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The main aim of this study is to explore post-travel outcomes in language travel. It sought to address the following research objectives: to understand the factors that influenced language traveler...

Antibiotic contamination raises concerns over antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can severely impact the human health and environment. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely used antibiotic that is incompletely metabolized in the body. In this study, the research objectives were (1) to isolate the native strain of Trichoderma sp. from the environment and analyze the tolerance toward SMX concentration by evaluating fungal growth, and (2) to investigate the potential of SMX removal by fungi. The potential fungi isolated from rotten tree bark showed 97% similarity to Trichoderma harzianum (Accession no. MH707098.1). The whole cell of fungi was examined in vitro; the strain Trichoderma harzianum BGP115 eliminated 71% of SMX after 7 days, while the white rot fungi Trametes versicolor, demonstrated 90% removal after 10 days. Furthermore, the tolerance of fungal growth toward SMX concentration at 10 mg L-1 was analyzed, which indicated that Trichoderma harzianum BGP115 (the screened strain) exhibited more tolerance toward SMX than Trametes versicolor (the reference strain). The screened fungi isolated from rotted tree bark demonstrated the ability of SMX bioremoval and the potential to be tolerant to high concentrations of SMX.

This paper applies the market map tool to the Nepalese biomass cookstove market highlighting existing weaknesses in government policy, cookstove market chains and providing a framework for cookstove interventions that better address the social, economic and cultural needs of users. Findings indicate government policy actively promotes cooking technologies however, this may not result in sustained use. Tracking mechanisms focus on numbers of stoves disseminated rather than numbers used. Attention is given to links between the underdeveloped nature of the institutional cookstove market and restrictive government policy. The methodological approach involved semi-structured interviews, field observations and analysis of government policy documents. Abstract This paper applies the Market Map tool to the Nepalese biomass Improved Cookstove (ICS) sector highlighting existing weaknesses in government policy and biomass cookstove market chains to provide recommendations to better address the social, economic and cultural needs of users. This addresses the problem of low adoption rates of biomass ICS in Nepal. Our research objectives set out to explore the effectiveness of market maps designed for East Africa's ICS sector (Stevens et al., 2019) in Nepal, co-develop a revised market map for Nepal's biomass ICS sector, conduct a parallel process for institutional-scale biomass ICS and draw on the co-produced market map to inform policy and regulatory frameworks relating to biomass-fuelled ICS. The methodological approach involved reviewing cookstove-related policy documents and regulatory frameworks, undertaking 31 semi-structured interviews, analysing findings from an Institutional Top-Loading Down-Draft (TLUD) Natural Draft Gasifier Pilot study and co-developing the final market map in collaboration with key ICS stakeholders. The results indicate that although government policy actively promotes biomass ICS, this often results in cookstove 'stacking' rather than the sustained and exclusive use of clean cooking solutions necessary to promote health benefits. Attention is also focused on the underdeveloped nature of the institutional cookstove market. Our conclusions highlight the usefulness of market maps with a monitoring and evaluation element for identifying barriers to clean cooking uptake and facilitating product improvement by integrating end-user feedback.

This paper looks at the development of the political science discipline through the articles published in the Philippine Political Science Journal (PPSJ), the official publication of the Philippine...

A case study is used to achieve two research objectives: To understand students’ attitudes, behavior toward, and satisfaction with videobooks vs. traditional textbooks; and to identify factors that...

This study takes on three research objectives to better understand the pertinent issues involving the purchase decision regarding counterfeit as well as authentic luxury brands. Specifically, the f...

