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Coding social work practice in research studies can present a number of challenges for researchers aiming to break down elements of practice into variables. Using as an example, a completed study t...

This paper addresses the study of tumulus necropolises among the pre-Hispanic population of Gran Canaria. In this first characterisation, their emergence is contextualised in the social framework o...

In October 2018, the World Bank began applying its new Environmental and Social Framework to all new Bank investment project financing. However, the final version of the Framework contains a number...

This article argues that major advances in parental alienation (PA) theory, since its inception as the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), have not consistently been applied in custody litigation p...

This article describes how the exchange of ideas and values between members of two different and conflicting cultures may persist despite systematic opposition under certain circumstances. Examples are drawn from the historical experience of Hindus and Christians in Goa, a former Portuguese state on the western coast of India, spanning over four centuries (from 1510 till 1961). Three types of mechanisms are described in terms of three aspects of the sociocultural system: structure (e.g., biological dispositions, availability of an exit, and preservation of the social framework), process (e.g., sharing of business interests and symbolic systems), and outcome (e.g., management of stigma and creation of a bicultural ambient world). The result was the creation of a hybrid vibrant culture, the Indo-Portuguese culture of Goa, and the minimization or prevention of demoralization.

In her book, Architecture: The Story of Practice, author Dana Cuff maintains that the social context of architecture—the economic, the interactive, and the political—is as critical to the outcome of a given project as any of its physical properties. The potential importance of these social dimensions in the creation of architecture necessitates an examination of their weight in the academic training of future architects relative to the traditional development of technical proficiency and the nurturing of design skills. This essay argues that the introduction of community-based design/build projects to the curriculum has the ability to supplement key social learning experiences not obtained by the architecture student through traditional courses.

Financial exploitation by a family member is the most common form of elder mistreatment; yet, it is a difficult crime to detect and prosecute. Psychologists have traditionally assisted prosecutors by assessing decisional capacity and opining in court whether an alleged victim was able to consent to the contested transactions. This article proposes and evaluates a novel form of psychological expertise in financial abuse trials-social framework testimony to reeducate jurors who are misinformed about aspects of this largely hidden crime. Findings suggest that, as in cases of child and spousal abuse, social framework testimony on the general dispositional and situational factors inherent in elder financial abuse may enhance prosecutions.

Human history has come a long way. Our modern world is knitted into a web of different social institutions that play an important role in our daily life. Sociologists have long been studying these social structures, but the economists have long ignored the social framework in which the ‘rational man’ strives to achieve and protect his self-interests. This paper analyses in retrospect the development of social structures from human civilization to the homo economicus. It also tries to highlight the role of community in socio-economic development.

Housing legislation and policies in South Africa attempt to incorporate gender concerns and ensure women's participation in housing delivery. Despite this, a number of inadequacies and gaps in the implementation of legislation and policies exist. Moreover, the legal and social framework through which housing delivery takes place results in inequities in access to housing. A gendered, or feminist, perspective on women and access to housing considers the practical reality of poor women and women-headed households, as well as the ways in which law, policy and social practices perpetuate the disadvantage which many poor women face. This article adopts a gendered perspective to provide a critique of the systemic constraints which poor women face and which undermine their full enjoyment of the right to access adequate housing: namely, their greater vulnerability, when inadequately housed, to gender-based violence; their particular vulnerability to forced eviction; and the disproportionate burden they bear to provide childcare. Using the framework developed by Sandra Fredman of a capabilities and substantive equality approach to socio-economic rights, the article concludes by examining the means through which the housing sector may be gendered, by considering women's disadvantage, accommodating women's difference and encouraging greater participation of women in decision-making.

The Catholic Church assumed vast power and influence in early twentieth century Ireland based on political, social and religious developments in the course of the nineteenth century. The first Irish governments under Costello and de Valera were deferential in relation to the power and place of the Catholic Church in Irish life. The 1950s represented the final phase of the dominance of the Catholic Church. Since then, a wide variety of influences from emigration to the mass media to issues related to family planning have undermined the social framework of Church dominance in Irish life. By highlighting the ideas and arguments of priests and prelates, this article summarizes the remarkable changes that have come to Ireland undermining the status and privilege of the Church in Irish politics and society.

Life-cycle service was an essential institution in early-modern England that slowly died during the transition from a pre-industrial to a fully industrial economy. A socially pervasive and culturally broad movement of young people from their parental homes to live and serve in the homes of others, life-cycle service was integral to the demographic, economic, and social framework of the era and could not survive when that framework changed. This article examines the institution of life-cycle service, some of the underlying demographic, economic, and social structure that supported it, the changes in that structure that led to its demise, and the ramifications for young people of that demise. Although inevitable, the loss of life-cycle service with its broad social base denigrated service as an institution and was not without other costs especially for young women.

This article reconsiders the status of profit-making in neoclassical economics. This reconsideration is based on a social-economic perspective as distinguished from the “pure” economic approach used by neoclassical theory. This paper argues that this perspective is more adequate, since it endeavors to do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon. While the economic approach views profit-making as a purely economic activity insulated from the social framework, the social-economic sees it as an "ideal type" of social action and thus situates it within this framework. In contrast to the former approach that treats profit-making as driven exclusively by rational factors, the latter conceptualizes it as being induced by a myriad of variables, rational and non-rational ones. The paper elaborates these differences between the two approaches.

