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The investigation of airborne fungal spore concentrations was carried out in Szczecin, Poland between 2004 and 2006. The objective of the studies was to determine a seasonal variation in concentrations of selected fungal spore types due to meteorological parameters. The presence of spores of ten taxa: Cladosporium, Ganoderma, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Didymella, Torula, Dreschlera‐type, Polythrincium, Stemphylium and Pithomyces was recorded in Szczecin using a volumetric method (Hirst type). Fungal spores were present in the air in large numbers in summer. The highest concentrations were noted in June, July and August. The peak period was recorded in August for most of the studied spore types: Ganoderma, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Dreschlera‐type, Polythrincium and Stemphylium. Cladosporium and Didymella spores reached their highest concentrations in July while concentrations of Torula were highest in May and Pithomyces in September. Multiple regression analysis was performed for three fungal seasons: 2004, 2005...

Baudoinia gen. nov. is described to accommodate Torula compniacensis. Reported originally from the walls of buildings near brandy maturation warehouses in Cognac, France, species of Baudoinia are cosmopolitan colonists of exposed surfaces subjected to large diurnal temperature shifts, episodic high relative humidity and wetting, and ambient airborne ethanol. Morphologically B. compniacensis resembles some anamorphic Mycosphaerellaceae in possessing dark brown, nonseptate or uniseptate conidia with coarsely roughened walls that are borne acropetally in unbranched chains and released by schizolytic dehiscence. Analysis of partial nuclear rDNA SSU sequences positions B. compniacensis in the order Capnodiales and reveals that it is most closely related to the microcolonial genus Friedmanniomyces. Heat resistance is induced by brief sublethal temperature exposure.

Baseline aerobiologic data of known and potentially allergenic deuteromycetes in Corpus Christi, Texas, USA, are presented concurrent with analyses of patient skin-reactivity (November 1987-October 1988 & November 1988-October 1989). Species representations of deuteromycete spores and their relative abundance were similar for two years. Three distinct groupings were discerned: Cladosporium (representing 80% of total spores) showed weekly averages predominantly in 1000-5000/m3 range; Alternaria (7.8%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (5.3%) and Torula (0.8%) at primarily 500-1000/m3 level; and Epicoccum (1.3%), Fusarium (1.3%), Nigrospora (1.3%), Stemphylium (0.6%), Drechslera (0.5%), Curvularia (0.2%), Pithomyces (0.1%) and other minor genera, mostly in 100-500/m3 range. Spore-bursts were recorded for all deuteromycetes with extreme spore-burst capture most prevalent among sporadic spores (e.g., Curvularia and Torula). Two-thirds of the 602 atopic persons were skintest positive to 1 or more of the 10 deuteromycet...

Effluent collected from two very important industries in Nigeria, the Nigerian Fertilizer company, Port Harcourt and Star Paper Mill, Owerrinta, were examined for its chemical and microbiological quality. Quantitative examination of the microorganisms present in the effluent revealed that as many as 2.03 x 103 viable bacteria (cfu per ml) were present. The predominant bacterial forms include: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Kleb‐siella, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter and Micrococcus. Yeast and mold isolated from the effluent include: Candida, Torula, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Pencillium, Mucor and Rhizopus species. Nitrate‐nitrogen and Ammonia‐nitrogen levels in the effluent range between 0.9–1.0 x 102mgNO3‐N/L and 0.8–1.0 x 103 mgNH3‐N/L, respectively. BOD level ranged between 1.44–1.28 x 103 mgDO/L. The study could be useful for designing an appropriate pollution control strategy in Nigeria.

Glucoamylases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus niveus catalyzed condensation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) to yield deoxy-glucooligosaccharides with polymerization degrees of 2-5. The enzymes also gave a small amount of products from 3-deoxy-D-glucose, but no products from 6-deoxy-D-glucose. A. niger alpha-glucosidase also catalyzed condensation of dGlc, while Torula and Saccharomyces alpha-glucosidases had low activity. alpha-1,4-, 1,6-, and 1,3-linked deoxy-glucobioses were isolated and identified as the products of A. niger glucoamylase and A. niger alpha-glucosidase. In the reaction of the glucoamylase, 1,4- and 1,3-linked saccharides decreased with an increase of 1,6-linked one. A. niger alpha-glucosidase produced alpha-1,6-linked disaccharide predominantly during the whole course of the reaction.

