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The effects of thiamethoxam neonictinoids insecticide (TMX) commonly used in different food crops and in veterinary practice were evaluated in freshwater fish exposed to sublethal concentrations fo...

Graphene, the mother of all carbon materials, has unlocked a new era of biomedical nanomaterials due to its exceptional biocompatibility, physicochemical and mechanical properties. It is a single atom thick, nanosized, two-dimensional structure and provides high surface area with adjustable surface chemistry to form hybrids. The present article provides a comprehensive review of ever-expanding application of graphene nanomaterials with different inorganic and organic materials in drug delivery and theranostics. Methods of preparation of nanomaterials are elaborated and biological and physicochemical characteristics of biomedical relevance are also discussed. Graphene form nanomaterials with metallic nanoparticles offer multiscale application. First, graphene act as a platform to attach nanoparticles and provide excellent mechanical strength. Second, graphene improves efficacy of metallic nanoparticles in diagnostic, biosensing, therapeutic and drug delivery application. Graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites find wider application in drug delivery with flexibility to incorporate hydrophilic, hydrophobic, sensitive and macromolecules. In addition, grapheme quantum dots and graphene hybrids with inorganic nanocrystal and carbon nanotubes hybrids have shown interesting properties for diagnosis and therapy. Finally, we have pointed out research trends that may be more common in future for graphene-based nanomaterials.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Conventional therapy for lung cancer is associated with lack of specificity and access to the normal cells resulting in cytotoxicity, reduced cellular uptake, drug resistance and rapid drug clearance from the body. The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer. The focus of nanotechnology is to target tumor cells with improved bioavailability and reduced toxicity. In the recent years, nanoparticulate systems have extensively been exploited in order to overcome the obstacles in treatment of lung cancer. Nanoparticulate systems have shown much potential for lung cancer therapy by gaining selective access to the tumor cells due to surface modifiability and smaller size. In this review, various novel nanoparticles (NPs) based formulations have been discussed in the treatment of lung cancer. Nanotechnology is expected to grow fast in future, and it will provide new avenues for the improved treatment of lung cancer. This review article also highlights the characteristics, recent advances in the designing of NPs and therapeutic outcomes.