This paper explores the visual, acoustic and olfactory impairments to landscape aesthetic quality in a river landscape case study, using hard- and soft-GIS approaches. The research objectives are (1) to develop a model that localizes the spatial distribution of areas likely perceived as unpleasant and assesses the intensity of visual, acoustic and olfactory impairments in those areas by using a hard-GIS method, and (2) to test the statistical validity of the model based on results gained from a soft GIS method. The case study area is the Lahn river landscape, Germany. Results show a substantial share of the study area affected by modelled impairments, especially areas close to urban environments and along rivers. The area affected by impairments is highest for visual (91%), followed by acoustic (84%) and olfactory factors (54%). However, impairment intensities are greatest for acoustics (30% of study area) and visual (18%). Soft-GIS data tests revealed statistical defensibility of modeled impaired areas. The results highlight the importance of disaggregate analyses of impairments and can provide information on suitable locations for interventions to minimize impairments. Combining hard-GIS with soft-GIS methods may contribute to the credibility, relevance and legitimacy of scientific findings for planning processes and decision-making.

The study investigated library and information services for socio-political rebirth in Nigeria. To this end, three pertinent research objectives were raised to guide the conduct of the study. The s...

Two research objectives have been addressed in this study. The first objective aims to explore the dimensions of heritage experiential quality. The second objective is to scrutinise the relationshi...

China’s Free Trade Area strategy and its global network of free trade areas are providing new impetus to its rise at systemic (global) and sub-systemic (regional) levels. The research objectives of...

Purpose The main objective of this study was to investigate abuse of residents with either dementia or Alzheimer's disease in long-term care settings, to identify facilitators and barriers surrounding implementation of systems to prevent such occurrences, and to draw conclusions on combating the issue of abuse. Patients and methods A systematic review was conducted using the Medline, CINAHL, and Academic Search Ultimate databases. With the use of key terms via Boolean search, 30 articles were obtained which were determined to be germane to research objectives. The review was conducted and structured based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Residents with dementia or Alzheimer's disease are at greater risk of abuse. The growing population could increase this problem exponentially. The most common facilitators were the introduction of policies/programs in the facility, education, and working conditions. The most cited barriers were poor training, lack of research, and working conditions in the long-term care setting. Conclusion The examples given would be useful in minimizing the potential for abuse in the long-term care setting. Leadership can take an active role in the prevention of abuse of the elderly through their actions, education of employees, and changes in the work environment.

The purpose of this research was to examine how a collaborative service learning project (CSL) influenced student learning experience. Specific research objectives were to (a) examine stude...

This study investigated the influence of stakeholders on management accounting practice (MAP). The research objectives were to: appraise level of influence exerted by stakeholders on manage...

The main research objectives are to ascertain the state of the art of the postauditing practices of UK small/medium enterprises (SMEs) to fill a gap in the literature and to offer a sound empirical...

This introductory article to the special issue on major powers in shared neighbourhoods sets the scenery by introducing the research objectives, situating them in the relevant academic context with...

This paper highlights modeling affective temperature control in food small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Modeling defined that workstation temperature set point could be controlled based on worker heart rate and workstation environment using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The research objectives were: 1) to propose modeling affective temperature control in food SMEs based on heart rate and workstation environment; and 2) to develop an ANN model for predicting workstation temperature set point. Training and validation data were collected from six food SMEs in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The data of temperature set points were verified using a simulated confined room. The inputs of the ANN model were worker heart rate, workstation temperature, relative humidity distribution and light intensity. The output was temperature set point. Research results concluded satisfactory performance of ANN. The model could be used to provide environmental ergonomics in food SMEs.

Networking and collaboration between academics and practitioners are becoming more intense as a response to the growing demand for tourism research to contribute to the growth and competitiveness of both regional and national economies. Whereas this development challenges the traditional role of academia, it also offers an opportunity to rethink the relationship between theory and practice. The purpose of this study is to reflect on the experiences of a tourism development and research project conducted in Finnish Lapland between 2008 and 2011. In doing so, the study draws attention to the opportunities and challenges faced by academic and tourism workers when combining development and research objectives within a single project.

Research objectives: The European market for football club investors is undergoing a significant transformation, with German clubs opening up for strategic investors, French clubs being taken over ...

