants completed measures on ethical ideologies, right-wing authoritarianism, and attitudes toward various outgroups. The differential predictive validities of ethical ideologies, in comparison to right-wing authoritarianism, on prejudicial attitudes toward dangerous, derogated, and dissident outgroup members were examined. We found that both idealism and relativism contributed to predicting attitudes regarding outgroup members, over and above right-wing authoritarianism. As such, people’s personal moral standards and code of conduct for dealing with interpersonal problems and transgressions can part...

The article aims to describe the current status quo of codes of conduct applied by research institutions to manage data protection issues in light of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We assessed whether the current codes of conduct meet the criteria of codes of conduct as defined by Article 40 of the GDPR. We have found that there are very few ‘codes of conduct’ or good practices that would meet the definition set out in Article 40 of the GDPR. We have found that universities and research institutions had neither the incentives nor the resources to create internationally binding codes of conduct and settled for declarative documents or internal guidelines. A good level of compliance with the Data Protection Directive and national laws was adopted even without codes of conduct which would apply beyond a single institution or grant agency. We have identified that the demand and need for binding codes of conduct are increasing, albeit only in specific research fields. The main incentive is international cooperation, the need for the standardization of data protocols, and most likely fear of high sanctions introduced by GDPR.

Physical activity (PA) attenuates weight-associated morbidity and mortality (Barry et al., 2014) but PA-based weight bias dissuades many people from engaging in and enjoying physical activity (Chambliss & Blair, 2005; Vartanian & Novak, 2011). Guided by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008), we implemented concept mapping (Kane & Trochim, 2007) with current and past members and employees of fitness centers. One-hundred ideas were generated, representing the concepts programming, fitness culture, code of conduct, professional development, and physical environment/amenities. The ideas can help design interventions that increase positive attitudes that are autonomous, shared throughout a fitness center, and promote inclusivity.

Following two years of negotiations, a pivotal public–private partnership has released a global code of conduct for the foreign exchange industry. Designed to address a trust deficit within and, mo...

In a departure from its previous stance, China, in August 2017 during the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Foreign Ministers' meeting, stated that it Beijing was willing to discuss th...

We assessed the attitudes, perceptions, and stereotypes toward Latino immigrants among 247 mental health professionals across 32 U.S. states. We also randomly presented two versions of an attitude measure that varied in their references to immigrants (“illegal aliens” or “undocumented immigrants”). Participants reported that they did not agree with the anti-immigration law Arizona SB 1070 and other similar bills. Also, greater multicultural awareness was related to positive attitudes and fewer stereotypes toward immigrants. Furthermore, participants who were asked to think about “undocumented immigrants” viewed Latino immigrants more positively than those who were asked think about “illegal aliens.” Findings show the continued need for multicultural awareness and competence training for mental health professionals, which align with the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (i.e., Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity and Standard 3.01: ...

Hosseini and Lewis (2020) examined authorship in the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (ECCRI), highlighting challenges in defining accountability and responsibility for contributors ...

Trust in institutions is falling at an alarming rate, the cause and consequence of democratic rejection of strategies to deal with the Global Financial Crisis. Irrespective of whether rule- or principles-based forms of regulation were privileged, each failed to address the erosion of core normative anchors. Blindsided by the factors that led to the crisis, the policy response, based largely on technical solutions, has done little to restore trust. As will be shown, it further eroded it. The result is an existential crisis for the liberal state and the international regulatory order. Rebuilding trust requires substantial refashioning of purpose buttressed by change in the role and function of industry codes of conduct. Without anchoring commitment to broader social purpose, these codes risk exacerbating the distrust they are ostensibly designed to ameliorate. This article explores these dynamics through an extended analysis of proposed changes to the Australian Bankers’ Association Code of Conduct. It argu...

Exposure tasks are a key ingredient in the treatment of anxiety symptoms and disorders in youth. Because exposure tasks involve the purposeful induction of a stress response, ethical considerations are warranted. In the current article, specific ethical considerations in the implementation of exposure tasks with youth populations are discussed, including those that are relevant prior to the use of exposures (i.e., clinician judgment and competence and informed consent) and those that are relevant as exposures are being implemented (i.e., avoiding harm, deception, debriefing, and limits of confidentiality). Suggestions and recommendations for keeping with standards and guidelines of the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct are offered.

