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The chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf essential oil of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. was evaluated in the present study. A total of 43 constituen...

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Replacement of the chemically synthesized medicines with phytomedicines is of great importance. Syzygium cumini fruit has around 30% hard seed kernel part that is considered solid waste and can be a good source of bioactive phenolic compounds. Thus, this work was performed to valorize Syzygium cumini kernels powder (SCKP) using a three-phase partitioning technique (TPP) and evaluate in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. The extraction yield of catechin, gallic acid, TFC, and TPC obtained through TPP was 0.52, 33.24 mg/g, 7.78 mg CE/g, and 82.66 mg GAE/g, respectively, in 45 min, 40% ammonium sulfate, 1:1 (V/V) extraction slurry to t-butanol, 30 ± 2 °C temperature, pH 4, 1:20 (g/mL) SCKP to water and SCKP size 106 µm. IC50 values 12.15, 9.33, and 7.55 in µg/mL for TPP extract were obtained from DPPH, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase in vitro assays, respectively. TPP for extraction of bioactive compounds was found superior over traditional extraction techniques (devoid of t-butanol and ammonium sulfate). The extract obtained shows enormous antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential for use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.HighlightsFirst report on three-phase partitioning (TPP) extraction of catechin and gallic acid from SCKP.Effective extraction of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds.Proved the enormous antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of SCKP's TPP extract.TPP extraction, the selective, efficient, and economically viable option.

Syzygium cumini, owing to higher bioactive constituents, its parts principally kernels are used for the antidiabetic purpose since the olden days. The current manuscript illustrated batch extraction of phenolic compounds from S. cumini using a stirred extractor. The yields 0.61 mg/g, 35.9 mg/g, 79.89 mg GAE/g, and 7.29 mg CE/g of catechin, gallic acid, TPC and TFC, respectively, were obtained in 105 min. at 1:20 SCKP to water, 50 ± 2 °C temperature, 4 pH, at 250 rpm and 106 µm particle size of SCKP. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of the obtained aqueous extract was carried out by DPPH, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The IC50 values of SCKP aqueous extract obtained were 12.97, 9.03, and 7.13 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging, inhibition of α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. The cost required to extract 1 kg of catechin, gallic acid, TPC, and TFC was Rs 6691.6, 113.7, 51.1, and 559.93/-, respectively. Stirred batch extraction technique manifests traditional but simple, ecofriendly, and efficient compared to other traditional techniques. The output of this research bestows support to utilize the SCKP stirred batch extract as a promising source of antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds in ayurvedic formulations.

LC-HR-MS-coupled metabolic profiling of the methanol extracts from different parts of Syzygium cumini (L.), which was extensively identified via DNA fingerprinting, led to dereplication of 24 compo...

Introduction The present trial aimed to investigate invitro anthelminthic activities of selected tropical tanniferous plant extract on egg hatchability and larval development inhibition of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. In view of that, three tropical tanniferous plants Rhus glutinosa, Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera, were selected based on their relative high content of condensed tannins. Methods In this study, eggs were collected from artificially infected with H. contortus. Then the egg was directly subjected to invitro assay with these condensed tannin-enriched extracts using egg hatchability assay and inhibition of larval development assay. Results The result showed that extracts from all three tropical tanniferous plants demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) dosedependent inhibition of both egg hatchability and larval development. According to IC50 and IC90 values, the condensed tannin-enriched extracts inhibiting egg hatching and larval development most potently were Rhus glutinosa followed in descending order of activity by Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera. Discussion The result of this study showed that these condensed tanninenriched extracts were effective in inhibiting egg hatchability as well as larval development. Therefore, condensed tannin might be recommended as one of the options for the control of H. contortus in sheep.

Syzygium cumini, is a medicinally important plant and exhibits a wide range of cytomorphological diversity. The present attempt was made to study the detailed meiotic course in five different popul...

Five new phloroglucinol derivatives were isolated from Syzygium brachyantherum, and their structures were elucidated as brachyanones A–E (1–5) on the basis of the extensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 of 2.57 and 0.97 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 4 showed protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory effect with inhibition ratio of 89.42% at 100 μM. This discovery indicates that phloroglucinol derivatives with long aliphatic chain possibly play an important role in antidiabetic activity of Syzygium plants, and they could function as a promising antidiabetic agent.

Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles (Co/CoO NPs) were synthesized by a green approach using Syzygium cumini leaf extract. The formation of synthesized Co/CoO NPs was monitored by using UV–Visible...

The essential oils obtained from the leaf of Syzygium hancei Merr. & Perry, Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston and Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & Perry were analysed using gas chromatography flam...

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jambolan) is a widespread summer fruit plant, well-known for various therapeutic uses such as anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties. The fruit helps to c...

In the present study, an attempt had been made to explore the potential of natural colourants and its application in the textile industry. Natural colorants extracted from the sepals of Mussaenda hybrid, fruits of Carissa carandas and Syzygium cumini were applied on cotton, silk and polyester yarns accompanied with mordants (Alum, Acetic acid, Copper sulphate and Lemon juice) and without mordant, using an aqueous method. UV-Vis spectra of different natural dyes were determined. Percent absorption, colour co-ordinates values (CIELab), colour strength (K/S) values and fastness properties of the selected dyed yarns were tested. Different shades of yellow, pink and purple were obtained from the aqueous extracts of Mussaenda hybrid, Carissa carandas and Syzygium cumini. K/S values were enhanced with the addition of mordants. Fastness results of the selected dyed yarns showed good grades. The present study demonstrated that the above plants could be a promising source of natural colourants.

Purpose Clove essential oil is a phytochemical possessing a vast array of biological activities. Nevertheless, fabricating nano topical delivery systems targeted to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil has not been investigated so far. Accordingly, in this study, controlled release nanoparticulate systems, namely nanoemulgel and nanofibers (NFs), of the oil were developed to achieve such goal. Methods The nanoemulsion was incorporated in the hydrogel matrix of mixed biopolymers - chitosan, guar gum and gum acacia - to formulate nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel. Taguchi's model was adopted to evaluate the effect of independently controlled parameters, namely, the concentration of chitosan (X1), guar gum (X2), and gum acacia (X3) on different dependently measured parameters. Additionally, the nanoemulsion-based NFs were prepared by the electrospinning technique using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Extensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of the aforementioned formulae were conducted. Results Both Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) established the complete dispersion of the nanoemulsion in the polymeric matrices of the prepared nanoemulgel and NFs. The ex vivo skin permeation data of clove essential oil from the prepared formulations showed that NFs can sustain its penetration through the skin comparably with nanoemulgel. Topical treatment with NFs (once application) and nanoemulgel (twice application) evoked a marvelous in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced mouse skin inflammation model when compared with pure clove essential oil along with relatively higher efficacy of medicated NFs than that of medicated nanoemulgel. Such prominent anti-inflammatory activity was affirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Conclusion These results indicated that nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel and nanoemulsion-based NFs could be introduced to the phytomedicine field as promising topical delivery systems for effective treatment of inflammatory diseases instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that possess adverse effects.

In this work, the leave extracts of Calotropis gigantean, Eucalyptus globulus and buds of Syzygium aromaticum were prepared and coated on natural fibers based bamboo gauze fabric for wound dressing...

Water purification by eco-friendly and cost-effective method is a challenge for scientists in the current era. The present study reports a facile and cost-effective green synthesis method of zinc o...

Studies performed on Essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (EOSa) from the Romanian market indicate a relative content of 73.18% in Eugenol. Due to this compound, the antioxidant activity determined...

In vitro inhibition of cell migration/wound closure and cellular apoptosis was studied of four chloroform extract fractions of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on human A549 and H1299 cancer cell lines. The flow cytometry analysis was carried out with A549 and H1299 cancer cell lines. The results indicated that chloroform extract fractions of clove showed inhibition of wound closure/cell migration of A549 and H1299 and induced apoptosis of H1299. This was demonstrated by calculating low wound closure percentage in cells; treated with these fractions as compared to control (70%). The morphological features of the nuclei of the cells treated with fractions indicated chromatin compression, nuclear shrinkage and apoptotic bodies formation, which pointed out towards death by apoptosis. The flow cytometer analysis of the treated cancer cells H1299 also revealed death due to the apoptosis. These results confirmed that the chloroform extract of clove bud may be used to treat lung cancer.