Forty species of fungi were recovered from the indoor air of flour mills by exposing petri plates containing potato dextrose, czapek-dox, and sabouraud agar media for 5 minutes. A rotorod sampler was used. The fungal flora of the nearby outdoor environment was also studied for comparison. Species of genus Aspergillus dominated in the mills, being represented by 16 species including one ascosporic species. Other species were of genera Cladosporium and Fusarium. Variations in the fungal population in different months of the survey year were also observed. Identifiable fungal spores recovered using the rotorod sampler were Alternaria (17% occurrence), Curvularia lunata (10.6%), C. letramera (10%), Cladosporium (19%), Drechslera sp. (9%), Epicoccum sp. (5%), Pithomyces sp. (3%), Nigrospora sp. (10.5%), Stemphylium sp. (4.5%) and Torula sp. (4.5%). Mycelial fragments and unidentifiable spores were also seen in abundance. Varying allergic responses of patients tested intradermally for the antigens of s...

(1975). Revisions of Torula Species. Torula Brachiata, T. Maculans, and T. Resinae Reexamined. Mycologia: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 666-671.

The generic name Capnocheirides is proposed for Torula rhododendri. This European sooty mold is restricted to certain species of Rhododendron and most collections seen are from alpine regions of western Europe. An illustrated account is provided.

The type materials of Torula corticalis and T. bowdichiae are not congeneric with Torula as redefined. A new genus Pseudaegerita is erected to accommodate T. corticalis. The new combination Xylohyp...

New combinations are proposed for Hormiscium undulatum, Torula equina, and Torula convolvuli in Trimmatostroma, Sphaerosporium, and Pseudotaeniolina, gen. nov., respectively.

To make use of brown juice from the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) production process, concentration of the juice and production of single-cell protein (SCP) with use of residual sugars in the juice were carried out. A six-fold concentrate of the juice could be obtained by reverse-osmosis procedure. Inhibition effects of plant phenolics on the growth of yeast were observed and attempts to remove the phenolics with various adsorbents were carried out. A hydrophobic resin (Diaion HP-20) was the most effective for adsorption of the phenolics, and the resin could be regenerated by use of ethanol. Productivity of SCP was enhanced by concentration, and the biomass obtained in a batch culture with the condensed brown juice (CBJ) attained 45.7 kg/m3. It was possible to evaluate the treatment efficiency of CBJ from inhibition and adsorption experiments for typical polyphenols such as pyrocatechol or resorcinol.

Species of Monilia and Torula have long been recognized in mycological literature as damaging to food products. For example, Monilia sitophila (Mont.) Sacc. has caused massive spoilage of bakery goods in France, Germany, and other countries. I have often isolated this species in the Ukraine from such products as macaroni, grain, bread, hops in breweries and from air in mills. Species of Monilia and Torula also develop in strong solutions of salts and sugars, and even on undissolved salts and sugars. C. A. Brown (2) isolated from raw cuban sugar fungi which he described as Monilia nigra and M. fusca. Van Beyma (1) isolated from crystals of NaCl a fungus which he described as Oospora halophila. This fungus could develop only on media which contained at least 50% NaCl. P. A. Saccardo, according to Lindau (6), isolated a fungus from damp sugar and described it as Oospora saccharina. Malevich (7) isolated a fungus from salted fish which she described as Oospora nikitinskii. This fungus was unable to develop on media which have less than 5% NaCl. Rudakov et al. (11 ) isolated Torula pulchra Tonywall from condensed sweet milk, and identified it as Catenularia fuliginea Saito. This fungus caused a large scale contamination of canned milk in Moscow, resulting in economic losses through the formation of brown "button-like clumps." Similar damage to canned milk, according to Harris (5), is caused by Monilia niger (?), Aspergillus glaucus and Penicillium sp. According to Rudakov et al., Torula pulchra developed well even in a 63% sucrose solution and was somewhat inhibited by a 65.5% solution. Osmophilic properties are not only characteristic of species of Monilia and Torula but of some other species of mold fungi as well. Tanaka and Miller (12) studied microbial spoilage of dried prunes and determined that aside from yeasts good osmophilic properties were also shown by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group. Less osmotolerant were A. niger and Penicillium sp. The study of the new species described here was done by the methods described in my previous article (9). Type cultures of the new

