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1. Feather pecking (FP) is said to be a redirection of food-related foraging pecks to feathers. The effects of three foraging enrichments on the pecking behaviours of layer pullets in pens and as hens in cages (Gallus gallus domesticus) were studied. 2. Treatments included no added enrichment (Control), addition of a mix of wheat and sorghum grains (Grain), a mix of wheat and sorghum grains with lucerne and oaten chaff (Chaff), and lucerne hay (Hay). In pens, Hay was provided in racks, while Grain and Chaff were scattered on the floor. In cages, all treatments were provided in racks. It was predicted that enrichments that encouraged more pecking activity would be most successful at reducing FP. 3. Overall pecking activity was similar between all treatments. The Chaff groups tended to FP less than Grain groups, and Hay groups had the least FP. In cages, both Chaff and Hay groups had significantly less FP than either the Grain or Control groups. FP did not reflect stimulus peck rates. Although Chaff groups pecked at their rack significantly less than either Grain or Hay groups, their FP was on a par with the birds in the Hay groups. Feather quality followed these trends. 4. The fact that these results were inconsistent with the original hypothesis led to a proposal for a modified hypothesis. Rather than the appetitive component of food searching motivation being redirected to feathers, it is the appetitive component of exploratory motivation, and the ability to reach the goal to update information about the environment is what feeds back to the motivation which leads to FP. This modified hypothesis is consistent with the results of this and many other studies and with modern concepts of motivation, foraging, exploration and food selection.

The immunostimulatory and disease-resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera were evaluated in rohu (Labeo rohita) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental diets were enriched with leave...

The received conventional wisdom from Paul in the New Testament is deceptively simple: law imprisons but love liberates. If we separate the chaff from the wheat, we will discover a grain of truth i...

Aiming at the problem of multilayer physical structure for the skeleton of porous media, a multiscale and multilayer structural model of heat and mass transfer processes for drying of grain packing porous media was established by applying the pore network method and multiscale theory. An experimental study on rice drying was conducted in order to validate this model. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the established model could explain the mechanical properties of rice drying well. The rate of heat transfer was faster than the rate of mass transfer and there was a higher moisture gradient inside the rice grain. The diffusion coefficient of rice embryo played an important role in the drying process, and whose effect on drying was larger than the diffusion coefficient of rice hull and chaff. The moisture was imprisoned effectively inside the rice when the diffusion coefficient of rice embryo was very small.

In the issue under investigation the wheat cannot be separated from the chaff because all we have is chaff. The random walk and unbiased efficiency are equally bad forecasters that should not be used as benchmarks for measuring forecasting accuracy. The simulation and econometric results show that when two forecasters are not independent they produce forecasts of similar quality, in which case it is erroneous to use the forward rate as a forecaster and the spot rate as a benchmark. Theoretical and intuitive explanations are presented for why the random walk and unbiased efficiency produce poor-quality forecasts that are almost identical. The failure of unbiased efficiency is explained primarily in terms of the post Keynesian view of the forward exchange rate.

Wheat Triticum aestivum L. straw is not only important for long-term soil productivity, but also as a raw material for biofuel, livestock feed, building, packing, and bedding. Inventory figures in the USA for potential straw availability are largely based on whole states and counties. Site-specific information is needed to determine where sufficient straw is available for removal within farm fields. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and feasibility of light detection and ranging lidar measurements of crop height for predicting the straw yield of wheat at site-specific field locations and apply this information to determining where excess straw is available beyond soil conservation needs. An inexpensive lidar sensor was mounted on the top of a Case International Harvester 1470 combine and aimed to point forwards at a 45° angle over the combine's reel. Lidar-measured crop height was correlated with manually measured crop height in small plots r 2 = 0.79 and was a good predictor of straw productivity across three farm fields r 2 = 0.85. Crop height was better correlated with straw yield than grain yield or grain protein concentration. Crop height predicted by lidar could then be used to estimate straw yield from a predetermined linear relationship between crop height and straw yield. A straw yield map was generated during harvest by programming the lidar sensor to compute the average of 91 readings in each scan. A map of harvestable straw was computed by subtracting the amount of straw required to maintain soil organic carbon from a map of total straw yield. Lidar is potentially useful for measuring crop biomass on a combine harvester and determining where in farm fields excess crop residue can be removed for commercial purposes. Further work with lidar is needed to resolve the issue of flying chaff.