Plants in the genus Syzygium have been widely used as traditional medicine, fruit crops, and ornamental trees. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston which was known as rose apple. The chloroplast genome of this species is 158541 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (26076 bp) that is divided by a large single copy area (LSC) (88036 bp) and a small single copy area (SSC) (18353 bp). The circular chloroplast genome of S. jambos contains 132 unique genes, composing of 85 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that S. jambos is clustered with species in genus Syzygium. This complete chloroplast genome of S. jambos will provide a powerful tool to accelerate breeding, biotechnological and phylogenetic study.

In this present study, clove essential oil was extracted through hydro distillation using Clevenger apparatus which revealed the presence of (%) moisture (29.47±0.08), ash (5.29±0.08), crud...

Background: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oils are known for their various biological effects, including anticancer properties.Objective: To investigate the anticancer...

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical, underutilized fruit which is highly perishable in nature. It is a good source of vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid and anthocyanins and its beneficial effects a...

Previous studies have brought to light the toxic effect of cerium chloride (CeCl3) but very little is known about the oxidative brain injury caused by this metal. Medical plants have a well-recogni...

Purpose/Aim: This study aims to evaluate the predisposing risk factors and antibiotic resistance of bacterial corneal ulcer to commonly used antibiotics. In addition, assess the in vitro efficacy of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) as safe and effective antimicrobial agents.Demographic features and predisposing risk factors of corneal ulcer patients were recorded. Isolation and identification of bacteria was performed using conventional microbiological methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by disk diffusion and the micro-dilution broth methods. EOs were extracted by steam distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique.Out of the 200 patients with corneal ulcer evaluated in this study, the main predisposing factor of bacterial corneal ulcer was trauma (26.5%) and 96.7% isolates were multidrug resistant. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate 33 cases. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates showed that the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin was the most effective antibiotic with sensitivity rate 81.3%. Seven selected EOs showed significant activity against most of the tested bacteria. Syzygium aromaticum oil showed high activity against all tested bacterial species with highest sensitivity rate (97.5%) and low minimal inhibitory concentration values against S. aureus (0.10 µl/ml). The chemical composition of the EOs showed that the monoterpenes were predominant. The main constituent of S. aromaticum oil was eugenol (76%).The current study showed that S. aromaticum oil had high antibacterial activity that could be helpful in the treatment of ocular bacterial infections to minimizing the possible side effects of commonly used antibiotic.

The medicinal plant, Syzygium leucoxylon or commonly known as Obah found in North Borneo was considered as traditional medicine by local committee. Two new phenolics, leucoxenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated and identified as major secondary metabolites from the leaves of S. leucoxylon. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as NMR and HRESIMS. Furthermore, these compounds were active against selected strains of fungi.

In the present study, essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. (syn. Eugenia grandis Wight) and Syzygium sterrophyllum Merrill & L. M. Perry were characterise...

Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn. ex DC (also named as Cleistocalyx operculatus) is a member of genus Syzygium mainly distributed in China, Vietnam and some other tropical countries and belongs the family ...

The essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) obtained by hydro-distillation (0.65%) was subjected to anti-candidal activity against vaginal and blood isolates of Candida albicans. Further the clove essential oil was analysed for its chemical components by GC-MS. Clove essential oil rendered the growth of all isolates of C. albicans, while most of isolates were resistant to flucanozole antibiotic. The inhibition of vaginal isolates of C. albicans by clove essential oil was found to be directly proportional to its concentration. Significant reduction in the growth of all isolates of C. albicans was observed at absolute concentration of clove essential oil as compared to the positive control (P≤0.05). The MIC and MFC values (1.25 μl/ml and 2.5 μl/ml respectively) was recorded for all C. albicans isolates except isolate no. 9, which had higher MIC (2.5 μl/ ml) and MFC (5.0 μl/ml) values than other. Clove essential oil also inhibited budding; it ranged from 23.7 to 42.9%. Results revealed that the ...