The field of ethics in psychology has devoted a great deal of attention to the ethical issues that arise when students and faculty develop mentor–mentee relationships. However, little attention has been given to examining the role of graduate students acting as mentors. Graduate students often supervise and evaluate undergraduates as a part of research and teaching responsibilities, and may act as mentors to more junior graduate students. This article discusses the unique qualities and ethical considerations of graduate students in mentoring relationships. Finally, this article concludes with recommendations on ethical mentorship inspired by the American Psychological Association (2010) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

The legal market is changing. Whether individual consumer or corporate client, the choice of services available to help manage or solve legal problems appears increasingly wide. Business process outsourcing, technology and data companies, accountants and other professional advisors are offering corporate clients new options to manage their legal affairs. Law firms are responding to this increasing competitive pressure with new services of their own. The Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA), as the largest legal regulator in the UK, is liberalising its approach to regulation, removing prescriptions and inflexibilities, so that business and solicitors can compete and thrive in this changing market. The proposals will introduce greater flexibility for individual solicitors (including those currently described as in-house) to offer services to the public (including corporate clients) from businesses outside of legal regulation. A simpler and shorter Code of Conduct, focused separately on individual s...

George DeMartino's The Economist's Oath is provoking timely and welcome discussions in economics. This essay assesses the close connection between the ethical dimension of economics and the concept of pluralism, which has become a focus of dissent within economics, especially in the UK and Europe. Both concerns, it argues, arise from the current “theoretical crisis of economics”—a term coined by Joan Robinson in the 1970s and updated in this essay to reflect the present state of the discipline of economics. It argues that pluralism in fact is an ethical as well as scientific response to this theoretical crisis, and it develops the case for ethical guidelines that codify the pluralist responsibilities of an economist.

Corruption, political scandals, and the spreading adoption of management practices in the public sector contribute to a decline in public trust. Worldwide initiatives promoting good governance can be observed. At an organizational level, management of ethics has gained in importance as codes of conduct and ethical leadership are promoted. However, public management research has hardly analysed the impacts of these measures. To address this research gap, we conduct a between-subjects experiment among public administration employees. Our results reveal that only ethical leadership has a positive effect on employees’ organization-related attitudes. Our findings suggest avenues for further research.

The not-for-profit sector works within a market environment, in which charities compete with one another for donations. Despite their humanitarian aims, the sector suffers from both financial and sexual misconduct. Some researchers have called for the creation of professional bodies with self-governing accreditation schemes to monitor and signal ethical behaviour and provide charities with a competitive advantage. An ethnographic case study of a charitable field project in Kenya is analyzed within the frameworks of motivation theory and core values theory. Multiple ethical violations were found and reported on by visitors. As an alternative to accreditation which can be expensive and can divert donations away from worthy programme activities, this paper argues for the use of philanthropic tourism, i.e. a visitor programme. Combined with a well-structured code of conduct, such programmes can provide the small to medium-sized charity with a cost effective, revenue enhancing way of signalling and enf...

The American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct places ethical obligations upon psychologists based on another’s “age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language or socioeconomic status.” This article explores 18 major problems with ethical prescriptions contained in the Ethical Code involving this phrase, including problems in clarity, inconsistency, comprehensiveness, its epistemic assumptions, and its impossibility for adherence, among others.

Religion and ethnicity is widely associated with the unrelenting Taliban-led violence in Pakistan. Their shari'a rhetoric coupled with a sympathetic politico-religious constituency compounds the terrorism landscape for the general audience. Besides, less academic treatment of the phenomenon entailing analysis of its wholesome dimensions further constrains its understanding. Conceding the fact that religion pervades all aspects of contemporary conflict, this article argues that the present setting is neither rooted in the ethnicity nor in the religion literally as the conflict formation variables; it is instead governed since its inception by dynamics germinating from Pakhtunwali (a social code of conduct of tribal Pashtun), mainly its retributive imperative. It specifically investigates the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan's rent seeking, greed and hypocritical behavior, which, it contends, lies in the selective perversion of Pakhtunwali permeated also by the nuanced influence of foreign fighters. The peace advo...

Despite change in the aims, institutions and informal diplomacy of ASEAN since 1997, the formal diplomatic code of conduct remains locked in a traditionalist mode first outlined in the 1970s. Existing approaches from mainstream International Relations theorising are unable to adequately explain this continuity and change. The recent ‘practice turn’ in theorising offers distinct explanatory advantage, which this article illustrates by arguing that the formation of an ‘ASEAN rationality’ between 1967 and 1997 fundamentally curtailed the ability of regional diplomats to revise ASEAN post 1997, resulting in the coexistence of new and old norms in ASEAN's organisation design.

This study explored context and qualities of learner behavioural management with high school students in a historically disadvantaged South African urban school setting. Participants were a convenience sample of seven teachers (females = 3, and males = 4) mean teaching experience = 14 years; SD = 9.0738 years). They responded to an open-ended interview on influences on learner behavioural management and preferred management styles. The data was thematically analysed. Findings reported poor implementation of school code of conduct and lack of parental involvement to lower the learner management. Teachers reported the use of an autocratic management style which could potentially undermine long-term learner development and growth.

