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Soccer-specific training (SST) drills are used to develop physiological adaptations, technical and tactical skills, and provide coaches with greater control of external training load. Despite widespread use, there has been little analysis of SST drills. This study quantified the effect of manipulating player numbers on the physiological demands of an SST drill. Fourteen players completed nine trials (3 × 8, 10, 12 players) of a 4-min SST drill modelled on soccer time-motion data. Physiological intensity measures (heart rate, blood lactate concentration [BLa-], rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) and GPS time-motion data (movement distances and velocities) were collected for each drill. A repeated measures analysis of variance determined significant (p < 0.05) between-drill differences. Results showed variables such as total running distance (TD), mean percentage of maximum heart rate, RPE, and [BLa-] were greater for the 8-player SST drill. The 10-player drill also had a 22% greater TD and 21% higher average speed compared to the 12-player drill, which tended to have a lower activity profile. The 8-player SST drill could be used to develop aerobic capacity and repeat-sprint ability (RSA) because of a higher activity profile. The 10- and 12-player drills would be suited for RSA and sprint acceleration enhancement.

As a first step in understanding the pest status of thrips in wine grapes in New Zealand, we aimed to determine the species composition of thrips in grape inflorescences in four grape-growing regions of the country (sampling grape cv. ‘Chardonnay’ from 18 growers) and to quantify their abundance. Of the regions, by far the largest numbers of thrips were recorded from Canterbury (mean number of thrips per inflorescence from the raw data=48.6, 9.3, 9.4 and 6.4 for Canterbury, Auckland, Hawke's Bay and Marlborough, respectively). Of a subsample of 15% (536 thrips) identified, all but one were New Zealand flower thrips females (NZFT, Thrips obscuratus). The largest numbers of thrips were measured on the windward sides of three out of four vineyards sampled. The presence of thrips eggs and larvae suggests that grape vines are breeding hosts for NZFT, but further research is now needed on the thrips’ life cycle and its distribution and numbers in New Zealand vineyards in order to determine the risk this potenti...

Resistance to the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) was characterized in segregating populations from crosses of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] accession PI 71506 to susceptible cultivars, and compared to Rag1 resistance from the cultivar ‘Dowling.’ Two susceptible adapted cultivars were crossed with PI 71506 or Dowling. In no-choice greenhouse assays, resistance corresponded to a single dominant gene model for both the PI 71506-derived and Dowling-derived populations. Segregation of aphid resistance in SD1111RR × PI 71506 F2:3 populations in aphid field-cage trials also fit a single-gene model, as did segregation of aphid resistance in the F2:5 generation. However, other genetic effects may also contribute to aphid resistance from PI 71506. Comparison with Rag1 resistance from Dowling indicated that PI 71506 resistance was weaker than that associated with Rag1, but antixenosis resistance from PI 71506 was effective against an Ohio aphid biotype that has overcome Rag1 resistance.

The various sources of extra-column dispersion are considered in detail and examined, both theoretically and experimentally. It is demonstrated that, if the advantageous high efficiencies obtainable from contemporary liquid chromatography (LC) columns is to be realized, the total mobile phase conduit system, from the sample valve to the detector sensor cell, must be very carefully designed and constructed. In practice, it may be necessary to modify existing equipment to reduce extra-column dispersion, particularly if microbore columns are to be used.

The worldwide incidence, prevalence, and fatality rates from asthma are increasing despite currently available therapeutic modalities. Systemic administration of interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to inhibit airway reactivity in murine models of asthma, but the required dosage is high and may be toxic. This study tested the hypothesis that IL-12 administered directly into the lungs is more effective in inhibiting airway reactivity than systemically administered IL-12, allowing lower doses to be used. A low dose (10 ng) of IL-12 was delivered either intratracheally (mucosal delivery) or intraperitoneally (systemic delivery) at the time of ragweed (RW) challenge in mice sensitized to RW. Basal airway resistance and airway reactivity to methacholine were measured 3 days after RW challenge. Compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) challenge of RW sensitized mice, RW challenge increased basal resistance and the slope of the methacholine dose-response curve. Methacholine challenge of RW-challenged mice also induced premature respiratory failure (respiratory rate150/min, tidal volume0.15 mL) in some animals. Administration of mucosal or systemic IL-12 at the time of RW challenge decreased basal airway resistance. However, only mucosal IL-12 decreased airway reactivity and inhibited respiratory failure during methacholine challenge. These findings indicate that mucosal delivery of a low dose of IL-12 is more effective than systemic IL-12 in inhibiting airway reactivity and respiratory failure in a mouse model of asthma.