Genera of the family Sporobolomycetaceae have been of interest to mycologists because they form ballistospores that are discharged at maturity by the drop excretion method. Because of the apparent similarity of the discharge of the ballistospores of the yeast-like Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & van Niel to the discharge of basidiospores, as described by Buller (3), Kluyver and van Niel (14) suggested that this and the related species of Sporobolomyces were Basidiomycetes. Al? though Kluyver and van Niel, and later Sainclivier (21), have postulated that the cells forming ballistospores were reduced basidia, the lack of a clear demonstration of a perfect stage has precluded a firm taxo? nomic disposition of these species. In their cytological study of "Torula rose No. 36" (= Sporobolo? myces roseus) Janssens and Mertens (12) described and illustrated oil globules and vacuoles. Although most cells were depicted as possessing a single, often irregular nucleus, binucleate cells were noted. In a more detailed cytological study of S\ roseus and related species, Guilliermond (8) verified some of Janssens and Mertens' (12) findings but maintained that the nucleus was consistently round and that the cells were always uninucleate. It is not possible to determine whether Guil? liermond examined the same isolate of S. roseus as used by Janssens and Mertens. Using "violet de Dahlia" as a vital stain, Guilliermond (8) studied the distribution and morphological variation of the mito? chondria.

The question of the correet terminology for those groups of fungi which resemble the yeasts, in that the vegetative body consists of rouncl or oval budding cells, but differs from the true yeasts in not forming ascospores, has long troubled those working with these organisms. Many names have been suggested but none has been uniformly accepted. The two names which are most commonly employed are Cryptococcus and Torula. The latter is used most extensively by botanists and students of the industrial yeasts, the former by dermatologists. The name Torula was first used for these yeast-like forms in 1838 by Turpin (1). Confusion resulted, however, as the name Torula had been given by Persoon in 1801 (2a, b) to one of the Fungi Imperfecti belonging to the Dematiaceae. Persoon's To? rula is characterized by short dark hyphae with chains of globose to oblong conidia which readily fall apart. Nevertheless, Pasteur (3) and Hansen (4) in their later studies continued to use the name Torula for yeast-like forms without spore production, but having different intensities of alcoholic fermentation. In an attempt to remedy the confusion caused by the use of the name Torula for two quite different types of fungi, Berlese as quoted by Ciferri (5), in 1894 proposed to substitute for the name Torula Turpin (Pasteur-Hansen) the term Torulopsis, leaving the name Torula for Persoon's genus. This name was accepted by Saccardo (6) but it has never come into general use. Will (7) in 1916 distributed the non-spore forming, non mycelial ferments

This strain (No. 151 of Ciferri collection) was isolated and partially studied by Starkey and Henrici (7), who discovered it together with yeasts and anascoporic yeasts in soils of Minnesota. The authors, who kindly sent it to the writer for further consideration of its systematic position, classified it under the provisional name of Torula glutinis with the following diagnosis: " The young cells are small and oval, and are relatively free from vacuoles and granules. In old culture the cells contain a large fat globule. Agar slant cultures are abundant and very mucoid in character. After a time most of the growth slides to the bottom of the tube. In liquid media some turbidity and an incomplete ring pellicle are produced. No fermentation occurs with any of the sugars." Ciferri and Redaelli (3), who made a monographic revision of the anascoporic yeasts (Torulopsidaceae) pigmented in red, demonstrated that the Cryptococcus glutinis Fresenius, later on denominated Torula glutinis, is a specific entity still unknown. As a matter of fact the description is somewhat vague or incom? plete; it lacks the essential cultural characteristics and nothing is said about its biochemical activities. In addition to this, there was doubt later on as to whether the Bacillus prodigiosus Fliigge was included. Therefore Cryptococcus glutinis described by Engel under the name Saccharomyces roseus is probably different from C. glutinis Fresenius, and according to Vuillemin corresponds with Saccharomyces Freseniusi. Hansen admits the existence of two different C. glutinis, and Schroter confirms the view. As time goes by and further studies are made, a con? siderable number of strains are described under the name C.