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Ayele Mamo,1 Tesfaye Assefa,2 Wegene Negash,2 Yohannes Takelign,3 Biniyam Sahiledinigl,3 Zinash Teferu,3 Mesud Mohammed,1 Damtew Solomon,4 Habtamu Gezahegn,4 Kebebe Bekele,5 Demsu Zenbaba,3 Alelign Tasew,3 Anwar Tahir,2 Fikereab Desta,3 Tadele Regassa,4 Abule Takele,3 Zegeye Regassa,2 Daniel Atilaw4 1Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 2Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Nursing department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 3Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Public Health Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 4Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Biomedical Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 5Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Surgery Department, Bale Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ayele Mamo, Tel +251913512089, Email ayumam12@gmail.comBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen failure is linked to an increased risk of disease progression and death, while early detection of ART failure can help to prevent the development of resistance. This study aimed to evaluate virological and immunological ART failure and predictors among HIV-positive adult and adolescent clients in southeast Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was implemented from January 2016 to November 30, 2020; all HIV-positive nave patients on follow-up during the study period from four hospitals were included. Virological and immunological treatment failure was the primary outcome of the study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed for analysis. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant predictors of treatment failure.Results: A total of 641 HIV patients’ charts were reviewed, 62.6% of the study participants were females. Of the total study participants, 18.4% and 15% developed virological and immunological ART regimen treatment failure respectively. The median time to virological failure was 40 months. WHO stage IV [AHR = 4.616; 95% CI: (2.136– 9.974)], WHO stage III [AHR = 2.323; 95% CI: (1.317– 4.098)], poor adherence to HAART regimen [AHR = 3.097; 95% CI: (1.349– 7.108)], and fair adherence [AHR = 2.058; 95% CI: (1.234– 3.432)] were significantly associated with virological treatment failure among adolescent and adult study participants in southeast Ethiopia.Conclusion: The prevalence of virological treatment failure was 18.4% (95% CI: 15.4 − 21.4) and the prevalence of immunological treatment failure was 15% (95% CI: 11.8– 18.4). WHO clinical stage III/IV and non-adherence were independent predictors of virological ART treatment failure. Early management of clinical WHO stages and improving patients’ ART regimen adherence are important to decrease the prevalence of ART regimen treatment failure.Keywords: treatment failure, antiretroviral, predictors, HIV, Bale zone

In this paper, we construct a Halpern-type subgradient extragradient iterative algorithm which converges strongly to a common point of the f-fixed point set of a continuous f-pseudocontractive mapp...

Traders that participate in more competitive market structures earn relatively little marketing margins than those that participate in less competitive ones. For better returns, commodity producers...

Abebe Mekonnen,1 Wallelign Alemnew,2 Zegeye Abebe,3 Getu Debalkie Demissie2 1Simada District Health Office, South Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Health Education and Behavioral Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Wallelign Alemnew Email wallelignaleminew@gmail.comIntroduction: Even though the World Health Organization recommends daily oral iron with folic acid (IFA) supplementation as part of the antenatal care to prevent anemia, still the utilization remains low in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of adherence of iron with folic acid supplementation and associated factors among pregnant women who were attending antenatal care (ANC).Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 24 to March 23, 2020. Four hundred and twenty-two participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Data were entered and analyzed using EpiData and SPSS version 20.0, respectively. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify associated factors of adherence, and P< 0.05 was used as cutoff to determine statistical significance at multivariable logistics regressions.Results: In this study, 414 (98%) pregnant women participated. The mean age of the respondents was 28.69 ±SD 5.49 years. The magnitude of adherence of IFA supplementation among pregnant women was 67.6% (95%CI: 63.3– 72.5). Pregnant women who had a past history of preterm delivery (AOR=3.70; 95%CI: 1.46– 9.37), counseling on IFA supplementation (AOR=2.28; 95%CI: 1.15– 4.53), high perceived benefit (AOR=2.72; 95%CI: 1.25– 5.90) and high self-efficacy (AOR=2.91; 95%CI: 1.40– 6.04) were found to be significant associated factors of adherence to IFA supplementation.Conclusion: In this study, adherence to IFA supplementation among pregnant women is relatively high. Past history of preterm delivery, counseling on IFA supplementation, perceived benefit and self-efficiency had association with adherence to IFA supplementation. Proper counseling and health education should be given to pregnant women to increase their adherence.Keywords: adherence, iron with folic acid supplementation, health belief model