This article examines cointegration and spatial price transmission among Afghan wheat and flour markets as well as their linkages with those of supplier countries and global markets. Unit root tests, consistent momentum threshold autoregressive (M-TAR) models and vector error correction models (asymmetric and symmetric) are employed to achieve research objectives. The results suggest that provincial wheat and flour markets may have a long-run relationship with principal market of Kabul. Afghan wheat and flour markets may also be cointegrated with their respective global, Kazakh and Pakistani markets. While provincial wheat markets might adjust to divergence from their long-run equilibrium with Kabul wheat market, some of the provincial flour markets may not respond to deviation from their long-run equilibrium with Kabul flour market. The speed of adjustment towards the long-run Afghan–Pakistani and Afghan–Kazakh equilibrium may be faster for Afghan flour than wheat markets. The equilibrium adjustm...

In this article, I assume that global intergovernmental organizations (GIGOs) function as enablers of interstate liberal politics by way of their multilateral institutional frameworks. To support this view, I recall and adapt the classical concept of ‘polyarchy,’ coined in the early 1950s by Robert A. Dahl. It consists of a two‐dimensional theoretical construct applicable for measuring the level of liberalization in modern political societies. It follows that the more actors who take part in politics, and the more such institutions allow political opposition, the more open a society (of states) is likely to be. I therefore assess and rate the level of polyarchization of 23 GIGOs that cover various issue areas and fit some specific criteria (for example, more than one hundred member states from at least three different continents). Methodology includes a scorecard developed to help achieve these research objectives.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of database marketing in private clubs. Additionally, it aimed to develop a list of preferences that would be beneficial to track and determine how satisfaction levels with the remembrance of preferences impacted overall satisfaction at home and reciprocal clubs. A mixed method approach involving a focus group of private club managers and a mail survey of members at three private clubs was used to achieve research objectives. Results indicated that database marketing is only starting to become prevalent in private clubs. Also, member satisfaction with remembrance of preferences did affect their overall satisfaction with the club. A list of member preferences that would be beneficial to track is presented.

The present study sought to explore the relationship between street childhood and adolescent ecological self-image. The research objectives were to investigate the nature of ecological self-image for street children and to determine the ecological behaviours for street children in Harare. A psycho-ethnographic research design was employed. The participants were 16 street-living adolescent children aged between 12 and 18 years and six key informants, all in Harare, Zimbabwe. A total of 22 participants took part in this study. Snowballing was used to recruit key informant interviewees, while purposive sampling was used to recruit participants for focus group discussions, in-depth interview, and participant and non-participant observations. Thematic content analysis was used for analysing the data. Data analysis revealed that the adolescent street children's ecological self-image is largely negative. These street children seemed to have estranged from their biological families to identify with the st...

The task of guiding and tutoring in higher education contributes to increasing the quality of teaching at university. Students who access university studies require specific guidance which is different from that required by more senior students. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive model of tutorial guidance. The model seeks to satisfy the specific needs of first-year university students, both in terms of personal support and formative and informative support, through a set of coordinated activities during the first year of their degree. The teaching experience carried out demonstrates the students’ interest in the tutoring programme offered, and measures the impact that its academic recognition has in terms of students enrolling on and following the programme. The methodology used shows the characteristics of the programme introduced and then shows the results obtained, which are discussed in relation to the research objectives.

This contribution analyses university teachers’ assessment of a management model for competence-based teaching that has been implemented in all study programs at the University of Girona (Spain). The article first analyses the most recent and relevant contributions in the field and then provides a brief description of the analysed model. This is followed by a definition of the research objectives, namely to obtain teachers’ opinions regarding the suitability of the model and the value it provides. Information was collected by means of a questionnaire, the most relevant results of which include the value of the model in planning by competences and establishing links between competences, content and learning activities. Also highlighted is the impact the model has on training itself, given that it promotes teachers’ reflection on their own teaching practice.

