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In New Zealand, the introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a valuable production animal, providing pollination services for horticultural crops and significant export volumes of honey, especially...

In this study, we evaluated ‘Crandon’ coarse root biomass and architecture grown at different topographic positions and fertilizer rates. Complete excavations were conducted on a subset of trees after the first growing season and showed that root biomass was strongly related to stem biomass (R2 = 0.93), but not topographic position or fertilizer rate. After the third growing season, subsamples of roots were collected from another subset of trees and showed coarse root architecture variables to be strongly related to several metrics of the tree and root size (R2 = 0.61 to 0.82), while also differing by topographic position. Equations relating root biomass to stem biomass were derived from both methodologies (complete excavation v. subsampling for architecture measurements), and comparison of the equations indicated no difference in slopes (p = 0.59) or intercepts (p = 0.90), although the subsampling approach had a weaker model fit. Our results suggest ‘Crandon’ roots (i) adhere to strong allometric...

This article examined factors associated with the adoption of smart wearable devices. More specifically, this research explored the contributing and inhibiting factors that influence the adoption o...

Over the previous two centuries Southeastern Europe has gained an unenviable reputation as an arena for bloody ethnic conflict. The national wars of liberation, the Balkan Wars, the First and Secon...

Purpose: Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHA) cages have emerged as a new alternative to carbon fiber or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) devices to promote intervertebral fusion. No evidence has been published to date regarding rates of fusion for these devices after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Methods: Eight patients underwent one- or two-level ACDF with nHA intervertebral cages (Nanoss®-Cervical, Pioneer® Surgical Technology, Inc., Marquette, MI). Radiographs, neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scores (VAS) for pain were taken preoperatively and at a minimum of 19 months postoperatively. Results: At an average follow-up of 21 months, all eight patients (100%) achieved fusion as assessed by plain radiographs. Reduction in preoperative symptomology was comparable to previously published data with a mean reduction of neck VAS of 3, arm VAS of 6 and NDI reduced by 27%. Radiographs showed clear evidence of bridging bone. Conclusions: This series provides evidence that nHA...

Implantation of a total hip replacements (THR) is an effective intervention in the management of arthritis. Modularity at the taper junction of THR was introduced in order to improve the ease with which the surgeon could modify the length of the taper section and the overall length of the replacement. Cobalt chromium (Co–28Cr–6Mo) and titanium (Ti–6Al–4V) alloys are the most commonly used materials for the device. This study investigates the fretting behaviour of both CoCr–CoCr and CoCr–Ti couplings and analyses their damage mechanisms. A reciprocating tribometer ball on plate fretting contact was instrumented with in situelectrochemistry to characterise the damage inflicted by tribocorrosion on the two couplings. Fretting displacements amplitudes of 10, 25 and 50 μm at an initial contact pressure of 1 GPa were assessed. The results reveal larger metallic volume loss from the CoCr–CoCr alloy compared to the CoCr–Ti alloy, and the open circuit potential indicates a depassivation of the protective oxide layer at displacement amplitudes >25 μm. In conclusion, the damage mechanisms of CoCr–CoCr and CoCr–Ti fretting contacts were identified to be wear and fatigue dominated mechanisms respectively.

Since the mid-1980s, observations of marine animals with alopecia have been reported worldwide, although in most cases specific causes and consequences have not been elucidated. Adding to that list, an unprecedented feather loss condition affecting ~1 in 1000 adult Adelie penguins was observed at the beginning of December 2011 at each of three colonies on Ross Island, Antarctica. Feather loss was again observed in 2012–13 and 2013–14. The condition was characterised by irregular patches of bare skin on various parts of the body well before the usual period of moult. Blood samples, plucked feathers and cloacal swabs were obtained to investigate the cause or causes of this abnormal loss of feathers. No ectoparasites were detected on physical inspection of any birds or by scanning electron microscopy of feathers removed from birds experiencing feather loss. Blood smears were negative for hemoparasites. There was statistical support for mild lymphocytosis and moderate basophilia from the results of white blood-cell differentials in penguins with feather loss compared with those with no feather loss. Blood samples were negative to a PCR diagnostic specific for beak and feather disease virus. Three new putative RNA viruses were detected by high-throughput sequencing of cloacal samples, showing similarity to rotaviruses, astroviruses and picornaviruses. Although the significance of these viruses is not known, extended investigation into this feather loss condition is needed.

Laura King's Family Men: fatherhood and masculinity in Britain 1914–1960 is a welcome addition to an emerging scholarship on fatherhood, and the first study to focus on the early to mid twentieth c...