Palynological examination of 18 honey samples (BG-1–18) procured from nine localities in the Bongaigaon District, Assam, India, produced a assemblage of pollen in terms of quantity and diversity. According to palynological assessment of the honey samples, 12 were unifloral (five in terms of Brassica campestris, two from Elaeocarpus rugosus and one each from Mimosa pudica, Xanthium strumarium, Syzygium cumini, Salmalia malabaricum and Meliaceae). Six were multifloral; the dominant taxa include Mimosa, Brassica, Coriandrum, Ziziphus mauritiana and Salmalia. Taxa such as Cassia fistula, Acacia catechu, Toona ciliata, Butea monosperma, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Oleaceae were minor sources of nectar and bee forage, as indicated by low frequencies of their pollen. The numerous pollen types and their diversity show that bees travel considerable distances to collect nectar for honey production. The study could be helpful in evaluating the allergenicity of some honeys in the area of investigation, causing hay fever, asthma, dermatitis and other disorders, where composition is mainly of ‘Compositae allergic’ pollen such as Xanthium (BG-2; 57.78%; unifloral) and Eupatorium (BG-4; 37.64%; unifloral).

Postharvest deterioration of wax apple leads to unacceptable appearances, physical and quality losses that raise serious concerns commercially. Bioactive compounds of wax apple and spoilage microor...

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to the surface. Cells associated with biofilms differ phenotypically and physiologically from planktonic cells which make them more resis...

Context: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, studies on the use of this plant and of nanoparticle formulations against DM-related fungal infections are scarce. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the treatments with aqueous seed extract of S. cumini (ASc) and ASc-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPASc) on biochemical parameters in Candida albicans-infected diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: Control, DM, C. albicans, C. albicans + ASc, C. albicans + NPASc, DM + C. albicans, DM + C. albicans + ASc and DM + C. albicans + NPASc. Rats were daily treated with ASc or NPASc (100 mg/kg) for 21 days. Biochemical parameters in serum and urine, advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and TBARS levels in the serum, kidney, liver and pancreas and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in kidney and urine were evaluated. Results: Biochemical and oxidative stress parameters increased in rats with DM and/or candidiasis. NPASc was more effective than ASc in decreasing glucose (56%), cholesterol (33%) and creatinine (51%) levels; serum (16%) and pancreatic (46%) AOPP and renal (48%) TBARS levels when compared with DM + C. albicans group. In C. albicans group, both treatments decreased NAG activity but did not decrease creatinine levels. Conclusions: These data suggest that the use of nanotechnology is able to improve plant extract properties such as antioxidant activity that may be useful in diabetes-related complications.

Context: Pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors serve as important strategies in the management of blood glucose. Even though Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) (SC) is used extensively to treat diabetes; scientific evidence on antidiabetic effects of SC leaves is scarce. Objective: SC leaf extract was investigated for α-amylase inhibitory effect and continued with isolation and identification of α-amylase inhibitors. Materials and methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation was conducted using in vitro α-amylase inhibitory assay (with 20–1000 μg/mL test material) to isolate the inhibitory compounds from ethyl acetate extract of SC leaves. Structures of the isolated inhibitory compounds were elucidated using 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis and direct TLC and HPLC comparison with authentic samples. Study period was from October 2013 to October 2015. Results: An active fraction obtained with chromatographic separation of the extract inhibited porcine pancreatic α-amylase with an IC50 of 39.9 μg/mL. Furthermore, it showed a strong inhibition on α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 28.2 μg/mL. The active fraction was determined to be a 3:1 mixture of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. Pure ursolic acid and oleanolic acid showed IC50 values of 6.7 and 57.4 μg/mL, respectively, against α-amylase and 3.1 and 44.1 μg/mL respectively, against α-glucosidase. Discussion and conclusions: The present study revealed strong α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid isolated from SC leaves for the first time validating the use of SC leaves in antidiabetic therapy.