This paper presents a summary of the Action and Interaction in Volunteered Geographic Information international workshop which was held as a one day pre-conference workshop to the 16th Annual Association of Geographic Information Laboratories in Europe conference in Leuven, Belgium in May 2013. This paper summarises the important outcomes of workshop presentations and key discussion statements from participant contributions to an open-floor discussion on the most pertinent issues in Volunteered Geographic Information VGI research. Participants engaged this discussion focused on what are the most likely problems which could form the basis for a research agenda in VGI composed of both short-and long-term research objectives. While the development of a VGI research agenda will require the involvement of the broadest possible spectrum of disciplines, this paper is, none-the-less, an important first step on this journey.

In 2011 the Journal of Moral Education (JME) celebrated its 40th anniversary of publication. It seemed appropriate to examine and reflect on the JME’s achievements by reviewing its evolution and contribution to the emerging field of moral education and development. Moral education trends, as reflected in the 945 articles published in JME from 1971 to 2011, were investigated by content analysis. The research objectives were: to discover the trends in moral education as represented by published articles and special issues (by analysis of disciplinary approaches, key topics, research methodologies and age-related educational levels) and to examine the international and gender-related development of the journal and the influence of its contributors (by analysis of first authors and editorial board members). The findings identify important concerns, key research topics and neglected areas in moral education and development. Analysis offers an insight into the contribution of JME as the main international inter...

Technical communicators and social media designers and researchers who seek to identify methods to investigate ambitious research objectives and discourse in social media will find Liza Potts' Soci...

This study attempts to explore the obstacles of employing environmental practices in green hotels as perceived by Egyptian maintenance engineers. In pursuing the study objectives, a survey instrument was developed and administered to 18 maintenance engineers at Egyptian green hotels so as to generate data for investigating the research objectives. The study depicted several obstacles related to implementing the environmental and financial burden, human resources knowledge and skills, and guests’ attitude. Egyptian hotel managers can benefit from a deeper understanding of the issues related to those obstacles. This study is considered a primary stride in understanding the situation of Egyptian green hotels.

The primary purposes of this study are to identify individual’s attitudes toward the two Asian foods (Chinese food and Japanese food) applying both general explicit and implicit measures and to suggest further theoretical and managerial implications for the measurement of hospitality research. As an experimental study, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is primarily employed to identify the research objectives in a psychological approach. In total, 39 American (all Caucasian) college students are recruited to complete a self-reported survey and implicit association test (IAT) simultaneously in the U.S. The finding indicates that there are significant mean differences of PFAs between two Asian foods (Chinese food and Japanese food), and that significant mean differences are found in implicit attitudes, but not in explicit attitudes. Furthermore, the study results reveal that PFAs are positively and significantly correlated with GEA, but not with IA (i.e., reaction time). Specific implications and ...

In this introduction to the special issue on Time and Change in Teams, we argue that the field of team research shows signs of a problem-method misfit with respect to the study of processes. Drawing on the distinction between differential and temporal (or variable vs. process) research, we scrutinise recent theories and research practices in the field, aiming to better understand the lack of congruence between research objectives and methods. We also discuss ways in which the gap between theory and method can be narrowed, and how the five studies making up this special issue contribute to this. We conclude with suggesting some future directions for the study of time and change in teams.

This paper explores opportunities for regional universities to develop specific short courses that young travellers could undertake as part of a holiday experience. The Cairns campus of James Cook University was chosen as a representative of a regional university since the campus is located in a destination that attracts a large number of international and domestic youth travellers. Research objectives include investigating the potential demand for diverse short courses; to identify which factors influence respondents' decisions to undertake further studies and to evaluate factors that may encourage or discourage respondents from studying in Cairns. Results indicate that 35% of respondents would possibly consider undertaking a short course in Cairns in the future with a preference for shorter courses for either academic credit or personal interest.