Storage of recalcitrant seeds remains an unsolved problem. The study of gaseous atmospheres could provide insights in understanding the metabolism of recalcitrant seeds and their potential in being used as means for storage. This study investigated the metabolism of the recalcitrant Quercus alba seeds when subjected under nitrous oxide (N2O) and air atmospheres. Seeds were placed in sealed atmospheric flasks of 98/2% N2O/O2. Three experiments were conducted to determine N2O uptake in relation to oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. For the first experiment, “non-renewed” closed atmospheric systems with 98/2% N2O/O2 and air were used. Two more experiments were also conducted for the 98/2% N2O/O2 atmosphere to determine how rate of gas renewal (two and seven days) affects the N2O, O2, and CO2 gases quantitatively. Cumulative results on non-renewed flasks with 98/2% N2O/O2 showed that as time progressed, N2O uptake increased with variation in the magnitude of N2O utilization throughout the 37 experim...

Storage of recalcitrant seeds was, and still is, problematic. This study investigated the effects of nitrous oxide (N2O) on storage of recalcitrant oak seeds. Containers of Quercus alba and Quercus macrocarpa seeds were placed under three atmospheric treatments: air, 80/20% and 98/2% of N2O/oxygen. Every 2 weeks (total of 12 weeks), a sample of five seeds was used to evaluate seed respiration in each atmosphere. Another set of five seeds was used to determine moisture content, seed, pericarp and embryo fresh weight, and embryo dry weight. Germination percentage was evaluated based on a total of 50 seeds for each treatment and each sampling time. Analysis revealed a treatment effect on seed fresh weight and moisture content, with increased values for N2O treatments. Quercus alba had greater respiration than Q. macrocarpa. The percentage of germination for Q. alba showed a consistent pattern, while for Q. macrocarpa it gradually increased. Storage time had an effect on the mean values for most of t...

Misunderstanding of privacy laws and regulations impedes appropriate information sharing by post-secondary educational institutions under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (‘FERPA’). Post-Virginia Tech regulatory amendments allow institutions to ‘connect the dots’ regarding a student's behavior and to be proactive in problem resolution. The article encourages university officials to re-examine FERPA, to eliminate restrictive information sharing barriers not required by the law or regulations, to educate faculty and staff on the scope of student information dissemination and offers a clear and concise policy and process to help fill this crucial gap in campus crisis action planning documents.

Many bodily sensations are connected quite closely with specific actions: itches with scratching, for example, and hunger with eating. Indeed, these connections have the feel of conceptual connections. With the exception of D. M. Armstrong, philosophers have largely neglected this aspect of bodily sensations. In this paper, I propose a theory of bodily sensations that explains these connections. The theory ascribes intentional content to bodily sensations but not, strictly speaking, representational content. Rather, the content of these sensations is an imperative: in the case of itches, ‘Scratch!’ The view avoids non-intentional qualia and hence accords with what could be called, generalizing Lycan slightly, the ‘hegemony of intentionality’.

Information about macro- and micro-nutrient uptake and distribution into tissues of Populus irrigated with landfill leachate helps to maximize biomass production and understand impacts of leachate ...

Academic freedom is the right, especially of a university professor, to free speech without fear of reprisal. Experts posit three means to academic freedom: tenure, due process and professional competence. A critical issue in current post-secondary education governance and administration that relates to each of these means is post-tenure review. Post-tenure review relates to evaluating and managing the performance of tenured professors. Performance fundamentals include accountability, competence and professional development. This article suggests a methodology for a performance-based approach to increasing the productivity of tenured professors while safeguarding academic freedom.

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 had a muted but significant impact on subsequent events in southeastern Europe. The most important of these were the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. The influence of the Russo-Japanese War is detectible in the political, tactical and figurative development of southeastern Europe, and especially in Bulgaria, during the years immediately preceding the First World War.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of web page text/background colour combination on readability, retention, aesthetics, and behavioural intention. One hundred and thirty-six participants studied two Web pages, one with educational content and one with commercial content, in one of four colour-combination conditions. Major findings were: (a) Colours with greater contrast ratio generally lead to greater readability; (b) colour combination did not significantly affect retention; (c) preferred colours (i.e., blues and chromatic colours) led to higher ratings of aesthetic quality and intention to purchase; and (d) ratings of aesthetic quality were significantly related to intention to purchase.

Sexual harassment is a pervasive problem in education. With victims of harassment pursuing administrative and judicial redress, an awareness of and a program for response to the sexual harassment issue are good risk management strategies for a private university and its staff, employees, and students. This article examines, first, the two types of sexual harassment recognized by law; second, the situations in which harassment in the educational context may occur; and, third, avenues of recourse for the victim of sexual harassment and the responsibility and liability of the private university when the harassment is reported or discovered. It is designed to inform and educate the faculty and administrators of private universities about the legal implications of their response to notice of sexual harassment.