Objectives: Eugenia jambolana (E. jambolana) is well known for its antidiabetic potential. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidative effect of an active compound (FIIc) isolated from fruit-pulp of E. jambolana in streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: FIIc was isolated from the crude aqueous extract of fruit-pulp by ion-exchange column chromatography and high-performance column chromatography. Detailed UV, NMR, and IR spectra suggested that FIIc is α-hydroxy succinamic acid. FIIc was orally administered to diabetic rats at a dose of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg bwt.) to determine its effective dose. Thereafter, effective dose was administered to 8 weeks to determine its antidiabetic and antioxidative activity by estimation of glycemic index, lipid profile, key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress parameters. Results: Administration of 15 mg/kg dose daily for 8 weeks led to significant (P

In this study, aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed was undertaken. The effects of various parameters such as extraction temperature (34.8–85.2°C), extraction time (49.8–100.2 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (9.8–60.2 mL/g) on the extraction yield, extract purity (i.e., total polyphenol content), and its antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrlthydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum extraction conditions (49.2°C, 89.4 min, and 51.6:1 mL/g) produced an extract with 17.3% extraction yield, high total polyphenol content (415 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and significant antioxidant activity (IC50: 35.4 ± 0.7 µg/mL). The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of seed extract revealed the presence of gallic acid (90.8 mg/g dried extract), ellagic acid (36 mg/g dried extract), caffeic acid (26...

The fumigant action of four plant oils viz., garlic (Allium sutivum L.), clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry], attarasa [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.] and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) oils, was tested against eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). After 72 h of exposure, garlic oil exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity against eggs of C. chinensis, which was followed by clove, attarasa and coriander oils, with LC50 values of 0.34, 1.12, 3.78 and 5.29 μL/L air, respectively. Binary mixtures of clove/coriander oil and clove/attarasa oil showed significant synergism with the co-toxicity factor of 241.77 and 114.15, respectively, while other combinations did not show any synergism. Optimal volume proportions of these synergistic combinations were 24:76 for clove/coriander oil and 41:59 for clove/attarasa oil, which were screened out with the toxicity index and were further confirmed by the co-toxicity coefficient. GC-MS analysis of these oils showed that eugenol, aceteugenol and β-cary...

Antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of 20 plants were studied by four different assays over a range of concentrations (12.5–400 µg mL−1), and compared with standard antioxidants’ ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Ascorbic acid–equivalent antioxidant activity of extracts by the phosphomolybdenum method ranged from 392.8 to 2942.7 µmoles g−1 at 400 µg mL−1, whereas DPPH radical scavenging was between 30.9% and 95.2%; extracts also showed strong activity by FRAP and CUPRAC assays. The extracts demonstrated dose-dependent activity and strong correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolics. Total phenolic content was the highest in Syzygium aromaticum (279 mg GAE g−1) and the lowest in Sesame indicum (28.16 mg GAE g−1).

In this study, a micellar delivery system with an amphiphilic diblock copolymer of poly (ethylene glycol) and poly (ɛ-caprolactone) was synthesised and used to incorporate hydrophobic clove essential oil (CEO). To determine an optimal delivery system, the effects of the copolymer's hydrophobic block length and the CEO-loading content on the encapsulation of CEO were investigated. Percentages of entrapment efficiency (%EE), CEO loading (%CEO), and in vitro release profiles were determined. The size, size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology of the obtained micelles were determined by DLS, FE-SEM, and TEM. The %EE, %CEO, and in vitro release profiles of CEO incorporated in micelles were analysed by HPLC. The study revealed a sustained release profile of CEO from CEO-loaded micelles. The results indicate the successful formulation of CEO-loaded PEG-b-PCL micelle nanoparticles. It is suggested that this micelle system has considerably potential applications in the sustained release of CEO in intravascular drug delivery.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of an organic acid (OA) and essential oil (EO) blends, individually or in combination, on growth performance, carcass parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 480 one-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments consisting of 4 replicates each (n = 30 birds in each replicate). Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (control), and basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg OA blend (OAB), 300 mg/kg EO blend (EOB), or with 2 g/kg OA and 300 mg/kg EO blend (OAB-EOB) for 42 d. The dietary supplementation with EO blend or in combination with OA blend increased body weight gain and improved feed efficiency as compared to control. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on feed consumption or relative organ weights of broilers. The OAB diet increased carcass yield compared to the control diet but the lowest carcass yield occurred with the OAB-EOB combination. Birds fed on EOB and OAB-EOB diets had lower ileum Escherichia coli counts than birds fed on the control diet. There was no significant effect of treatments on apparent digestibility at 16-21 d but the EOB and OAB-EOB diets increased apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein during the finisher period (d 37-42) compared to the control diet. Birds fed on the EOB and OAB-EOB diets had greater villus height in the ileum at 21 and 42 d of age and had lower crypt depth in the ileum at 42 d of age than birds given the control diet. In conclusion, beneficial effects of the use of EO blend individually or in combination with the OA blend were observed but the OA blend alone was ineffective. Furthermore, the use of the combination of OA and EO was more effective, in some respects, than their individual use.