This study evaluated the use of an Internet-based public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) to identify ecosystem services in Grand County, Colorado. Specific research objectives were to examine the distribution of ecosystem services, identify the characteristics of participants in the study, explore potential relationships between ecosystem services and land use and land cover (LULC) classifications, and assess the methodological strengths and weakness of the PPGIS approach for identifying ecosystem services. Key findings include: (1) Cultural ecosystem service opportunities were easiest to identify while supporting and regulatory services most challenging, (2) participants were highly educated, knowledgeable about nature and science, and have a strong connection to the outdoors, (3) some LULC classifications were logically and spatially associated with ecosystem services, and (4) despite limitations, the PPGIS method demonstrates potential for identifying ecosystem services to augment e...

This study examined the dining preferences of resident and non-resident groups when selecting a full-service restaurant in South Miami. More specifically, the research objectives were to: (1) examine differences in restaurant dining preferences between resident and non-resident groups using independent samples t-test; and (2) segment resident and non-resident groups on the basis of dining preferences using Classification and Regression Tree analysis. Since Classification and Regression Tree analysis allows the researcher to efficiently locate the targeting group, it is an excellent tool in segmenting resident and non-resident groups. Independent samples t-test results indicated statistically significant differences in two dining preferences between resident and non-resident groups: enough parking spaces and friendly and courteous service. Furthermore, Classification and Regression Tree analysis showed that five factors (enough parking spaces, friendly and courteous service, easy-to-understand menu, prompt...

Explaining the purpose of a research study and providing a compelling rationale is an important part of any coaching research project, enabling the work to be set in the context of both existing evidence (and theory) and its practical applications. This necessitates formulating a clear research question and deriving specific research objectives, thereby justifying and contextualising the study. In this research note we consider the characteristics of good research questions and research objectives and the role of theory in developing these. We conclude with a summary and a checklist to help ensure the rationale for a coaching research study is convincing.

Useful health research is foundational to disease prevention and treatment, especially when conducted among understudied populations for whom hidden cultural health beliefs and norms may result in disease. Lessons learned from field experiences during an exploratory mixed-method study of Haitian picuristes (injectionists) in Florida reveal the usefulness of knowledge and application of formal and informal protocols that demonstrate awareness and respect of Haitian norms, and the importance of fostering relationships of trust as complements to clear and relevant research objectives. These facilitate entree, engagement, rapport, management of discursiveness and environmental interruptions, and modification of research instruments. Health researchers in U.S. Haitian enclaves should be process-oriented, flexible, and transparent from recruitment to dissemination phases of research.

This article reviews the research objectives and contributions of the Creative Industries Observatory, based at the University of the Arts, London, from 2006 to 2009. As a government-sponsored project, the Observatory was designed to support the development of the creative and cultural sectors in the United Kingdom and to encourage relationships with creative organizations in key world markets, including China and India. This article describes how in its brief history the Observatory contributed to an understanding of the creative industries landscape, the relationship between different creative sectors and the real-world processes of creative practice. As such it enhanced the definitional and academic debates as well as informing policy-makers and practitioners.

The empowerment literature lacks a common understanding of the empowerment and the important elements in the empowerment process. This study aimed to create an empirically generated list of definitions and strategies for empowering agricultural production cooperatives (APCs). A nationwide survey was conducted in Iran to achieve the research objectives. Fifty-five (out of 80) government employees involved in agricultural cooperatives’ empowerment and 85 (out of 277) board members of cooperatives who participated in empowerment programmes, were randomly selected to participate in this research. The perceptions of the two groups were compared using t-test to reach consensus. In the end 19 agreed definitions and 32 strategies were provided for empowering the cooperatives. An exploratory factor analysis was used to determine what sets of definitions and what sets of strategies hang together. The study results suggest that empowerment actors in Iran are trying to make cooperative principles governthe cooperativ...

Drug testing is an effective way to improve jobsite safety, productivity and profits. Since drug use impairs the abilities of construction workers, many construction companies have implemented drug testing policies. The research aim was to identify the current drug testing practices of construction contractors. The research objectives were to determine: (1) the extent of the implementation of drug testing; (2) testing practices being used; (3) testing methods being used; (4) the most frequently drugs used; and (5) the use and prevalence of adulterants to cheat on drug tests. In 2008 the data were collected through surveys sent to US construction firms that were randomly selected from the Blue Book of Building and Construction. The results show that drug use continues to be a concern although the extent of drug use has declined in recent years. Most of the firms conduct both pre-employment drug screening and random drug testing. Marijuana and cocaine are the primary drugs used. Urine analysis continues to ...