Chaff cutter is an extensively used machine in Indian rural households to chop fodder for feeding draft and mulch to animals. A survey was conducted in five villages of Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh (a northern state of India) to determine the causal factors responsible for chaff cutter injuries. It was observed that major injuries were caused during children playing with the machine and workers feeding the fodder in to the chute. Further, a survey of chaff cutter manufacturers was conducted to determine the critical dimensions of the machine so that safety interventions could be developed. Based on the survey results and mechanism of injuries, three safety interventions were developed to prevent the injuries. These interventions can be retrofitted on old machines and can be incorporated in new machines as well. Experiments were conducted using different fodder crops to observe difficulty in chaff cutting with the safety interventions. It was observed that incorporation of the interventions had no effect on performance of chaff cutting operation. These were retrofitted on existing machines at different locations and the response was very positive.

International audience; The aim of this study was to compare susceptibility of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to Fusarium Head blight - FHB and accumulation of mycotoxins in kernels and chaff, in different climate conditions in two locations Cerekwica near Poznan (Central West Poland) and Sitaniec, near Zamosc, Lublin region (South East Poland). Very high variation was found in concentration of analyzed mycotoxins (zearalenone-ZEA, nivalenol-NIV, deoxynivalenol-DON and moniliformin-MON) in examined fractions (Fusarium-damaged kernels-FDK and healthy looking kernels-HLK) and in chaff for individual cultivars in both locations. Moreover, in most cases significantly higher concentrations of investigated toxins were recorded in wheat coming from the area of Lublin than in that from the area of Poznan (p0.05). The highest Fusarium infection rate as well as mycotoxin biosynthesis level were observed in the Lublin location with percentage of the FDK fraction in the range from 8.1 to 81.6. In this region ZEA concentration (g g-1) after inoculation with F. culmorum and F. graminearum ranged from 0.02 to 0.48 and 0.32-1.04, respectively. In the Poznan area the toxin concentrations were considerably lower, ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 and from 0.03 to 0.13 for both isolates, respectively. The concentration of DON was significantly higher when compared to ZEA and NIV levels. The levels of MON accumulation (g g-1) in the FDK fraction were between 0.14 and 1.73 (Poznan area) and ND - 2.51 (Lublin area). F. avenaceum infection rate ranged between 7 and 35% in the samples where the toxin was detected.

In 2005 and 2006 the National Library of Australia (NLA) carried out two whole-domain web harvests which complement the selective web archiving approach taken by PANDORA. Web harvests of this size pose significant challenges to their use. Despite these challenges, such harvests present fascinating research opportunities. The NLA has provided Charles Sturt University's POA (Preservation for Ongoing Accessibility) research group with access to these web harvests and associated keyword indexes. This paper describes the 2006 harvest and uses the example of blogs to address how to identify material within the harvest and determine issues that need further investigation.

Seventy percent of radionuclides discharged during the Chernobyl disaster were deposited in Belarus. Besides causing radioactive contamination, Chernobyl exposed some of the socio-cultural characteristics, such as mass dependency on strong patronage of the state, that buttress the political institutions of that country. On the basis of a literature review, a specialist on Belarus aims at separating proven health effects of Chernobyl from psychological and socio-political consequences of the disaster.

Field experiments were conducted from 2000 – 2002 at Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station, Gerua, Assam, India, to find out the effects of planting geometry and fertilizer doses on grain yield and disease incidence of some rice varieties. The results revealed that planting geometry of skipping one row after every three rows with 15 × 15 cm spacing resulted in highest grain yield. Grain yields were similar with the next best planting geometry of 20 × 15 cm. Incidence of sheath rot disease (34.4%) and also its severity in terms of chaff number per panicle (41.4) were less under the skip row arrangement. Also, the skip row planting had the advantage of easy cultural operations in field. Yield response of Tapaswini rice to fertilizer dose was less (80, 17.4, and 33.4 kg N, P, and K per ha) in the wet season while more (120, 26, and 50 kg N, P, and K per ha) in the dry season. The study shows advantages of the optimum planting geometry of skipping one row after every three rows at 15 × 15 cm...