Context Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn (Myrtaceae) has been traditionally used by local tribes of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India, for the treatment of diabetes, however, no definitive experimental studies are available. Objective This study investigates the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of S. densiflorum (EFSD) fruits in streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Acute oral toxicity and oral glucose tolerance were assessed in normal rats. The antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activities were investigated in STZ - NA-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt), EFSD (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.wt) for 28 d. Further, changes in the blood glucose level (BGL), biochemical parameters, antioxidants were observed and histology of pancreas was performed. Results No toxicity and lethality were observed. Results of the following parameters are represented by treated versus disease control (STZ + NA) groups. BGL (161.33 ± 22.8 versus 476.17 ± 56.58 mg/dl), glycosylated haemoglobin (5.285 ± 0.19 versus 8.05 ± 0.55%), urea (40.32 ± 1.96 versus 75.37 ± 2.91 mg/dl), uric acid (1.2 ± 0.07 versus 2.16 ± 0.05 mg/dl), total cholesterol (89.3 ± 5.14 versus 139.7 ± 5.95 mg/dl) and triglycerides (79.65 ± 2.52 versus 108.9 ± 3.61 mg/dl) were significantly decreased, whereas haemoglobin (11.75 ± 0.73 versus 7.95 ± 0.42 g/dl), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (14.2 ± 1.11 versus 6.97 ± 0.84 mg/dl), total protein (45%) and liver glycogen (87%) were significantly increased in EFSD-treated diabetic group. Significant changes were observed in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in EFSD-treated groups (p

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) at three concentrations i.e. 2.5, 5 and 7 mM and plant extracts from pick tooth (Ammi visnaga), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), artemisia (Artemisia judaica), mint (Mentha viridis), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) on the infection of rice kernel smut disease caused by Tilletia barclayana were studied. Spraying of rice plants with different concentrations of SA at seven days before infection was the most effective treatment against pathogen infection. Among all plant extract treatments, M. viridis and S. aromaticum were the most effective treatments. Additionally, our results showed increased levels of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chitinase as well as total protein contents in the treated plants compared with the control. In conclusion, accumulations of these oxidative enzymes in plants treated with SA and plant extracts provide their role in the activation of induced resistance against T. barclayana.

A field study was carried out (IB-valley areas, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited) to assess the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tree species, changes in physicochemical and nutritional properties of mine soils, and bioavailability of metals. Only limited amount of topsoil was added in the plantation pits in the ratio of 1:4 (topsoil: weathered mine spoils), which significantly improved pH and fertility. Out of the six analysed metals, the highest concentration was found for Fe followed by Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni in mine soils. Metal accumulation and bioconcentration factor (BCF) for each metal were calculated for edible fruit (Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Syzygium cumini) and timber trees (Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus spp., Techtona grandis and Gravellia robusta). Higher metal accumulations were observed in edible fruit trees than control plants growing in garden soil. Significant variations of metal accumulations were observed amongst timber tree ...

