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Internationally and in Australia, there is growing evidence that graduate teachers feel under prepared to teach diverse groups of children. This study, using a social lab and drawing on theories from Archer and Foucault examined Australian teacher educators’ views on knowledge about diversity and the enabling and constraining factors that influenced their teaching around diversity in their universities. Eleven discourses emerged, revealing knowledge associated with teaching about and to diversity, rather than teaching for diversity. The authors argue that all three facets are necessary for thorough preparation of preservice teachers for today’s diverse classrooms.

In post-registration, professional healthcare education, learning outcomes should reflect the needs of several stakeholders, including the professionals studying the programme, workplace managers aiming to develop their workforce, and the educators teaching the programme. This study aimed to gain a multifaceted view of how these different stakeholder groups understand the learning outcomes associated with four English, postgraduate healthcare modules designed to develop advanced healthcare practice. A concurrent mixed methodology research design was used. Online questionnaires were used to collect data from purposive samples of students and workplace managers, and semi-structured interviews were used with educators teaching on the four advanced practice modules in two English universities. The findings indicated that learning outcomes crystallise a variety of academic, regulatory and professional imperatives into a set of curriculum objectives. However, these learning outcomes-as-intended appear distinct from learning outcomes-as-enacted and as experienced. Furthermore educators, students and workplace managers have distinct perspectives on the module learning outcomes. Students and workplace managers prioritised clinical and work-specific skills, while the educators also focused on a broader range of underpinning academic outcomes. The challenges associated with shared understanding are discussed, including the inherent tension of meeting the demands and expectations of both higher education and clinical practice.

Dear Journal of Legal Medicine Readers,2019 marked the 20th anniversary of Olmstead v. L.C. and E.W., the landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights decision hailed as the Brown v. Board of ...

Ozone has proven effective in improving water treatment plant performance, increasing customer satisfaction, and meeting increasingly stringent regulatory requirements. The benefits include disinfe...

Objectives Our research examined the barriers to the uptake of intrauterine contraception (IUC) by women in a general practice (GP) setting in the UK. This study reports predictors of non-use of IUC in this context. Design We used a mixed method Qual/Quant approach in which the initial qualitative research provides a framework for subsequent larger quantitative surveys. Utilizing findings derived from 30 qualitative interviews, a quantitative survey was developed and distributed to a pragmatic sample of 1,195 women, aged 18–49 years, who were recruited through 32 participating GP practices in an area of England, UK. Outcome measures were percentage of attributes or responses in the sample and use or non-use of IUC. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and binary logistic regression, using use/non-use as a binary response variable. Results Attitudinal variables, which were the strongest predictors of non-use of IUC, were an adverse opinion on long-acting aspect of IUC (odds ratio [OR]=8.34), disliking the thought of IUC inside the body (OR=3.138), concerns about IUC causing difficulties becoming pregnant in the future (OR=2.587), concerns about womb damage (OR=2.224), having heard adverse opinions about levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena®) (OR=2.551), having an adverse opinion of having light, irregular periods (OR=2.382) and, having an adverse opinion of having no periods (OR=2.018). Conclusion Concerns about the long-acting nature of IUC and persisting concerns about the safety of IUC may act as barriers to its use. Information for women, tailored to specifically address these concerns, is needed. Implications Clinicians should provide more reassurance and information to potential users of IUC to increase their confidence about the possibility of removing IUC early or on request. They should also specifically seek to alleviate concerns about internal damage, damage to the womb, or damage to future fertility from using the methods., Video abstract

Can New Zealand’s indigenous dryland ecosystems be rehabilitated by facilitating inherent successional tendencies to enhance development of indigenous-dominated and often woody communities in the long term? Here, we describe the geographic distribution of woody communities of New Zealand’s South Island drylands to generate hypotheses about successional trajectories to future vegetation states. Presences and absences of woody species in 3880 vegetation plots collated from past surveys were used to predict species potential distributions across drylands. Separate models and spatial predictions were built for each of four classes of woody richness, which were used as surrogates for successional stages. Woody species richness increased significantly from grassland to shrubland and from shrubland to forest cover, and trends in species traits also suggest richness class was related with successional stage. Indigenous woody species outnumbered exotic species in all richness classes. Assuming richness cl...

