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In this paper, a novel evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) is first designed and built. Then, the impact of adding reflector, reflector plus single-axis sun tracker and reflector plus two-axis su...

This work presents a study in the theoretical and experimental performance of PV cells and tracking surfaces using the isotropic and anisotropic (HDKR) models’ simulations for single and dual axis ...

Objective: Human skin colour is influenced by three pigments: haemoglobin, carotenoids, and melanin. Carotenoids are abundant in fruits and vegetables, and when consumed accumulate in all layers of the skin, predominantly imparting yellowness (b*). This study investigated the effect of the manipulation of carotenoid-based skin colour, relative to the skin colour conferred by melanin on the perceptions of health amongst a group of Australian adults. Method: Fifty-seven participants (n = 4 male; mean age 27.9 ± 7.5 years) completed three computer-based experiments on 50 trial faces. In the first two experiments, face image colour was manipulated along one or two independent single carotenoid or melanin axes on each trial to ‘make the face appear as healthy as possible’. In the third trial, face colour was manipulated on both the carotenoid and melanin axes simultaneously. Results: For the single axis, participants significantly increased melanin colouration and added carotenoid colouration to facial images that were initially low in skin yellowness (b*). When carotenoid and melanin axes were simultaneously manipulated, carotenoid colouration was raised (ΔE = 3.15 ( SE ±0.19)) and melanin colouration was lowered (ΔE = −1.04 ( SE ±0.1)). Conclusions: Young Australian adults perceive facial skin colouration, associated with both carotenoid intake from fruit and vegetables and melanin due to sun exposure as conveying the appearance of health in young adults. However, carotenoid colouration was more important to health perception. Postprint

Circumpolar regions are undergoing social and economic transition, which often corresponds to a behavioural transition. Yet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour are rarely objectively measured within these groups.This study aimed to characterize objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a sample of indigenous Siberians.Yakut (Sakha) adults (n = 68, 32 men) underwent anthropometry, interviews and wore a triaxial accelerometer for two days. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or sedentary behaviour was calculated using a single axis and also all three axes.Men spent significantly more time in MVPA than women, although no sex difference was found in sedentary behaviour. Participants were far more active and less sedentary when classified using all three axes (vector magnitude) than a single axis. Television viewing time significantly related to sedentary behaviour in men only.The Yakut have gender differences in amount and predictors of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Triaxial accelerometry is more sensitive to daily physical activity in free living populations than single axis.

In Globalisation and Legal Scholarship, William Twining contends that one should be wary of using the term ‘global’ too loosely; ‘global’ is ambiguous because it conflates a complex set of phenomena, aspirations or ideas to produce a material reality. It is also used as a catch-all signifier for what emerges beyond the regional. Twining states that ‘many of the most interesting patterns relating to law in the world are sub-global in significant ways' and that global interdependence is relative. This paper contends that these ‘sub-global’ patterns should not detract from more nuanced oppressions; neither one is located along a single axis for analysis. It considers how the global is a site for analysis of parallel axes. Whereas Twining states that ‘interdependence is largely a function of proximity’, I contend that one's subject positioning is also achieved through temporal modes of analysis, or interdependence as a function of time.

Experimental and numerical analyses have been carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and evaluate the limitation of using fiber Bragg gratings for impact source location on a cold-rolled aluminum plate. Within the area enveloped by a four-FBG-array, source location is reasonably accurate. Beyond that area, prediction error may not be acceptable. Numerical simulations show that such error may be attributed to the limitation of equipment resolution on the one hand, and angular insensitivity of the FBG on the other hand. Based on the results, it is reasoned that prediction accuracy can be improved by employing stronger light source, steeper filter response, and orthogonal rosettes instead of single axis FBGs.

Debates about achieving gender equity in education have largely been conducted along a single axis, swinging between two questions: Are girls and boys fundamentally the same or different? Consequently, should girls and boys be treated similarly or differently? This article grounds these theoretical debates about approaches to gender equity in the experiences of one group of female high school students’ struggle to achieve gender equity in their mathematics education. An analysis of students’ talk yields that the young women and their male peers understood the relationship between gender and educational equity through competing discourses. Thus, this case study provides a grounded critique of the dominant paradigms for understanding gender equity and helps reframe the kinds of questions and conversations that practitioners, students, families, researchers, and policymakers might pursue as they search for remedies to educational inequities. At the same time, although this particular case study focuses on competing discourses about gender, these discourses mirror other debates in feminist, multicultural, and critical race literature about the relationship between race, class, and disability, and approaches to equity. Thus, this article holds implications for how we understand the relationship between differences (race, gender, class, and disability) and educational equity.

In this paper, the problem of rendering a gas in real time is approached by placing specific constraints on the distribution of densities and color inside the gas. A multi-pass algorithm for real-time rendering of a gas defined by a three-dimensional boundary is presented. The density and the color of the gas inside the boundary may be constant, or the color of a dense gas can be defined by a texture. This algorithm is combined with an existing algorithm for rendering layered fog so that the density and color inside the three-dimensional boundary can vary along a single axis. Despite the constraints, the algorithms can be used to render a variety of volumetric phenomena in real time. The OpenGL implementation of the algorithms presented in this paper is used in SGI's Performer, Version 2.4, released in November 2000.

A three component transient electromagnetic (TEM) probe (VECTEM) has been constructed to eliminate rotational ambiguities associated with data obtained along a single axis. Individual components are obtained sequentially using a surface adapter for multiplexing to any standard TEM recorder. The critical rotation angles are also indicated by this surface unit and are recorded in the data header. Data have been obtained for several sites and interpretations have been generated using filament inversion routines. The results agree in general with previous axial data and are consistent with geological constraints. However noise levels are higher than expected compared to single-component probes and anomalies confined to late windows may remain obscured.

Titanophora submarina sp. nov. (Gymnophloeaceae, Rhodophyta) is described from deep-water habitats (67–74 m) off San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Plants are complanate throughout, with a single axis which is repeatedly divided up to eight orders, and narrows upwards towards the furcate apices. Branching is irregular to subdichotomous. The significant reproductive features of the new species are as follows: a supporting cell transformed from a cell within a cortical branch system, bearing a 2-celled carpogonial branch, and connected to 2–4 darkly staining subsidiary cells, 9–11 μm in diameter; 2–4 slender, branched involucral filaments are borne on the auxiliary cell, and up to four additional involucral filaments originate from the cell below the auxiliary cell; the basal cell of an involucral filament is greatly elongated in relation to other cells in the filament. The morphological characteristics of the new species are compared with those of the eight previously known species of Titanophora.

Quasi-elastic neutron spectra measured on an aligned sample are compared with those calculated from the circular random walk model of a single axis rotor, i.e. the random walk on a circle. The difference between the spectra is discussed and a new model-the random walk on a sphere with parallel circles on the surface-is worked out taking into account the possibility of jumps from one circle to the other. The non-equivalence of hydrogen atoms in the molecule is shown.