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Internal mixing twin-fluid atomiser is known to be one of the prominent atomisers for the generation of spray or spray-like dispersion from bulk liquids. This paper designs and investigates the per...

Today, urbanised people spend most of their time in indoor environments, and the risk of exposure to toxic materials in an indoor environment is of great concern. This paper considers sources for t...

The effect of cysteine addition to the freezing extender on the progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane and DNA integrity of buffalo bull spermatozoa was studied. Semen from three Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls of similar age group was collected with artificial vagina. Qualifying ejaculates were split in three aliquots for dilution (50 × 106 spermatozoa ml–1) with tris-citric acid extender containing either 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 mM cysteine. Extended semen samples were cooled and equilibrated before cryopreservation. Progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and DNA integrity were assessed at 0, 2 and 4 hours post-thaw incubation (37°C). Sperm progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity of buffalo bull spermatozoa were higher (P < 0.05) in extender containing 1.0 mM cysteine than those with 0.5 mM or 0.0 mM at 0, 2 and 4 hours post-thaw. Sperm viability and DNA integrity were higher (P < 0.05) in extender containing 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM cysteine than those with 0.0 mM cysteine at 0, 2 and 4...

In this paper algorithms capable for independent updating the type-II Odd Discrete Cosine Transform (ODCT-II) and type-II Odd Discrete Sine Transform (ODST-II) coefficients of a real-time windowed data sequence are proposed. The update algorithm is developed for split-triangular windowed input data. This windowing function reduces ringing effect encountered in rectangular windowing function. The computational complexity of developed algorithm is O(N). Proposed algorithm will further reduce the memory requirements significantly as we do not need to compute ODST coefficients while updating ODCT coefficients. These set of algorithms will be useful in applications where we need only the ODCT coefficients or only ODST coefficients. The analytically developed algorithms have been tested by Matlab implementation.

This study was designed to compare the effect of traditional antibiotics streptomycin–penicillin (SP) with neomycin–penicillin (NP), polymyxin–penicillin (PP), and colistin–penicillin (CP) in extender against the post-thaw quality and bacterial count of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull spermatozoa. Qualifying semen ejaculates (n = 18) from three Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls were splits into five aliquots and diluted (50×10−6 spermatozoa/ml; 37°C) in extender containing SP, NP, PP, CP, or without antibiotics (control). The diluted semen was cooled to 4°C in 2 hours and equilibrated for 4 hours. Cooled semen was filled in 0.5 ml French straws at 4°C, kept over liquid nitrogen vapors (5 cm) for 10 minutes and then plunged in the liquid nitrogen for storage. For the assessment of post-thaw semen quality (motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), sperm viability) and total aerobic bacterial count (TABC), thawing was performed at 37°C for 30 seconds. Sperm motility, PMI, sperm viability, and TABC remained similar (P>...

The present study was conducted at Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi (Pakistan) with the objective of evaluating egg quality, proximate composition and cholesterol content of eggs and meat in Fayoumi (FAY) and commercial (Nick chick) White Leghorn (WLH) breeds of chickens. For this purpose, 64 adult (40 weeks-old) laying hens, 32 each of FAY and WLH breeds were maintained on littered floor in two separate pens under optimal management conditions. The birds were fed ad libitum a balanced layers ration. They had free access to clean and fresh drinking water and were kept under 16 h daily lighting schedule. Egg quality parameters, proximate composition and cholesterol content of eggs were studied for 6 weeks by randomly collecting 3 eggs daily from each breed. Thigh and breast meat samples were obtained from randomly selecting two birds from each breed by slaughtering them at the termination of experiment for determination of proximate composition and cholesterol content. The results show significantly higher egg weight, albumen weight and moisture content in WLH eggs in comparison to FAY eggs, whereas significantly higher yolk, ether extract content and yolk: albumen ratio were observed in FAY. Non-significant differences in shell weight, shell thickness, crude protein, ash and cholesterol contents were recorded between breeds. Breed differences in ether extract content both in breast and thigh meat and in cholesterol content in thigh portion were significant (p