Composition of pre‐settlement vegetation communities in the semi‐arid Central Otago lowlands has been one of New Zealand's longstanding ecological puzzles. Uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of fossil data. Here, we provide new evidence for pre‐settlement vegetation in the region based on analyses of plant macrofossils from 15 late Pleistocene and Holocene lowland sites. The assemblages represent two habitat types: wooded or partially wooded intermontane basin‐floor wetlands, and low forest and/or shrubland habitats in the Kawarau and Clutha River gorges. In both habitat types, plant communities appear to have been predominantly woody, with significant components of herbaceous dicotyledons but few grasses. Both habitats seem to have undergone major post‐settlement vegetation transformation. Several presently common taxa were rare or absent before human settlement, but others (including threatened spring annuals), now rare or extinct in the region, were formerly more common.

We examined annual variation in timing of breeding, productivity, growth-rates of chicks and adult body condition of Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus) on Aride Island, Seychelles, from 1995 to 2002 (8 years), and assessed whether poor breeding success was related to El Nino events. Our results were compared with similar studies on tern species that feed more in inshore waters and with faster chick growth, the Lesser Noddy (A. tenuirostris) and the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii), to evaluate the extent of variation in laying date and breeding performance of tropical terns in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. Most of the Brown Noddy population laid eggs between late May and late June in most years. Breeding success varied substantially between years. Productivity of < 0.15 chicks per breeding pair occurred in three out of the eight study years. The years with poorest breeding success were El Nino (1997 and 2002) and La Nina (1999) years. Chick mass at hatching was significantly correlated with an egg-volume index, but there were no correlations between size of eggs and either hatching date or linear growth-rate. Both adult mass and body condition were significantly lower in an El Nino year (1997), when birds laid later and were less successful, than in non-El Nino years (1995 and 1996). Overall, our data suggest strong variations in food availability among years. The productivity of Brown Noddies was significantly correlated with that of Lesser Noddies, but not with that of Roseate Terns, which suggests that similar ecological forces may influence the breeding of the two noddy species.

Analysis of species richness, radiation, and endemism in 171 list‐regions and 19 botanical provinces of the New Zealand botanical region indicates that the Late Cenozoic radiation of the New Zealand vascular flora has produced divergent phylogenetic trends in regional and provincial floras. Floristic richness at all taxonomic levels is strongly determined by land area. After accounting for area, most exceptionally species‐rich list‐regions occur immediately east of the South Island main divide, on calcareous substrates in West Nelson, or on several central North Island ranges. Depauperate floras are predominantly in the south on Auckland and Campbell Islands, and four Central Otago and two Southland ranges or basins. Family and genus richness decrease with latitude, but it appears that there has been compensatory radiation from a few herbaceous families in southern island and upland floras, so that species richness shows no latitudinal trend. We present a measure of aggregate regional endemism th...

The potential woody vegetation of Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand, immediately prior to human settlement, is described using complementary lines of evidence. Generalised additive models based on a database of present species locations and environmental surfaces are used to predict the potential distribution of woody species in relation to the environment across a study area of 15 500 km2. Twelve biogeographic zones are classified on the basis of the predicted distributions of the 15 most common potential canopy tree species. The likely structure and composition of each zone is assessed using (1) model‐predicted occurrences of more common canopy, subcanopy, and shade‐intolerant species, and present‐day locations of rarer woody species, (2) compiled information from the subfossil wood, charcoal, and pollen records, and (3) the presence of plant species and life forms in zones of environmental stress. We conclude that water deficit and winter temperature minima are not sufficiently severe t...

This ambitious handbook presents a survey of recent scholarship on Roman sculpture. The forty-one papers are organized within six sections of varying length. These reflect interests now driving the...

