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This study aimed to quantitatively identify the prognostic and clinicopathological value of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through a meta-analysis. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were thoroughly searched from inception to December 14, 2021. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the prognostic value of GNRI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%CIs were combined to estimate the clinicopathological significance of the GNRI in NSCLC. Seven studies with 2,023 patients were included in the meta-analysis. A low GNRI score was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.65-2.44

In this article, we propose a multiple beams spread-spectrum modulation signal transmitted by a Cassegrain antenna for communication and direction-finding applications. The main idea is that a sum beam and two difference beams are transmitted by the Cassegrain antenna similar to the Monopulse technique. According to the beams’ radiation pattern, a multiple beams spread-spectrum modulation scheme is designed to modulate the beams’ spatial parameters into the transmit signal constellation. In this way, a receiver with a single antenna demodulates the data information and the directional information from the receive signal constellation, simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed signal can be applied to the integrated system of communication and direction-finding in a low signal-to-noise ratio environment.

To remove estimation failure problems and pair matching failure problems in two-dimensional direction-of-arrival estimation, we propose a novel method employing a special L-shape array in this study. Two cross-correlated matrices can be used to complete two one-dimensional direction-of-arrival estimations. Based on array configuration and the definitions of azimuth and elevation angles, estimation in each dimension is completely independent. In this way, the estimation failure problems can be removed. Then, we calculate the estimation matrix and construct the expansion matrix of the steering matrix. Both the estimation matrix and the expansion matrix contain the ‘generalised’ permutation matrices. We use pair matching employing these ‘generalised’ permutation matrices instead of the ‘beamforming-like’ method. Simulation results verify that this algorithm can remove these problems and can also significantly improve performance without additional computational loads.