The Fusarium head blight (FHB)-susceptible winter wheat cv. Ritmo was inoculated with spores of Fusarium culmorum at the beginning of full blossom. Samples of whole wheat plants were taken once weekly from anthesis until harvest and subsequently fractionated into straw, glumes and spindles, which were examined for deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON). Additionally, the content of crude protein (CP) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was scrutinized. Synthesis of the Fusarium toxins DON and ZON generally differed in terms of date of formation and concentration. Final mean DON concentrations of 37.5, 28.1 and 5.0 mg/kg DM were measured in glumes, spindles and straw, respectively, at the time of harvest. At this time, maximal mean ZON concentrations of 587, 396 and 275 microg/kg DM in spindles, glumes and straw, respectively, were determined. Moreover, Fusarium infected wheat residues contained higher CP but lower NSP contents at the last three sampling dates. In addition, collective samples of wheat straw and chaff were taken to investigate the effect of the Fusarium contamination on their in sacco DM degradation in dairy cows. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins and selected quality parameters. The dried and milled collective samples of straw and chaff were weighed into nylon bags and subjected to ruminal incubation for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h in two dairy cows equipped with a permanent rumen cannula. Marked differences in level of mycotoxin contamination as well as in ingredient composition between the variants of straw and chaff were detected. Moreover, after 120 h rumen incubation the in sacco DM degradation of inoculated straw and chaff were lower compared to the accordant controls. The soluble fraction was increased in inoculated samples, whereas a diminishment in the potentially degradable but insoluble fraction was more pronounced. Thereby, a decrease in the potential degradability was obtained for inoculated straw and even if less pronounced for chaff compared to the non inoculated corresponding controls. In conclusion, infection with F. culmorum of wheat involves an increased risk of mycotoxin contamination in straw. Also, a Fusarium infection may have an impact on chemical composition and may result in Fusarium growth-related modifications of host cell wall components.

Productivity of the soil with waste material (WM), i.e., bagasse, coir dust, rice chaff and rice straw decomposed for two months at various temperatures and soil moisture were investigated by analyzing the chemical properties and growth of maize cultured on the soil for 45 days. The soil with decomposed WM (WM soil), tended to show lower pH values than the soil without WM soil (control) as a whole. The values of electric conductance were higher in WM soil, especially in the soil with decomposed rice chaff and rice straw referred to as rice-chaff and rice-straw soils, respectively. The total N content tended to be higher in the WM soil except for coir dust soil. The total C content tended to be higher in all WM soils. The difference in the content of total N and total C between WM and control soils was remarkable in bagasse soil. The change of the chemical properties of the soil did not apparently correlate with the rate of CO2 generation during incubation of WM soils, but pH, electric conductance, content of total N and total C contents were higher in the soils generating CO2 at a rate of 40 to 80 ppm min−1, in bagasse or rice straw soils. The dry matter production of maize on WM soils was positively correlated with the rate of CO2 generation. It was suggested that the WM soils generating little CO2, such as the soil with bagasse or rice straw decomposed in a dry condition, tended to inhibit maize growth owing to low pH and shortage of available nitrogen by rapid decomposition just after the start of maize growth. The wet WM soils generating CO2 format a rate of 40 to 80 ppm min−1, e.g., bagasse and rice straw soils might be favorable for dry matter production of maize.

A recent rapid reduction in soil pH has been attributed to fertilizer mismanagement. The decomposition and consequent nutrient release from silicate rich organic material such as powdered rice chaff (Cp) could be affected by such reductions in pH. In the present study, rice plants were grown in either Cp or calcium silicate (Si-Ca) under various soil pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. The results show that the pH of soils gradually decreased at different growth stages in the case of pH 6.5 with Cp treatment. On the other hand, pH gradually increased at different growth stages of the rice plants when soil pH was initially 5.5, both with Cp and with calcium silicate. Nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si) contents of the plants decreased gradually with growth stage after the maximum tillering stage. The relationship between Si and N content in the plant at maximum tillering stage showed contradictory results. Si content was higher at pH 6.5 and at pH 5.5 with both Cp and calcium silicate treatments. On the other h...