The relative efficacy of mucosal (intratracheal) and systemic (intraperitoneal) delivery of interleukin (IL)-12 was evaluated in a mouse model of allergic lung eosinophilia. Mucosal administration of IL-12 achieved 100- to 600-fold higher bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of IL-12, but 2- to 10-fold lower serum levels compared to systemic administration. Whereas both mucosal and systemic IL-12 inhibited BAL eosinophil recruitment at high doses (100-1000 ng), only mucosal IL-12 was effective at low doses (1-10 ng). Mucosal, but not systemic, administration of 1000 ng of IL-12 increased interferon (IFN)-gamma expression in BAL cells. In a model of ongoing eosinophilic inflammation, when mucosal or systemic IL-12 doses were initiated prior to peak eosinophilia, further eosinophil recruitment was inhibited. However, when IL-12 treatment was initiated after peak eosinophil recruitment occurred, recovery from eosinophilic inflammation was not facilitated. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that locally administered IL-12 inhibits eosinophil recruitment at 100-fold lower doses than systemic IL-12. The most likely mechanism of this enhanced inhibitory activity is a sustained increase in lung levels of IL-12 that augments IFN-gamma production from BAL cells. We suggest that future studies should evaluate the efficacy of low doses of nebulized IL-12 in inhibiting eosinophilic lung inflammation in asthma.

Cyclododecatriene (CDDT, CAS No. 4904-61-4) was tested for its inhalation toxicity in rats following repeated exposures. Male rats were exposed nose-only to CDDT for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for a total of 9 exposures over 2 weeks. Particular attention was paid to neurotoxicologic endpoints. Concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 50, and 260 ppm were studied. The 260 ppm chamber contained both vapor and aerosol while the 5 and 50 ppm chambers were vapor only. Four groups of 10 rats each were used to measure standard clinical signs and growth, clinical pathology (including hematology, biochemistries, and urine analysis), and tissue pathology. Another 4 groups of similar size were used for neurotoxicity testing. In the standard toxicity groups, 1/2 of the rats were sacrificed 1 day following the 9th exposure; the other half underwent a 2-week recovery period prior to being sacrificed (recovery group). During the exposures rats inhaling 260 ppm had a diminished or absent response to an alerting stimulus. Irregular respiration and lethargy were observed in these rats immediately following exposure. These signs were rapidly reversible and were not seen prior to the subsequent exposure. Body weights in rats exposed to either 50 or 260 ppm were significantly lower than the corresponding controls. No compound-related clinical pathology changes were seen in any of the test groups and tissue pathology effects only occurred in the nasal tissue. In rats exposed to 260 ppm, minimal degeneration/necrosis of nasal olfactory epithelium was observed in rats examined immediately following the exposure period. This change was not seen in the recovery rats. Functional observational battery (FOB) assessments and motor activity (MA) evaluations conducted after the 4th and 9th exposures on rats from all test groups, and specific neuropathologic evaluation on perfused brain, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle from rats exposed to 260 ppm failed to demonstrate any specific neurotoxicity. Outward signs of sedation were seen at the top level tested. Under the conditions of this test, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 5 ppm based upon a reduced rate of body weight gain in the 50 ppm group. No specific neurotoxicity was detected and the histopathologic response was limited to reversible changes in the nasal epithelia in rats exposed to 260 ppm.

This paper presents the results of a national survey concerning residential water conservation initiatives undertaken by Canadian municipalities, followed by detailed case studies of 12 municipalities that have undertaken conservation initiatives. The survey results are based on responses from 65 municipalities, with populations ranging from 600 to 1,650,000 representing approximately one half of the Canadian population served with piped water. The survey identified water conservation initiatives undertaken by each municipality, benefits and cost savings resulting from those initiatives, and recorded comments concerning factors such as the price of water and implementation of metering that influence the success of residential water conservation programs. The 12 case-study municipalities serve populations of 12,000–650,000; all but four were fully metered at the time of the case study. Residential demands ranged from 210–650 L/cap/day. For each municipality information was obtained about program objectives...

(1996). Keynote Address. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 62, People and Institutional Participation in Agroforestry for Sustainable Development, pp. 7-15.

PMP-D2, a novel 35 amino acid peptide isolated from the brain of the locust Locusta migratoria, is localised specifically in neurosecretory cells and nerve tracts of the Pars intercerebralis. When PMP-D2 is applied onto rat sensory neurones it blocks high voltage-activated inward Ca2+ currents at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 μM. The inhibitory effect of PMP-D2 is more marked on the sustained inward Ca2+ current measured at the end of 100 ms voltage step commands than on the maximum inward Ca2+ current. These results suggests that PMP-D2 may differentially inhibit the two components of the high voltage-activated inward Ca2+ currents of rat sensory neurones.

The use of composite materials in primary structure of aircraft is becoming more common. Stiffened composite panels have been designed for a variety of load carrying conditions in aircraft. In this, study, manufacturing techniques for stiffened composite panels were reviewed and discussed. Co-curing and secondary bonding manufacturing techniques were used to produce four stiffened composite panels. Experience gained with these techniques is discussed. Ultrasonic C-scan inspection was carried out to detect any defects in the panels. These panels were tested in compression to verify their structural capability in the post-buckled state. This paper presents the details of the tool design concepts and manufacturing techniques, and identifies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each manufacturing technique.