The current study went beyond previous research on leader-member exchange (LMX) by examining employees who are supervised by more than one boss. Using data from 122 PhDs from a Dutch university, the current study had three research objectives. First, to examine the effects of PhDs' LMX with both their promoter and their assistant promoter on affective organizational commitment (AOC). Second, to examine the mediating role of satisfaction with HR practices in the two LMX - AOC relationships. Since the promoter as the higher level boss has more influence on different HR practices the third objective was to examine whether the LMX - AOC relationship is stronger for the promoter than for the assistant promoter. The results showed that both promoter LMX and LMX assistant promoter were positively related to PhDs’ AOC, and both relationships were fully mediated by PhDs’ satisfaction with HR practices. As expected, these effects were significantly stronger for the promoter than for the assistant promoter.

This scoping review outlines recently published information available about disability prevalence and management, as well as environmental conditions and the rehabilitation context in the country of Tanzania. The information is presented from diverse sources including research articles, government documents and reports from international development agencies.Documents for this review were located using four search strategies; a search of electronic databases, contact with key informants, a reference list search of articles selected for review and a search of key websites. The documents were classified based on the format and focus of the material, while the information was organised into qualitative themes based upon the research objectives to present a descriptive overview on this topic.The findings of this study confirmed the lack of information available about the profile of disabilities, with evidence suggesting that disabilities are not satisfactorily managed in Tanzania; however, environmental conditions were found to be well documented. Several environmental supports and barriers for people with disabilities were described.The findings of this review indicate a need to further develop rehabilitation service provisions in Tanzania to improve the management of disabilities.

Capsule We describe four techniques for the capture of Little Bustards according to their age, sex and season, and discuss their adequacy for different research objectives.

This work attempts to assess the variations and similarities in the stated research objectives of recent citation analysis studies. Eighty-eight citation studies published between January 1995 and March 2008 were categorized and selected examples of specific types were reviewed.

The purpose of this study was to identify Virginia limited-resource households’ current energy cost burdens and energy saving efforts. There were five research objectives related to this limited-resource sample: (1) To examine energy cost burdens and current energy saving efforts; (2) to group households based on their perceived energy cost burdens and current energy saving efforts; (3) to identify demographic and housing characteristics; (4) to examine changes in energy saving efforts; and (5) to investigate their interests in further energy saving information. In 2005, a questionnaire survey was conducted with limited-resource households in Virginia and 941 usable responses were collected. Based on their perceived energy cost burdens and current energy saving efforts, the respondents were clustered into four different Energy Clusters: Energy-Conscious, Motivated, Achieved, and Help-Needed. Households in different clusters showed distinctive demographic and housing characteristics (household inco...

The purpose of this study was to identify energy cost burdens and energy saving practices of limited income Virginia households, focusing on multifamily housing residents. There were three research objectives: (a) to identify demographic and housing characteristics of limited income multifamily housing residents; (b) to identify perceived energy cost burdens and energy saving efforts of limited income multifamily housing residents; and (c) to identify determinants of perceived energy cost burdens, energy saving efforts, and interest in additional energy saving information of limited income multifamily housing residents. In Spring 2005, a one-page questionnaire was administered to participants of Virginia Extension nutrition programs and 823 usable responses were collected. The major findings were as follows: (a) compared with single-family housing residents, multifamily housing residents tended to perceive fewer energy cost burdens, engage in more daily energy saving behaviors, and inquire less ab...