The successful incorporation of an environmental ethic into the design and management of engineering projects requires an assessment of the ability of the engineering profession to work within a new social framework. Despite recognition of the legitimate role played by environmental and social factors in the engineering design process, many engineers have been unable to embrace a new way of operating in society. It is argued that this has resulted in the development of new academic disciplines, such as environmental science, which emphasise the use of technical and management skills within a broad contextual framework. This article examines the traditional approach to engineering design, and highlights its strengths and weaknesses with respect to the successful incorporation of environmental considerations. It concludes that the engineering profession has a broad skill base, but that significant work needs to be done to adapt these skills to ensure that engineers can play a key role in the effective, sust...

Czechoslovakia is a country in transition. At present, all economic, political, and social systems, and science and culture proceed through radical changes. These changes are also influencing the whole educational system. Therefore it is necessary briefly to characterize the wider social context in which education in Czechoslovakia is now developing.

The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic space is situated at the limit of the Eurasiatic steppes, on a crossroads of migration or conquest between the Orient and Occident of Europe. Thus, the beginnings and evolution of water use were strongly influenced by the specific nature and the variations of the natural and social framework of this area. After an introduction into this background, the beginnings of those hydrotechnical practices of a rural nature, perennial and specific to this area, are analyzed. The paper is thus concerned with the irrigations, drainage, mountai agroterracing and hydraulic machinery for traditional domestic industry. Proceeding from the urban interlude of Graeco-Roman antiquity are the bridges, navigation canals, harbors, aqueducts, sewerage systems and bathing houses. The technical aspects of these hydrotechnical beginnings are briefly described.

There is no better perspective from which to examine Childe's thought than by surveying his changing understanding of technology, which from first to last remained a key concept in his work. In his early culture‐historical studies he adopted a functionalist view of culture that took account of the special utilitarian properties of technology. In the late 1920s he sought to escape the limitations inherent in a narrowly technological concept of cultural development by examining broader economic trends. Still later a deeper appreciation of Marxism led him to interpret technological change and stability in terms of systematic interactions with social and political systems. Ultimately he examined technology as an expression of human thoughts and ideas within a holistic social framework. Yet he held his ground as a materialist and with increasing success as a Marxist scholar.

In many semi-arid areas of North Africa and the Middle East farming was more intensive in antiquity than it is today. Evidence suggests that this was the case not because the climate was different to that of today, but because pertinent water control and management techniques were used within a viable economic and social framework. In northern Egypt ancient rainwater concentration structures are visible on satellite sensor imagery. The study of such systems may lead us towards solving some of the pressing agricultural problems of today.

Any ecosystem which is affected by human activities can be considered as an object of management: Someone uses the ecosystem for some purpose within an economic, legal and social framework. There exist various organizational arrangements for this. The efficiency and appropriateness of each arrangement depend on factors like: The character (private or public) of the owner, the acceptable quality levels, the desired present and future use, and the extent of the resulting external economies. This paper examines and evaluates the possible arrangements for managing ecosystems. It is argued that the feasible arrangements are government service, intergovernment agreement, contract, and franchised‐subsidized enterprise. These arrangements are then evaluated, on the basis of efficiency, effectiveness, equity, stability, and decentralization, and some conclusions are drawn.

Summary The economy of the East and North Ridings of Yorkshire, based on agriculture, was virtually unaffected by the changing technology of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Moreover, the social framework of these sparsely-populated areas retained its former rigidity. A man's lease could be lost on the evidence of his vote, and a clergyman's living on his interest in the ‘lower orders’. The macrocosm, for most people, was limited to the distance they could walk. The science of agriculture had not yet wholly permeated the upper classes, so it was little use establishing institutes to extend a knowledge of the arts practised by mere agricultural labourers. Craftsmen in the market towns often desired to implement their practical knowledge, but without funds, and dependent on their fellow-townsmen for their livelihood, they had to tread warily. Where institutes were established in the 1820's, the severe depression of the later years of the decade ended the movement in many districts. When l...

The beat generation and its followers the beatniks have received considerable attention leading largely to the conclusion that the beat is a stubborn, perverse, and irresponsible person drunk on his own individuality, without a program of his own beyond revolt and livingit-up in following his own natural impulses. Many responsible critics point out how ridiculous and senseless the beat movement is and contend that society has no worry because a few individuals have gone astray, let society reject them and continue on its way. Do the critics imply that we should all be squares? Every pupil is beat! Not entirely, but to the extent that he does not learn to express his natural impulses within the range of sanctioned means of expression provided by our society. In the beginning of the socialization process the individual's urges to express his natural impulses clash with the demands and expectations of society, but, as a rule, the individual identifies with society and accepts its values, standards, and expectations as being adequate for self-realization. Ideally, the socialization process should be a compromise between the individual and society, with each being modified for the benefit of both. In the case of the extreme beat the individual tries to win out without accepting the social framework. In the case of the extreme square, society wins out, leaving the person as a depersonalized victim of a static society. Most pupils will be found between these two extremes, with the beat characteristic following the general pattern of the normal