Indian blackberry or Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) is an underutilized fruit with good therapeutic value, but is highly perishable. So considering these facts, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biodegradable coatings of chitosan (CH), alginate (AL), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for improvement of postharvest shelf life and quality characteristics of Jamun fruit. Jamun samples were dipped for 2 min into the solution of CH (1.5% and 1%), AL (1.5% and 1%), and CMC (1.5% and 1%), while the uncoated fruit served as control. Jamun fruit coated with edible coatings exhibited significant delay in weight loss and positive effects on decay percentage, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and sugar accumulation as compared to uncoated control fruit. In addition, edible coatings showed a positive effect on maintaining a higher concentration of antioxidant compounds. Compared to the control, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzyme activitie...

Phenolic compounds in spices were reportedly found to possess high antioxidant capacities (AOCs), which may prevent or reduce risk of human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. The potential AOC of Chinese five-spice powder (consist of Szechuan pepper, fennel seed, cinnamon, star anise and clove) with varying proportion of individual spice ingredients was investigated through four standard methods. Our results suggest that clove is the major contributor to the AOC of the five-spice powder whereas the other four ingredients contribute to the flavour. For example, the total phenolic content as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values increased linearly with the clove percentage in five-spice powder. This observation opens the door to use clove in other spice mixtures to increase their AOC and flavour. Moreover, linear relationships were also observed between AOC and the total phenolic content of the 32 tested spice samples.

In the present study surfactant mediated extraction has been investigated for the extraction of antioxidants from clove flower buds (Syzygium aromaticum). The advantage of this technique is the replacement of organic solvents or other toxic substances by surfactants that could be part of a formulation. The influence of the Hydrophilic Lipophylic Balance (HLB) on extraction was examined in the range of 4.3 to 15 by the mixture of two commonly used surfactants in pharmaceutical and food applications (Tween 80 and Span 80). The effect of the surfactant concentration (2, 5, and 10%) was also evaluated. Results showed that higher HLB values improved eugenol and polyphenols extraction, which could be correlated with the in vitro antioxidant activity. Surfactant concentration of 5% (w/w) showed to be more effective than 2% and there were no significant differences between the results obtained at concentrations of 5 and 10%. The effect of the pH was also investigated on Tween 80 solutions and results showed that ...

Cleistocalyx nervosum (DC.) Kosterm. var. paniala (Roxb.) J. Parn.Chantaran. (Myrtaceae) or Ma Kiang contains high amounts of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity of its fruit and seed has been investigated. However, limited available information concerning the biological activities of its leaves has been reported.To investigate the in vitro anti-aging potential of young and old leaves of Ma Kiang.Ma Kiang leaves were extracted using water, methanol, and chloroform as the solvents by cold (sonication) and hot (boiling) processes. The extracts were determined for total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The extracts (at 0.001-10 mg/ml) were tested for antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibition activities using a colorimetric method. The cytotoxicity of extracts (at 0.0001-1 mg/ml) was determined with human skin fibroblasts. Also, the extracts at 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/ml which showed no toxicity were tested for MMP-2 inhibition.The cold methanol extract of the old leaves showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 511.44 ± 18.23 μg GAE/mg and 262.96 ± 2.98 μg QE/mg, respectively. This extract also gave high free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and tyrosinase inhibition activities with SC50, IPC50, and IC50 values of 0.02 ± 0.004, 0.23 ± 0.13, and 0.02 ± 0.006 mg/ml, respectively. The extract at 0.1 mg/ml exhibited the highest MMP-2 inhibition of 91.14 ± 1.67%.The anti-aging potential of the cold methanol extract from old leaves of Ma Kiang can be further developed as an anti-aging agent.

Comprehensive management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) using vaginal or rectal microbicide-based intervention is one of the strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Herbal products have been used for treating STIs traditionally. Herein, we present in vitro activity of 10 plant extracts and their 34 fractions against three sexually transmitted/reproductive tract pathogens – Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi and Candida albicans. The plant parts were selected; the extracts/fractions were prepared and screened by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory and minimum cidal concentrations were determined. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of selected extracts/fractions showing activity was performed. Of the extracts/fractions tested, three inhibited C. albicans, ten inhibited N. gonorrhoeae and five inhibited H. ducreyi growth. Our study demonstrated that Terminalia paniculata Roth. extracts/fractions inhibited growth of all three organisms. The ethyl acetate fraction of Syzygium cumini Linn. and Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. extracts was found to inhibit N. gonorrhoeae at lowest concentrations.