SEVERAL OF THE EAST EUROPEAN COMMUNIST REGIMES which collapsed in the autumn of 1989 were toppled by street protests.' The role played by sudden mass mobilisation in the collapse of these regimes has quite naturally attracted the attention of those who study collective action.2 As 'revolutions', the East European events were uncharacteristic in their lack of violence-both on the part of regime opponents and on the part of regime forces.3 As has frequently been remarked, among the Soviet bloc countries, only in Romania was the collapse of the communist regime violent, and that violence was on the part of the regime, not the demonstrators. The Romanian case is interesting and significant because it presents the single case among Soviet bloc countries where street protest played a major role in precipitating the collapse of the communist regime and where the regime used substantial violence to prevent its downfall. It thus stands at the crossroads of both theories of collective action and theories of revolution.

It is important to assess the intake of flavouring substances in order to be confident that exposure to the substance from its intended use presents no significant risk. A number of methods exist to estimate intake of food ingredients. Two such methods, one using a detailed dietary analysis based on food consumption and composition and one using 10 times the annual volume of use on a per capita basis (per capita x 10), were compared for their precision and practicality in assessing the intake of 10 flavouring substances. The detailed dietary analysis method of determining exposure resulted in good estimates of the distribution of intakes across the population, as well as patterns of intake of individuals. This method is both expensive and labour intensive. The per capita x 10 method yields results that, compared with those obtained by detailed dietary analysis, tend consistently to overstate exposure. Thus, this method is a conservative and practical approach to assessing exposure to flavouring substances and other food ingredients.

The effects of postorganization activities on the acquisition of information presented in a knowledge-map format were assessed. In the 1st experiment, the students studied biology subject matter in a knowledge-map format for 30 min. During the next 15 min, half of the participants summarized the information using the structure of the map (without any text included) as an aid (structure group); the other half continued studying the map (control group). The structure group recalled significantly more information than the control group did; that effect was particularly pronounced with recall of superordinate propositions. In Experiment 2, the recall of the structure group, who studied in the same manner as in Experiment 1, was compared with that of the map group, who summarized using the knowledge map as an aid, and the no-cue group, who summarized without any type of aid. The map and structure groups recalled significantly more superordinate propositions than the no-cue group. The 3 groups did not ...

Part of a year-long study was to establish baseline measurements of airborne and surface dusts in a building. A four-story building was monitored with a laser particle counter (LPC) to characterize airborne particle size ranges of >0.5 to >15 m, a fine particle sampler (FPS) to measure 24-hour total airborne dust mass concentrations, and a high-volume small surface sampler (HVS3) to assess dust levels on floor surfaces. Monthly measurements were taken on each floor for 5 months. An improved cleaning regimen was instituted, and monitoring continued for 7 months. Mean LPC indoor particle counts correlated well with those outdoors (0.92). Mean LPC size distributions were similar on all floors, decreasing as particle size increased, and remained fairly constant over the study. FPS airborne dust mass concentrations were low throughout the building (5 to 11.5 g/m3). In comparing FPS and LPC measurements, mean 24-hour FPS total airborne dust mass measurements proved the most meaningful over a long term. LPC data...

The development of the mass media in post‐Ceausescu Romania has displayed an alarming tendency to revert to communist methods of control and subservience. This is demonstrated by a detailed examination of how the various media have construed the events of the revolution of 1989. There is certainly a variety of opinion now expressed, including ‘Ceausescu‐nostalgic’ views, but even formally oppositionist newspapers have adopted the ‘official’ version of key features of those events, notably the role of the Securitate and its former director, General Vlad, and of the Soviet Union in the overthrow of the former regime. These factors suggest that the concept of media independence has been interpreted far too narrowly in Romania.

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is the single most important commercial tree species in the forests of the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Mahogany regeneration has been associated with natural disturbances that increase understory light levels. A study to analyze the effect of overstory removal on seed germination and early seedling survival and growth of mahogany was conducted. Twenty-five 0.2 ha plots were treated to create different levels of overstory removal and then seeded. Two seeding methods were used, dibbling and dropping. Dropping was used to simulate the way that seeding occurs in nature. Understory light levels were measured after the overstory removal was done. A year after applying the treatments, seed germination and seedling survival were not affected by the understory light levels created by the overstory removal. It is expected that over the next several years seedling survival and growth will be more affected by understory light levels. Seedling establishment by dibbling and drop...

Density functional theory methods combined with continuum models of solvation are used to predict the free energy profile of the reaction OH- + CO2 → HCO- 3 in aqueous solution. A barrier to the re...