A breakthrough in the area of PVD/CVD coating technologies, as in other surface engineering technologies, requires not only technical innovation but also innovative technological and organisational support. The cohesion of these diverse areas forms a basis for obtaining theoretical and physical models, which give rise to prototypes for the rapid application of breakthrough solutions. Mechanisms and structures aimed at reaching breakthrough research objectives are presented, taking as an example the investigation and application of new materials, particularly using surface engineering PVD plasma technologies. The advanced technology of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) is described and the associated process development, including the design and construction of a unique hybrid device for TBC creation, are presented. By means of this example, a combination of breakthrough and incremental research is explored and a real path for balancing research and knowledge transfer, leading to innovative solutions ...

This study uses the experience of sixty-three service international firms, operating in a number of cities in China, to achieve its research objectives. This study has three key features, which are different from the approaches adopted in previous studies. It expands the existing home-host standardization framework from the “country” to the “city” market perspective and focuses on the standardization/adaptation strategy used by service firms. This is a research theme which is still under development. This study has successfully uncovered a significant relationship between marketing standardization strategy and strategic objectives, in the service sector. Based on the findings of its statistical analysis, a “city” market standardization/adaptation-performance framework is proposed. In the framework, the factors affecting service firms' choice of standardization/adaptation strategy and their subsequent influence on performance are identified. The findings from this study offer some new insights int...

This study of an ethnographic discourse examines the language of professionals - teachers and psychiatrists - working in collaboration in a special education school. The research objectives were examination of the meanings of recurring key words and the role of language in the verbal interaction between educators and doctors in their daily professional life. Data were collected from formal meetings, informal meetings, semi-constructed ethnographic interviews and documents published in the course of the school year. The paper offers two models for analyzing the interprofessional discourse. The first examines how key words reflect the perceptions of the speaker and his/her discipline, looking at the purpose of the communication. The second allows the researcher to examine the transferability of these concepts to the other discipline, focusing on the results of the communication. The findings reveal areas of discontent in the work of staff members with pupils, as well as the process of language transferability between professionals.

Instructional systems, both distance education and campus‐based, may be viewed in terms of intrapersonal and interpersonal instructional dialogues, that mediate and facilitate learning respectively, and instructional resources that enable such dialogues. Resources include self‐instruction texts, tutorials, instructor availability, websites and more. This study investigated the dialogic behaviour of 521 Open University of Israel students as they studied undergraduate courses in Exact and Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities. Research objectives were to document what dialogue types, mediated through which resources, were utilized by students to overcome conceptual difficulty while reading instructional texts and while working on assignments. Two main findings emerged: (1) initially, most students dealt with both kinds of conceptual difficulty individually, on their own; only when such efforts failed did they turn to interpersonal dialogue; and (2) most students turned to peers for help, not to t...

This paper focuses on the geography of internal migration to and settlement within the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Specifically, the research objectives are to: (1) document the major flows of internal migration into the São Paulo metropolitan area; (2) map both short- and long-term migrant patterns of settlement within the São Paulo metropolitan area; and (3) approximate to what extent particular migrants from specific sending areas spatially concentrate in certain neighborhoods within the metropolitan area using both non-spatial and spatial measures of segregation. The key feature of our theoretical argument is that migrant networks evolve, accumulate, and generate higher than expected levels of internal migration to particular neighborhoods. As internal migrants become increasingly concentrated and a dynamic feedback process emerges between origin and destination, the metropolis becomes both segmented and segregated.

In South Africa, the level of HIV infection is reaching crisis proportions. Besides sexual abstinence and mutually monogamous sexual relations, use of the condom has an important role to play in curbing the further spread of the HIV/AIDS. The aim of this article is to explore the extent and determinants of condom use inside and outside the primary sexual relationships. The research objectives are addressed using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study found that knowledge about condoms, as a method of dual protection against the risk of pregnancy and disease, is high. Despite this, condoms are not a popular method of protection, especially within the primary sexual relationship. Consistent with numerous other studies, this study found widespread disapproval of condom use. Condoms are more likely to be used in non-primary than primary sexual relationships. In both relationships, condom use corresponds closely with level of education.