Wheat, barley and oat grain samples naturally contaminated with Fusarium spp. were analysed for the presence of scirpentriol (STO). This toxin was detected in 1, 37 and 8% of 248 wheat, 32 barley and 99 oat grain samples, respectively, and the maximum concentration was 83 microg x kg(-1). Samples of wheat and oat grain with visible scab symptoms were also analysed, and STO (mean level 255 microg x kg(-1)) was detected only in oat samples infected with F. sporotrichioides and F. poae as the dominant species. We analysed 15 barley samples that were subdivided based on seed size into fractions of2.5 and2.5 mm in diameter. The smaller kernels contained an average 94% of the STO in the samples (in kernel fraction2.5 mm 28 microg x kg(-1),2.5 mm 297 microg x kg(-1)). In oats, STO levels were highest in the chaff, lower in the stalk's apical internode and lowest in the grain.

The usefulness of silicate materials in rice cultivation has been reported by a number of authors. However, very little has been done to study recycling of silicon (Si)-rich plant residues, such as the use of rice chaffs as soil amendments. Pot experiments were conducted in a green-house at Gifu University in 1997. In this investigation, powdered rice chaff (Cp) and normal rice chaff (Ch) were mixed in a fertile clay loam soil and an infertile sandy loam soil, with or without a biodecomposer (Wara soil). Calcium silicate was also applied to the soils for comparison. For both types of soils, six treatments were replicated four times giving 48 pots (24 × 2) in total with a randomized complete block design. Rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hatsushimo) were grown in pots filled with the soils as treated above, and the growth and Si and nitrogen (N) contents in the plants and grain yield were determined. Application of rice chaffs had little effect on plant height, but slightly increased the number of tillers ...

In this paper, the distribution, removal and binding forms of heavy metals in polluted seeds of rice were studied using the methods of histochemistry and biochemistry. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in rice grains was very uneven. The heavy metals in rice grains chiefly exist in association with the parts of high protein. Separation of proteins by Sephadex chromatography and subsequent analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cd, Pb and As were mainly bound to protein of 54.5 and 5.50 kD molecular weights. During the rice processing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the edible rice decrease greatly, for some heavy metals in these parts of chaff, coarse rice bran and fine rice bran were removed.

The prevailing notions of information egalitarianism impel us to seek uniform solutions for all those who lack adequate access to information and communication resources. However, a careful separation of the symbolism of universal service from the real issues reveals that uniform solutions make sense for some resources and not others. This article proposes that uniform solutions should be formulated for resources used in the communication mode, but a segmented approach should be adopted for those used in the information access mode.

Summary Seed moisture content may significantly affect the storage life of both agricultural and forest species. Seed store managers therefore need an easy and reliable method for routinely checking moisture contents. A robust, portable, easy- to-use electrical seed moisture meter, the Protimeter Grainmini V, was evaluated on samples of Eucalyptus globulus, E. pulchella and E. obliqua seed. Meter readings were well correlated with gravimetric moisture contents ranging from 4.7% to 24.3% of oven dry weight. Relative humidity readings were also made on the equilibrium atmosphere within sealed bags of seed to see whether it might be feasible to derive seed moisture indirectly via relative humidity. For E. globulus, the fertile seed had gravimetric moisture contents several percent lower than the associated chaff, which normally comprises the bulk of a stored Eucalyptus seed lot. Equations were derived to define the relationship between the overall moisture content and that of the fertile seed, and the way th...

Mandal, A., Sil, B., Santra, A., Kamra, D.N. and Pathak, N.N. 1997. An alternate technique of ammoniation by ensiling straw with urea to minimize loss of added nitrogen. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 11: 195–200. Two laboratory experiments were conducted on urea ensiling of straw to minimize the loss of added nitrogen and the level of urea in glass jars. Wheat straw at different layers was treated as: lower layer (5 or 4% urea), middle layer (2.5 or 2% urea) and upper layer with either sulphuric acid (4% w/w of straw), molasses (10% w/w of straw) or green maize chaff to constitute about 80% of pre mix. The moisture content was about 50 per cent in straw of all layers except green maize containing layer (29.8 or 28.6%). The glass jars kept at room temperature were opened after 21 days. The CP content increased in upper layer with concomitant increase in pH in all the layers. The results of the experiment indicate that loss of urea can be minimized during urea ammoniation if the upper layers of straw are tr...