This study describes the seasonal composition and the antibacterial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of the essential oil from Eugenia brasiliensis leaves. Analysis by using GC allowed the identification of 40 compounds. It was observed that the monoterpenes varied more (42%) than the sesquiterpenes (14%), and that the monoterpene hydrocarbons suffered the greatest variation throughout the year (64%). Major compounds were spathulenol in the spring (16.02 ± 0.44%) and summer (18.17 ± 0.41%), τ-cadinol in the autumn (12.83 ± 0.03%) and α-pinene (15.94 ± 0.58%) in the winter. Essential oils were tested for their antibacterial activity, and the best result was obtained from the autumn oil, with MIC = 500 μg mL− 1 against Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, lipid peroxidation and iron-reducing power assays, as well as the anticholinesterase activity. Both tests showed a weak performance of the essential oils.

This study discusses the similarities and differences between the antioxidant activities of some essential oils: thyme (Thymus vulgaris), basil (Ocimum basilicum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), sage (Salvia hispanica) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) and of their main components (thymol or estragole or menthol or eugenol or carvacrol or camphor or limonene) estimated by using 2,2'-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and β-carotene bleaching assays. The obtained data show that the antioxidant properties of essential oil do not always depend on the antioxidant activity of its main component, and that they can be modulated by their other components. The conclusions concerning the interaction of essential oil components depend on the type of method applied for assessing the antioxidant activity. When comparing the antioxidant properties of essential oils and their main components, the concepts of synergism, antagonism and additivity are very relevant.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of the leaf extracts of Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum on the δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity, their antioxidant activity and potential protective action on oxidatively stressed erythrocytes, in order to demonstrate the safety or toxicity of the plant. Methods In erythrocyte samples, the effect of both extracts on δ-ALA-D activity, H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress, and 2,2′azobis (2-amidinopropane) (AAPH)-induced hemolysis was evaluated, as well as some antioxidant mechanisms. Results Both extracts inhibited δ-ALA-D activity (S. guaraniticum > S. jambos), and an involvement of the zinc ion of the δ-ALA-D structure on the inhibition of enzyme activity was verified. S. jambos leaf extract showed marked efficiency in countering H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation and in maintaining cellular integrity against AAPH-induced hemolysis. Furthermore, S. jambos exhibited greater H(2)O(2) scavenging activity and stronger reduction power than S. guaraniticum. Discussion Both extracts bear potent antioxidant property as an important beneficial effect. However, the inhibition of δ-ALA-D activity suggests a possible harmful effect of these vegetal preparations and indicates the need for further investigation regarding their toxicological properties. All together, these data represent a significant contribution to the knowledge of these plants, both to the scientific community and to the folk medicine.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fruits of Syzygium cumini, against the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that ethanolic extract at the concentrations of 7.5 and 9 mg/ml completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. While the aqueous extract at a highest tested concentration (37.5 mg/ml) exhibited only 27.86 and 37.23% inhibition of mycelial growth of A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. The spore germination assay also showed the complete inhibition of spore germination of A. alternata and F. oxysporum by ethanolic extract at 50 and 60 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded as 0.039 and 0.156 mg/ml in ethanolic extract and 20 and 6.25 mg/ml in aqueous extract against A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. Phytochemical analysis also showed the presence of high amount of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids...

Leaves of four species of Myrtaceae family were collected and essential oil isolated using hydrodistillation process. The essential oil was estimated for its total phenol content and antioxidant activity using in vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl scavenging of leaf oil. Among the four species Syzygium calophyllifolium showed higher total phenolic content (311.85 mg FAE/100g) and higher scavenging activity of DPPH (66.42 %) and FRAP (92.19 %). Syzygium grande showed higher activity against hydrogen peroxide (96.29 %) and ABTS (44.35 %). Syzygium makul exhibited higher scavenging ability for hydroxyl radical (94.83 %). The present result showed higher antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil from Syzygium species compared to Eugenia species.