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Nuclear power in Singapore would have both advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages are a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, a reduction in particulate pollution of the air, and a reduction of the nation's current total dependence on imported fossil energy. Among the problems are public resistance to the idea and the difficulty of finding an acceptable site on a crowded island. A previous study concluded that the best onshore site is underground on Jurong Island. The alternative examined here is to site the nuclear power plant on a floating vessel, moored in a quiet location remote from population and seaways. Subsidiary advantages are that the plant could be built somewhere else, and at the end of its useful life it could be towed away.

The revolution of technology in education has heralded a new wave of learning styles and in some cases total dependence on technology. Yet, statistics reveal no significant improvement in student performance in Mathematics and a downward trend in basic algebra skills. The major impediment in the learning process is lack of understanding of the concepts and a virtual total dependence on technology. We expose the dangers of total dependence on technology by using the much-ignored function f(x) = xx as a case study and conclude that technology can be a valuable tool provided the student has complete understanding of related concepts.

Using accounts from the Old Bailey Proceedings, this article examines the economic side of military marriages in eighteenth-century London, outlining a fundamental disjuncture in eighteenth-century attitudes to working wives. While all wives were expected to work, state and parish records of military wives repeatedly stress their total dependence on men's wages and bounty money. In actual fact, soldiers, sailors and their wives made use of a much wider range of survival strategies. By stealing, taking odd jobs, pawning goods, and accepting aid from kin or friends, both husbands and wives might significantly augment military pay and/or poor relief.

This article explores the question of “did how we learn affect what we learn in social science?” through a case study of economic development research. Total dependence on a single method can be a dangerous practice as the method may dictate research findings and make it impossible to eliminate the rival hypothesis of methodological bias. When the multimethod approach is preferred, a mechanical application of multiple methods will not make it better than a single method approach. Using the case of state and local economic development studies, this article illustrates the promise of multimethod research and the danger of its misuse. Poor implementation of the approach can create equally misleading findings and a false sense of confidence in our theories. Among other factors identified in the article, a major key to its successful implementation is having researchers well trained in multiple methods.

Within the EU France devotes to defence the largest financial and human resources although it is not the richest country, nor has it the largest population or labour force. The cost of nuclear weapons accounts for only a small fraction of this abnormally high French defence effort. If France had restructured its military capabilities at the same rate as its principal Allies during the 1985–1994 period, then French defence outlays would be about 20% less than at present. The fundamental reasons for France's excess defence outlay comprise virtual total dependence on French sources for equipment, produced in very small numbers; a military presence outside of Europe; and too many personnel. These deficiencies, and the consequent absence hitherto of a “peace dividend”, indicate a failure to identify the country's real strategic requirements, and a lack of will to reorganise efficiently French defence. The recently announced reform towards an all‐professional force is unlikely to achieve the potential and desir...

The basis for fertilizer recommendations has progressed from trial and error in the 1940s to an almost total dependence on soil testing at the present. Fertilizer recommendations have progressed over time from small amounts of compound fertilizers to an amount of a nutrient based on a soil test value. Research activity on development of soil testing and fertilizer recommendations was greatest in the 1950s and 1960s and has declined steadily since that time. Because the research was conducted by land grant universities in the individual states, the recommendation philosophies and recommendations varied among many states. This condition still exists although there presently is more agreement among some states. A national survey of land grant universities which have conducted the research supporting fertilizer recommendations, strongly suggests a need to update the soil test calibration data supporting the recommendations. The greatest recent improvement in fertilizer recommendations in many states ...

This paper is based on a pilot exercise (Cowan, 1983) in which ‘self‐help’ professional development groups were established in a place of employment. The project set out to establish groups which would take an appreciable initiative in providing constructive feedback between members, in deciding the directions in which they would go, and in working co‐operatively between formal meetings with staff. It was anticipated that such groups should also be able to sustain significant momentum without total dependence on the facilitation (Garry and Cowan, 1989) provided by someone external to the group.

Jensen, Kr.M. and Jensen, R. Helkiaer: Kulturlandskabet i Borris og Sdr. Felding—en kortbladsanalyse af et vestjysk landbrugslandskab og en dokumentation for dets udvikling. Geografisk Tidsskrift 78: 61–99. Copenhagen, June 1, 1979. Based upon interpretation of maps covering roughly 300 years, supplemented by land registers and statistics, the agricultural development of two characteristic parishes in the western part of Denmark is described from a human-ecological viewpoint focusing upon the changing conditions in the interplay between man and environment. From a total dependence on local resources, this rural district has steadily increased its interchange with other markets during the last 100 years.

Two hundred and thirty-one continent and incontinent patients in three nursing homes were assessed as to their ability to independently toilet. A 21-item behavior checklist (Independent Toilet Assessment Inventory) reliably categorized patients into four categories ranging from total independence to total dependence. There were significant differences between continent and incontinent patients with continent patients more capable of idependence (x2 = 190.5, p < .001). Seventy-eight percent of the incontinent patients were incapable of independent toileting. Direct time observations of 116 cleaning and 132 toileting episodes revealed that assisting a patient in toileting consumed more time than simply changing an incontinent patient (7.97 minutes versus 5.55 minutes, t = 2.97, p < .004). This time differential means it takes nursing staff more time to maintain continence in a dependent patient than it takes to manage incontinence. The implications of the work incentive to maintain incontinence is discussed...

Energy security for Israel is one of the cornerstones of its perceived overall security. The situation Israel has been facing has been threatening its security in a direct manner and has compounded its economic problems to an unbearable extent, exposing it to the dangers of political and economic dependency. The symptoms of Israel's ailing energy situation are manifold, and include Israel's near total dependence on a single source of energy crude oil. Oil supplied 99 percent of Israel's energy demand in 1980 while the remaining one percent was derived from solar energy and gas.' The depletion of domestic crude oil production, that peaked in 1965/66 with over 4,000 b/d reaching a low of 600 b/d in 1980, has led Israel to rely heavily on foreign oil imports. These imports exceeded 165,000 b/d in 19802 at an estimated cost of $2.2 billion,3 roughly equivalent to its total industrial exports for that year.4 Although paying for the oil has been a problem, finding and buying the oil has been a struggle in itself. The wars with its Arab neighbours and the latter's increasing economic and political power have complicated