The kinetic behavior of the toluene biofiltration process was investigated in this research. Toluene was used as a model compound for less water-soluble gas pollutants. The limiting factor in the overall toluene biofiltration process was determined by analyzing the effectiveness factor of the biofilm along the biofilter. Experiments were conducted in three laboratory-scale biofilters packed with mixtures of chaff/compost, D.E. (diatomaceous earth)/compost and GAC (granular activated carbon)/compost, respectively. A mathematical model previously proposed was verified in this study as being applicable to these biofilters packed with different filter materials. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed that the biodegradation rate along the biofilter followed the zero order, fractional order to first order kinetics as toluene concentration decreased. Moreover, at higher toluene concentration, biodegradation rate and mass flux of toluene were lower near the bottom of the biofilter due t...

A data set is given describing the daily nutrient uptake, gas exchange, environmental conditions, and carbon (C), and nutrient partitioning at harvest for the entire canopy and root system of a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yecora Rojo). The data were obtained from a 20 m2 stand of wheat plants grown from planting to maturity in a closed, controlled environment, and include daily nutrient uptake [macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S); and micronutrients, iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo)], canopy carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange rates, and transpiration. Environmental factors such as relative humidity, air temperature, nutrient solution temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, and photoperiod were controlled in the chamber to specific set points. A detailed description of biomass yield for each of the 64 plant growth trays comprising the 20 m2 of growth area is also provided, and includes dry weights of grain, straw, chaff, and roots, along with the concentration of nutrients in different plant tissues and the percent carbohydrate, fat, and protein. To our knowledge, this information represents one of the most extensive data sets available for a canopy of wheat grown from seed to maturity under controlled environmental and nutritional conditions, and thus may provide useful information for model development and validation. A methods section is included to qualify any assumptions that might be required for the use of the data in plant growth models, along with a daily event calendar indicating when adjustments in set points and occasional equipment or sensor failures occurred.

In practical applications it is necessary to analyze radar scattering by a chaff cloud in a ground-based system rather than in the scattering plane-based system. By means of the Stokes-parameter method, a series of expressions of the bistatic radar scattering cross section (BRSCS) corresponding to arbitrarily polarized combinations of transmitters and receivers are derived in the ground-based system in the present study. The influence of chaff wires' orientation on the BRSCS is also studied based on the comparison between the cases of the spherically randomly oriented wires and the horizontally Gaussian-distribution-oriented wires, which may provide a valuable reference for designing various types of chaff as well as transmitter and receiver systems upon different demands.

Historians are fond of pointing out that one cannot really judge the importance of events or people until the sweep of time has allowed the wheat to be separated from the chaff. The field of visito...

The orientations of thirty-six barns built for the purposes of threshing and winnowing grain crops have been plotted. As threshing and winnowing both require controlled ventilation, barns in the past were usually built with doors in two opposing walls to promote airflow across the threshing floor thus facilitating the separation of the grains from the chaff. In this study air velocity coefficients have been plotted across the threshing floor to ascertain what effect changes in wind direction have on airflow. It is postulated that threshing barns were oriented in relation to the prevailing winds.

Summary Several species of eucalypts are hardy enough to grow in Britain. Seed can be purchased from Australian suppliers, or collected from trees in Britain. Good quality seed will store for 10 years if dry (10 per cent mc) and cold (2–4°C). Seed of some species can be sieved from the chaff, eg, E. dalrympleana, E. globulus and E. gunnii. Seed of several high altitude species need cold moist pretreatment to ensure good germination, eg, E. coccifera, E. delegatensis, E. niphophila and E. pauciflora. Plants can be raised by both direct sowing into containers and sowing in flats and pricking out. Raising plants in a greenhouse can lead to gall formation on leaves but this is avoided by keeping the humidity low and not over-watering. Plants can be raised in a heated greenhouse between February and April and be planted out in May. Frost pockets and exposed sites should not be planted and eucalypts should not be planted under any shade. Eucalypts are best planted when small (15–25 cm) and in weed-free ground; ...

Summary Ten fruits were collected at random from each of five parent trees of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T.Bak. (alpine ash) in each of 18 separate localities in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory in 1977. The contents (both seed and chaff) were carefully extracted and the seed examined for insect damage. Seeds destroyed by insects were common. In some individual-tree samples the fraction of seeds destroyed was as high as 81% but the overall mean for all tree samples examined was 20%. Significant differences in the fraction of seeds destroyed were found among localities, and one region, enclosing 3 adjacent localities, had significantly higher numbers of seeds destroyed per fruit than the remaining localities. Two unidentified species of Megastigmus spp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) were most commonly associated with seed destruction within fruits.