It is well documented that parents can comprise a significant positive influence in the youth sport setting. Parents are often acknowledged for providing support and encouragement in addition to the necessary financial and logistical support that enables sporting opportunities. However, there is also a concern that parents possess the potential to negatively influence the participatory experience. While this sociocultural phenomenon has received much academic attention in the international community, the impact of sport policy on parental behaviour has been largely overlooked. This paper is one of several to emerge from a larger qualitative study on parental influence in the junior Australian football experience in South Australia. Drawing upon rich qualitative data derived from focus groups and individual interviews with parents (n = 34), children (n = 52) and coaches (n = 16), this paper examines their attitudes and perceptions toward the code of conduct in junior Australian football. The results indica...

The social order of the new modernity is often referred to as “risk society.” The growing complexity of the new modernity generates hazards and insecurities at unprecedented pace and level of severity. This necessitates a more informed discourse on the underlying sociological and ethical principles within universities as part of the curriculum and with universities as a collective agent of the risk society. This paper addresses the role, responsibility, and tasks of science and universities in providing solutions to control such hazards and insecurities in a “risk society.” We identify three distinct fields. First, we examine how the inherent limits caused by the probabilistic nature of natural laws impacts the work of scientists assessing and forecasting risks. Scientists, when determining risks, often use the Bayesian approach as a surrogate for knowledge. We argue that these conditions often limit the ability of scientists to forecast precisely risk events. We then discuss methods for assessing complex...

States have agreed on the need for norms as a means to restrain disruptive behaviors in cyberspace and their negative impact on international security. Agreements have proved more difficult to reach on the substance of the norms that are needed, who needs to accept them, and how they might be implemented. This article evaluates efforts and strategies of states working through the United Nations and among coalitions of the “like-minded” to define and establish such norms.

A common consequence of the fragmented supply practices of multinational corporations are unfair and exploitative working conditions in the global South. Many corporations face this, and the resulting reputational damage, by installing voluntary codes of conduct in their supplier factories, leading to a vast range of implementation practices by the factory managers. Despite this effort, the literature shows that the positive impact of these codes on labour conditions in such factories remains insufficient. This article argues that this insufficiency is rooted in the exclusiveness and eurocentrism of codes of conduct and elaborates on why corporations tend to prefer influencing certain labour conditions over others. It concludes by briefly discussing multi-stakeholder organisations as a possible solution to these predicaments, and points the way to further research on the topic.

The need for psychological services to limited English proficient clients is increasing. Psychologists who provide clinical services to limited English proficient clients are frequently required to use the services of spoken language interpreters. Research has shown that the quality and consistency of interpretation services are often in question. Interpreters are generally not required to hold any certifications or to meet training requirements prior to providing interpretation services. This lack of oversight leaves the psychologist responsible for the quality of the interpretation when adhering to the American Psychological Association’s (APA) 2010 Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This article includes a discussion of the ethical and clinical issues inherent in providing psychological services through an interpreter, how those issues affect a psychologist’s adherence to the APA Ethics Code, and recommendations for meeting the ethical standards while providing sound clinical serv...

For any profession, establishing codes of ethics that are both practically relevant and up to date is an ongoing challenge. Law enforcement is no exception to this as agencies are faced with an evolving modern environment. With changes in technology, types of policing, and sources of societal conflict there is a potential array of new or evolving ethical considerations that confront the profession. Attempts to distill and prescribe law enforcement ethics at the international level have resulted in the creation of the “Law Enforcement Code of Conduct” of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the “Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials” of the United Nations (U.N.). However, both these codes were created decades ago, so they do not cover some of the more contemporary ethical issues that have arisen. This article compares the content of the IACP and UN codes and identifies a range of ethical issues either absent or insufficiently addressed. Normative themes and issues are organi...

Post-communist transition affected not only institution-building and policy, but also individuals' value systems, linguistic patterns and code of conduct. This fluid environment is inhabited by a hybrid socio-political character, one both grounded in the present and marked by the past, and who speaks a language in transition, mixing post-communist lingo with communist idioms. The post-communist Romanian political and public arenas show that liberal democracy and market economy have been appropriated in terms of form and utility (the first is observed rather than engaged, the second as a consumer), and less as responsibility (e.g., rule of law, the respect of contractual obligations, or civic duties).

The outbreak of piracy off the coast of the Gulf of Guinea has long been overshadowed by Somali piracy, which has seized the attention of the international community in recent years. With the number of recent incidents of piracy in the region overtaking the number of attacks in the Horn of Africa, this article examines the dynamics of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea in the last two decades. It finds that between 1991 and 2012, a total of 734 pirate attacks took place in the region, with Nigeria alone accounting for 335 (46 percent) of the cases. Recent pirate attacks involve the theft of fuel cargo, which is resold in the black market. In this light, the article further interrogates the escalation and modus operandi of “oil piracy,” showing that it is a well-organized crime that generally follows a process that involves eight stages. The article also highlights the “hard” security concerns and propositions raised by growing piracy in the region: energy security, potential terrorism financing, and escalating ...