Hussen Ebrahim,1 Fikir Asrie,2 Zegeye Getaneh2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Hussen EbrahimDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie 1145, EthiopiaTel +251921332772Email husshosam@gmail.comBackground: Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. The disease is highly associated with micro-vascularand macro-vascular complications. Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare basic coagulation profiles and platelet parameters among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and healthy controls.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Dessie Referral Hospital from February to April 2019. A total of 180 study participants consisting of (60 T1DM, 60 T2DM, and 60 healthy controls) were enrolled using a systematic random sampling technique. Basic coagulation profiles and platelet parameters were determined using the HUMACLOT JUNIOR coagulometer and DIRUI BF 6500 automated hematology analyzerrespectively. Non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test supplemented with Dunn-Bonferroni correction and Spearman rank-order correlation test were used to compare basic coagulation profiles and platelet parameters among the groups. The test result was expressed in median and interquartile range and presented in texts and tables. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalization ratio (INR) were significantly reduced in T2DM as compared to T1DM and healthy controls (p < 0.05). Platelet distribution width (PDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV)were significantly increased in both T1DM and T2DM as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, PT and INR were negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) among T1DM and PT, INR and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were negatively correlated with FBG among T2DM.Conclusion: Basic coagulation profiles and platelet parameters were significantly different between diabetes and controls where PT and INR in T2DM were significantly reduced as compared to T1DM and controls. However, PDW and MPV were significantly elevated in both T1DM and T2DM as compared to controls. Moreover,FBGwas significantly negatively correlated with PT and INR among T1DM and FBGwas significantly negatively correlated with PT, INR, and APTT among T2DM. Therefore, T2DM may be related to increased risk of thrombosis indicated by reduced PT and INR and high PDW and MPV than T1DM and controls. Basic coagulation profiles and platelet parameters should be regularly tested for early diagnosis and proper management of diabetes-related thrombosis.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, basic coagulation profiles, platelet parameters, Dessie, Ethiopia

The study examined the effects of cereal commercialization on multidimensional poverty among farm households in teff-based mixed farming areas of Ethiopia. It applied instrumental Tobit regression and conditional mixed-process models to estimate the overall and dimensional effects of commercialization on household multidimensional poverty (MP) and vulnerability to multidimensional poverty (VMP). The result showed that the mean commercialization scale of the farm households was 38%. The headcount ratio (H) was found to be 58%, implying the poverty situation continues to pose major challenges upon the well-being of farm households. The average estimate of multidimensional poverty index (MPI) and household vulnerability to MP among sampled rural farm households was 0.31 and 0.52, respectively, with a statistically significant mean difference of commercialization status being at 1% level. Ceteris Paribus Assumption, a 10% increase in the degree of cereal commercialization is likely to reduce MPI deprivation, MPI poverty, and VMP by 5.4%, 16.3%, and 2.2%, respectively. Cereal commercialization also significantly reduces MPI dimensions that are measured exclusively through living standard and wealth dimensions. Thus, the commercial transformation of smallholders through a well-integrated market and improved infrastructure are key areas of policy intervention to improve the well-being of farm households in rural areas.

Purpose Self-care practices in diabetes patients are crucial to keep the illness under managed and prevent complications. Despite this, relatively little information is available regarding the level of self-care practice and associated factors among individuals with diabetes mellitus in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess self-care practice and its associated factors among individuals with diabetes mellitus in Deber Berhan referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Patients and Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 diabetes mellitus patients from May 1 to June 30, 2020. The data were collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi-data manager version 4.4.1.0 and finally exported into SPSS-24 software for analysis. To identify the predictor of self-care practice, binary logistic regression analysis was done. The result of the analysis was presented in a crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. All tests were two-sided, and P ˂ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results About 181 (44.7%) of participants had good self-care practice. On a multivariate logistic regression analysis, educational status of the participants (with no formal education (AOR=0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.42), can read and write (AOR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.07-0.75), and secondary school (AOR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.88)), type 1 DM (AOR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.79), family history of DM (AOR=3.71, 95% CI: 1.37-10.07), and treatment satisfaction (AOR=4.41, 95% CI: 1.52-8.59) were significantly associated with self-care practice. Conclusion More than half of the respondents had poor self-care practices. Educational status, types of DM, family history of DM, and treatment satisfaction were the predictors of self-care practices among individuals with DM.

Solomon Getawa, Zegeye Getaneh, Mulugeta Melku Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Solomon GetawaDepartment of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaTel +251-914-665-736Email solomon2525geta@gmail.comIntroduction: The hematopoietic system is one of the systems which can be affected by malnutrition, leading to impaired production of all blood cell lines. Undernourished children with hematological abnormalities like anemia are at higher risk of mortality. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the magnitude and associated factors of hematological abnormalities among undernourished under-five children attending at the University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods and Materials: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 251 undernourished under-five children at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital from January to May 2020. A convenient sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count which were determined by Sysmex KX-21N analyzer. Stool sample was processed via direct wet mount. Thin and thick blood films were examined to assess malaria parasite. The data were entered to EpiData version 4.6.0.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. Bi-variable and multi-variable binary logistic regression model were fitted to identify factors associated with hematological abnormalities. A p-value < 0.05 in the multivariable analysis was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall magnitude of anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia was 53.4%, 26.7%, 23.9%, 8%, and 2.8%, respectively. Being male, age 6– 23 months, high birth order, intestinal parasite infection, edema, not eating vegetables and fruits, and paternal occupation were found to be associated with anemia. Only the age of a child was associated with leukocytosis in undernourished children.Conclusion: The current study demonstrated the predominant existence of anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis among undernourished under-five children. Therefore, early diagnosis, monitoring and setting intervention strategies for anemia especially among children under two years old are required to prevent further complication.Keywords: anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, children, undernutrition, Ethiopia