The biological and ecological significance of the “spring annual” life‐history strategy in the New Zealand flora is examined for Myosurus minimus subsp. novae‐zelandiae (Ranunculaceae), Ceratocephala pungens (Ranunculaceae), and Myosotis pygmaea var. minutiflora (Boraginaceae) in terms of their biogeographies, habitats, population sizes, seed morphologies, plant communities, and relationships with co‐occurring exotic taxa. All three have predominantly eastern South Island and lower North Island distributions, two have contracted modern ranges, and all extant populations are centred on Central Otago. The ephemeral wetland habitat of Myosurus, the “desert” pavement habitat of Ceratocephala, and the turf and gravel habitat surrounding water bodies of Myosotis all share a strong summer soil‐moisture deficit. These genuine non‐forest habitats are compared with farming‐induced scabweed or mat vegetation on dry hillslopes as additional facultative habitat for all three taxa. Selection for this growth st...

We sought to taxonomically characterise New Zealand's plant rarity within the context of the entire flora, and then to examine any geographical and ecological predispositions the rare flora might possess in terms of elevational and latitudinal range and ecosystem representation. We found skewed frequency distributions in the taxonomic properties of our rare flora, and its threatened and uncommon components, compared with the entire flora. There are more rare dicotyledonous trees and shrubs, dicotyledonous herbs, both composite and non‐composite, and orchids, and fewer rare grasses and sedges than expected at random. Whereas several families and genera have unexpectedly high representation of rare taxa, there is no consistent trend of proportional rarity across a gradient of taxon‐rich‐ness. Forty percent of New Zealand's 433 genera are monospecific and 30% of those contain rare taxa. New Zealand endemism is not significantly different in the rare, threatened, and uncommon floras compared with the...

Grasslands in alluvial systems are studied in 12 valleys and intermontane basins in south‐eastern New Zealand Vegetation patterns and their environmental determinants are described overall, and in five different valley groups ("clusters") Data from grazing‐exclosures are used to examine effects of the cessation of grazing on vegetation, and long‐term plots and management‐induced contrasts at fencehnes are used to examine grazing effects Climate (minimum temperature of the coldest month and rainfall) and landscape position are the determinants of the primary vegetation gradient A secondary vegetation gradient represents vegetation modification (i e, the degree of exotic species dominance) in alluvial systems Exclosures indicate post‐pastoral decreases in exotic species dominance, in terms of abundance, in two alluvial sites, and increased exotic dominance in three alluvial sites In terms of species numbers, a decrease in exotic proportion is indicated at one site, and an increase is indicated at four sites...

Seasonal changes in the semi‐arid grassland vegetation of Central Otago, New Zealand, are examined using data collected in nine pairs of spring and autumn sampling dates at five long‐term plots, and data from consecutive autumn, spring, and summer surveys across an environmental gradient. Seasonal changes are small in relation to those occurring in the vegetation from year to year, and to spatial differences in vegetation across the landscape. Seasonal changes in community characteristics and in the abundance of most species differ between years. Climatic control of seasonal change appears to be complex and site‐specific. Greater seasonal variation, in both species presence and species abundance, is found in shady sites and on deeper soils. Spring vegetation tends to be more variable and less well structured than autumn vegetation. It is suggested that the annual soil moisture cycle of winter recharge and summer depletion leads to a random element in the spring vegetation (i.e., the relatively wi...

Some evidence for the specification of white marbles by Greek and Roman sculptors, contractors and clients is briefly reviewed. The value to archaeologists and art historians of identifying white marbles is considered. Some methods of identification are discussed: in particular, the advantages and limitations of carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis. A report follows on a preliminary programme of isotopic analysis of Roman sarcophagi in the collections of the British Museum, illustrating the application of this technique to solving problems of associating particular sarcophagi in pairs or groups. These may reflect the products of a particular workshop, or the linking of workshops with known quarries. Imitations of well‐known types of sarcophagus, made of marble not normally associated with the type, may also be identified with the aid of isotopic analysis. The technique may help identify workshops located in metropolitan centres far from the quarries, where iconography may not be used to link...