Student engagement and making community happen is a policy manoeuvre that shapes the political subjectivity of the undergraduate student In Australia, making community happen as a practice of student engagement is described as one of the major challenges for policy and practice in research-led universities (Krause, 2005). Current efforts to meet this challenge, however, merely recode ethical citizenship to a different but nonetheless prescriptive code of conduct,which closes down thoughts of making community happen to a single unified mode of being by appealing to a normalising practice authorised by expert knowledge. In contrast to this position, we use data gathered from undergraduate students’ observations of their university experience, which appeals to an ethico-politics that opens up the question of making community happen to non-normalising practices.Rather than a will to govern that shuts down debate, student discourse opens up thoughts of making community happen to new contestations and d...

The codes of ethics and conduct of a number of psychology bodies explicitly refer to human rights, and the American Psychological Association recently expanded the use of the construct when it amended standard 1.02 of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. What is unclear is how these references to human rights should be interpreted. In this article I examine the historical development of human rights and associated constructs and the contemporary meaning of human rights. As human rights are generally associated with law, morality, or religion, I consider to which of forms of these references most likely refer. I conclude that these references in ethical codes are redundant and that it would be preferable not to refer to human rights in codes. Instead, the profession should acknowledge human rights as a separate and complimentary norm system that governs the behavior of psychologists and should ensure that they have adequate knowledge of human rights and encourage them to promote hum...

Ethical failures in UK higher education have recently made the news but are not a recent development. University decision-makers can, in order to adopt an ethical way of reasoning, resort to several ethical traditions. This article focuses, through the use of concrete examples, on three which have had a significant impact in recent higher education policy: utilitarianism, in the form of stakeholder theory; principled theory, used in ethical codes of conduct; and virtue ethics, as interpreted by role model theory. It is argued that, although these traditions help clarify the immoral content of a decision, they also have their limits and shortcomings, and give a naive illusion of certainty. The moral reasoning of university decision-makers would instead benefit more from engaging with a theory less known in public management circles. It is the ‘dirty hands’ theory used in political theory, which helps stress the centrality of choice and judgement in decision-making.

Historically, therapeutic hypnosis has been met with skepticism within some fields, although acceptance has expanded in recent decades. Development and application of ethical standards and principles has contributed to increased acceptance of hypnosis with children. The Ethics Code of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2002) and the Code of Conduct of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH, 2000) serve as guides to ethical considerations when treating children. From a developmental and practical perspective, children have limited decision-making capacities, therefore special attention should be paid to their rights and welfare. Important ethical considerations relevant to children and hypnosis have emerged, including competence, supervision, informed consent, confidentiality, and boundaries. Considerations are reviewed from a normal and abnormal child development perspective.

The expanding body of research on volunteer tourism has generally assessed the merits of these programmes in positive terms, although it has also identified some negative impacts on host communities. In this paper it is proposed that a set of industry-wide guidelines could inform the largely unregulated volunteer tourism market and help it to achieve the right balance between encouraging positive impacts and minimizing negative side effects. A qualitative analysis was conducted of the guiding principles for 12 not-for-profit sending organizations with a view to identifying emergent themes. Ranked from most to least frequent, the themes emanating from the data were: local needs; participant-focused; consideration towards continuity; community; issues; interaction; and organizational goals. The seven themes were then compared with the international standards that have been developed to guide the parent fields of volunteerism and tourism. It was found that six recurring themes could be readily match...

Knowledge has a central place in Islamic traditions. For Muslims, knowledge is not only a form of worship, but it is also an integral part of the code of conduct of the Muslim. Therefore, Islamic education should play a crucial role in the life of Muslims. However, given the diversity of the Muslim world and its spread across the world, Islamic education has experienced twists and turns to reflect this diversity. This diversity is also reflected in the ways in which Islamic knowledge is transmitted because of a range of influences, including, on the one hand, the social, cultural and political milieus of Muslim societies and, on the other, such critical issues as national educational policies and practices of these societies. This paper examines the development of Islamic education since its earliest history by focusing on the internal as well as the external factors that have shaped its development across the Muslim world. It also discusses changes and reforms that have taken place in the context of the on-going debate on the place of Islamic education in a globalized and secular world.

This study examines a cybercommunity dedicated to recording live webcam feeds that are sexually charged. Those who record these feeds are known as “cappers.” Cappers post these “caps” on message boards designed to disseminate, share, and evaluate their aesthetic qualities. Following the insights of Durkin, Forsyth, Quinn, and others, this article identifies and elaborates the means of social control that promotes deviant ends among a capping community by extending Anderson's “code of the street.” The capping code's basic rules, strategies, tactics, and motives are analyzed in relation to reputation. The article concludes with considerations for future research.