SummaryRemains of food plants are mainly found preserved on archaeological sites ascharred grain and chaff from crop processing residues, as waterlogged seeds andpollen from wells, pits and ditches...

A microscopic examination was undertaken of particulate dry matter (DM) in digesta collected from oesophageal fistulae of sheep during rumination. The digesta was separated onto sieves with 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm apertures by wetsieving before examination. The principal parameters measured were: the proportions of leaf, stalk, sheath, and cuticle; the length and width of particles; number of sclerenchyma and vascular bundles; and the number and length of fractures in leaf and stalk particles across all sieves for the five feeds studied. There were no differences in any of these parameters between regurgitated (pre-chewed) and ruminated (chewed) digesta, although particle size reduction did occur as a consequence of rumination. Leaf particles accounted for less than 5% of digesta with fresh lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (FL.) and lucerne chaff (LC) despite an initial content in the feed of 65 and 43% respectively. In contrast, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PR) leafandleaffrom meadow ha...

Controlled release capsules (CRC) provide for the continuous uniform release of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) into the rumen and so offer an improved means of estimating feed intake in grazing animals. Two experiments were conducted with sheep to measure the effect of herbage type and level of herbage intake on the pattern of Cr2O3 release from CRC. In Experiment 1, differences in CRC plunger travel within and between rumen-fistulated sheep, fed lucerne chaff indoors over 42 days at an allowance equivalent to 1.1 maintenance (M), were not significant. The relationship between plunger travel and time was almost perfectly linear (P < 0.001), but a slight reduction in the rate of plunger displacement became more pronounced while the animals were at grazing between Day 43 and Day 100. Chromium (Cr) release from Day 3 to Day 42 averaged 62 ± 1 (mean ± SE) mg Cr/day. In Experiment 2, rumen-fistulated and intact wethers, housed indoors, were offered ryegrass, white clover, ryegrass-white clover mixed, or meadow...

This paper reports the results of waste tests in some forty mills, in each of which a known weight of cotton, about 100 lb., of the mixing employed in the particular mill, was passed through the usual combination of blowroom machinery and carded, and the droppings at every machine were separately collected, weighed and fractionated into lint, chaff, dirt, and dust. These particulars were supplemented by the results of stapling tests, and, in most cases, by the counts of the dust particles in the air of the cardroom. The survey covered a comprehensive range of blowroom combinations and types of cotton. Some of the tests provided the opportunity to compare the action of the same, or a very similar, combination on different mixings, whilst in others the same mixings went through different combinations. The data are therefore unique in their scope and interest, and are recorded in full in a series of tables, one for each test.The data provide two bases for the assessment of the efficiency of blowroom ...

Total 14C-labeled residues were determined in wheat seedlings and different parts of mature wheat plants grown from seeds treated with 480 ppm lindane-14C. Of the methanol extractable 14C-residues in the seedlings, roots, straw, and chaff, only 39, 34, 8, and zero per cent, respectively, were due to lindane. Several metabolites were identified from the roots. These were: m- and/or p-dichlorobenzene; 1,3,5-, 1,2,4- and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene; 1,2,4,5- and/or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene; 8-PCCH and pentachlorobenzene. Several chlorophenols were also indicated by TLC analysis. Chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols were also indicated in the other tissues. No detectable radioactivity was present in the harvested grain.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) is not present on oats (Avena sativa L.) in New Zealand. The significance of this lies mainly in the probable value of plant quarantine in preventing the introduction of additional powdery mildews into New Zealand. It seems evident that this disease cannot be spread by long-distance wind dispersal, as with stem rust, and the only likely method of introduction would be with impure seed or straw and chaff of susceptible plants. As the main danger is from oat straw or chaff, it may be worth while for Australia and New Zealand to legislate against their importation if it is confirmed that powdery mildew does not occur on oats in these countries. Another important cereal disease—yellow rust—has not been recorded in Australia and New Zealand, and plant quarantine measures against this disease might also be needed.