Students studied a 1,500-word passage in the form of a knowledge map or traditional text. Within the knowledge map and traditional text groups, half of the students studied information that was already color coded, and half were required to color code the information themselves. Those who studied from knowledge maps recalled significantly more than those who studied traditional text. In addition, a marginally significant (p = .08) color-coding and test-anxiety interaction was found. For students who studied materials that were pre-color coded, there was virtually no difference between the free-recall performance of high- and low-test-anxiety groups. By contrast, among students who color coded their own materials, those low in test anxiety performed substantially better on the free-recall test than those high in test anxiety. These results support previous research findings indicating the effectiveness of knowledge maps. In addition, they point to the important role of test anxiety in mediating ou...

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of knowledge maps and color enhancement on the recall of text information. Although researchers have found both methods to be effective for increasing acquisition of materials, the two methods have not been combined. College students studied a 1,500-word text passage on the autonomic nervous system in the form of a knowledge map or traditional text. Within each of these groups, half of the students studied color-enhanced material and half studied black-and-white materials. Although those in the map group recalled more than their traditional text counterparts did for both color-enhanced and black-and-white materials, the effect was not significant. This finding, which is inconsistent with previous research, may have been due to subject matter or structural differences in the maps or to the overwhelming effect of color enhancement. On the other hand, consistent with expectations and past research, those who studied color-enhanced materials re...

(1993). Computer-Aided Delusions. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 366-369.

An experiment was conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of multiple-relationship knowledge maps and traditional text for the presentation of related information domains. A secondary purpose was to investigate comparative versus sequential presentations. Knowledge maps were found to be superior to traditional text in acquisition and affect associated with studying for one type of material. Moreover, students in the map groups reported gaining more knowledge about their information processing and study strategies that would help them in future learning than did those in the text groups. However, these results were not replicated with respect to a second sample of text on a different topic. Subject matter and structural parameters that might account for the inability to replicate the knowledge map effect across passages are identified.

For almost two decades, Maryland has been considered a leader in the smart growth movement by professional planners, the environmental community, and others interested in the intersection of land planning, land use, and zoning. Maryland passed major land use legislation in both 1992 and 1997, hoping to reverse the rate of conversion of farms and forests into low-density sprawl and to support the continued vitality of existing communities.

(1979). Relationship of Psychiatric I1lness to Drug Abuse. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 337-342.

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe use of assignment ranking techniques for solving the traveling salesman problem is considered in a probabilistic framework. The principal focus of the paper is on the assumptions required for a valid mathematical analysis. For the asymmetric case, we show that the assumptions are violated when clustering of cites is present; for the symmetric problem, we show that a valid analysis can be made when 2-city subtours are eliminated. Prior probabilistic results developed by Panayiotopoulos for asymmetric problems are extended to the symmetric case.

The analysis of a microstrip patch antenna with an electrically thick substrate is performed using a mixed potential integral equation. Basis functions are employed on the coaxial probe thus eliminating the often used thin substrate approximations. There is no theoretical limit to the thickness of the structures that can be analyzed. A special attachment mode, employed at the coaxial probe-antenna junction, is introduced. Measured and calculated input impedance results for isolated rectangular microstrip antennas are compared.

In order to determine the directions which the field of sociology of occupations has taken in recent years, a content analysis of articles on work and occupations in four general sociological journ...

Following contingency theory on a goal based model of effectiveness, an analysis of the effectiveness of 73 human service organizations was attempted. The initial measure of effectiveness was self-reports from organizational members. When these measures were compared with additional indicators of effectiveness on the same goals, dissimilar results were found. This suggested that it was fruitless to try to establish single measures of organizational effectiveness, because there are contradictions among the goals of the organizations and among the internal and external parties concerned with the organizations. A contradiction model of effectiveness is proposed which incorporates elements of the system resource and goal models.

(1978). Naturally occurring toxicants and food additives: Our perception and management of risks. Nutrition and Cancer: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 27-36.

The present experiment examined a subjective graphing measure designed to assess students’ ongoing processing while studying. It is proposed that this measure, which has served in a number of diverse investigations, offers theoretical and pragmatic advantages over existing measures. The internal structure, reliability, and validity of this assessment tool were tested within the context of scripted cooperative learning. Results indicated that the measure could be described adequately by three relatively independent, replicable factors. In addition, these factors were consistent with a priori expectations based on Dansereau’s (1986) model of learning task performance. Subjective graphing was found to be reliable in terms of both internal and test-retest analyses. Further, the validity analyses indicated that subjective graphing is sensitive to both performance and situational manipulations as long as students are given ample opportunity to become acquainted with the measure.