The purpose of this paper is to study the method of approximation for zeros of the sum of a finite family of maximal monotone mappings in the setting of Banach spaces. Under some mild conditions, w...

Background Erectile dysfunction is currently one of the most common sexual dysfunctions worldwide affecting the quality of life of men of all ages, but it is usually underestimated because it is not a life threatening condition. Purpose This study aims to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and the possible correlates among diabetic men in Dessie Referral Hospital, North Central Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetic men aged greater than 18 years, at Dessie Referral Hospital. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were entered in Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression was applied to identify association between explanatory variables and the outcome variable. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05 was computed to determine the level of significance. Results Overall, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in this study was 58.5% at 95% CI (0.548-0.622), and specifically 10.5%, 40.9%, 6.8% respondents had mild, moderate and severe erectile dysfunction, respectively. Age, duration of diabetes diagnosis, types of medication, types of complication and body mass index were significant unadjusted factors associated with erectile dysfunction, but following adjustment only age [AOR=5.5 (95% CI 2.06-14.744), duration of diabetes [AOR=20,(95% CI 5.663-75.0096) and types of medication [AOR=2.106 (95% CI 1.112-3.988) have independently statistically significant association with erectile dysfunction. Conclusion This study showed that ED is high. Age, duration of diabetes mellitus and type of medication are independently associated with erectile dysfunction. Health policymakers need to consider including the training of health personnel to consider the relevant risk factors during the physical, social and psychological assessment of patients, and clinicians should pay attention to the sexual history of their client.

In 2010, UNESCO listed the Kafa Biosphere Reserve (KBR) in southwest Ethiopia based on the concept of landscape multifunctionality and the need to reconcile local community values and needs with co...

Stem rust is a major disease on barley, oat, and wheat crops worldwide. The primary means of control is by host resistance genes that are incorporated into commercial varieties and have been effect...

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients show a significant derangement in various hematological parameters including changes affecting the red blood cells (RBCs). All these derangements have an imposing effect on any of the RBC indices. Thus, the main aim of this study was determining the RBCs parameters and their correlation with renal function, and also the magnitude of anemia in DM patients in comparison with healthy controls. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the chronic illness clinic of University of Gondar Hospital from January to April 2020. A total of 246 participants (164 DM and 82 controls) were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Five milliliters venous blood was collected by vacutainer blood collection technique. RBC parameters and renal function tests were determined by using Sysmex KX21N and BS-200E Mindray analyzers, respectively. The data were tested for normality using Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Independent sample t-test and Pearson's and Spearman correlation statistics were used to analyze variables. A p-value ˂0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The mean hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration was 13.8±0.7 and 15±1.3 among DM and controls, respectively. RBC (p=0.014), Hgb (p ˂0.001), hematocrit (Hct) (p ˂0.001), and mean cell volume (MCV) (p ˂0.001) were significantly lower in DM patients as compared to controls. On the other hand, mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was significantly increased in DM patients (p ˂0.001) than the controls. Besides, a significant negative correlation was found between Hgb and creatinine (Cr) in DM patients. Conclusion The mean values of RBC parameters (RBC, Hgb, Hct, and MCV) for DM patients were found significantly lower than the control groups. Besides a significant negative correlation was found between Cr and RBC indices (RBC, Hgb, Hct, and MCV) in DM patients. It is, therefore, suggested that RBC parameters abnormalities should be evaluated and treated periodically in DM patients for better prognosis and quality of life.

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a catastrophic disease that has and continues to cause yield losses in barley, oat, and wheat crops worldwide. Use of host resistance genes is the most ec...

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of agricultural technology adoption on household food consumption expenditure in rural Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. The study is based on the data obtained from the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey collected in 2015/16. Household-level data were taken from 656 rural farm households in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The study used the endogenous switching regression model to estimate the impacts of agricultural technology adoption on household food consumption expenditure per adult equivalent per annum. The result of the study reveals that adopting agricultural technology significantly increases household food consumption expenditure per adult equivalent. Moreover, the difference in household food consumption expenditure per adult equivalent between the actual and counterfactual scenarios is very high. The findings of the study reveal that broader investment in agricultural technology and increased access and adoption of agricultural technologies significantly improve the welfare of farm households.