Dynamic properties of a binary Lennard-Jones mixture at various temperatures and two densities are studied using a molecular dynamics computer simulation starting from mixed and separated initial configurations. After deriving an analytical correction term for finite size effects, the rate of separation is determined as a function of temperature, which is influenced by two counteracting trends: at higher particle velocities demixing becomes faster, but with increasing temperature the separated state becomes less stable. At both densities studied, we observe an increase in the rate of separation with increasing temperature. In a second step, a small number of a third type of particle representing a crude model of an amphiphilic molecule is added and the results are compared with those of the binary mixture case. Owing to a dip in the density at the binary fluid interface, the amphiphilic molecules collect in a slit and as a result, no effect on the separation behaviour of the system is observed. At those t...

The Earth Observation Centre (EODC), located at Farnborough, has been developed to serve the needs of users of data from Earth remote sensing missions, beginning with the European Space Agency's ERS-1 spacecraft. To this end, the facilities of the ESA Processing and Archiving Facility (PAF) for ERS-1 reside within the EODC. With the exception of the core Synthetic Aperture Radar processing algorithms, the majority of the scientific processing chains for exploitation of data from ERS-1 at the EODC were designed and specified by a Science Team, consisting of specialists from UK universities, industry, and government research institutes. These designs were implemented by an industrial consortium. The Science Team was supported by an Algorithm Development Facility (ADF) during the processing chain development. The Science Team currently provide operational support using the EODC Calibration and Validation Facility (CVF). This consists of the verification, calibration, validation, and continuous asses...

Chorioamnionitis is a frequent finding in the placenta in second-trimester premature labor. Seventy-six archival perinatal and fetal autopsies between 15 and 28 weeks of gestation with a morphologic diagnosis of chorioamnionitis were reviewed. Of the 76 cases, 52 (68%) had inflammatory cells in the lungs, which is higher than the reported incidence of clinical infection in neonates with chorioamnionitis. In 23 cases there were peribronchial lymphocytic hyperplasia and neutrophils in the airspaces, in 8 there was a lesser degree of interstitial inflammation as well as luminal neutrophils, and in 21 (40%) there were neutrophils in the airspaces only. To determine whether the neutrophils in the airspaces in the latter were maternal or fetal in origin, the lung sections of seven male fetuses in the group were examined by in situ hybridization for the Y repeat probe pHY 2.1, together with appropriate controls. Two of the tests were technical failures. The remaining five, and the positive controls, showed positivity for pHY 2.1 in 70-86% of luminal neutrophils. We conclude that luminal neutrophils in fetal lungs in this situation are fetal in origin.

Investors believe that corporate annual reports are generally correct and complete but criticize them as being too promotional and biased to be completely obejective. In addition, despite the fact the almost half of American investors hold the bachelor's degree or higher, annual reports are considered by many users to be difficult to understand. As a result, serious investors often seek out and utilize other sources for information. Sources cited as most often utilized are newspapers, trade journals, other financial repots, advisory services and direct contact with cmpant officials. The authors contend that one of the reasons that annual reports are not as informative as investors would like is that the accountants compiling them do not fully understand financial statement analysis. They urge that greater emphasis be placed on this topic in undergraduate programs in American business schools.

The barrier function of human skin may be disrupted by anionic surfactants. Any agent that can prevent such action may be of benefit. This investigation was designed to examine the protective activity of poly-oxyethylated nonionic surfactants against the harmful effects of divalent anionic surfactants on human skin.Permeation studies were performed in which the change in permeability of human epidermal membranes to tritiated water was measured after treatment for 12 hr with each individual surfactant and equimolar mixtures of each nonionic surfactant with each anionic surfactant. The thermal behavior of treated human stratum corneum samples was also examined with the use of differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) experiments.Permeation studies indicate that mixtures of equimolar quantities of each anionic surfactant with each nonionic surfactant reduce anionic damage of human skin. Furthermore, this protective action increases with the ethylene oxide content of the nonionic surfactant molecule. T...

The suitability of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense “Pawera” as forage for Bombus hortorum was investigated. Flower density, nectar volume per flower and pollen production were measured and the latter two compared with nutritional requirements of the bees at the measured bee population levels. Bombus hortorum was the numerically dominant bee species in V. faba compared with Apis mellifera in the later flowering T. pratense. Both crops supplied the nectar and pollen requirements of B. hortorum.

‘Trounce’ is a new maincrop freezer pea developed for the vegetable processing industry. Its main advantage is its high level of resistance to powdery mildew (Erisyphe pisi DC). It is a mid‐season maturity cultivar resistant to pea common wilt {Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi race 1), pea top yellows virus, and bean yellow mosaic virus. In 15 evaluation trials over 3 years, it has consistently outyielded the standard cultivars. ‘Trounce’ has performed well in quality assessments testing its suitability for freezing. A notable feature of this cultivar is the high proportion of small peas produced.

‘Apex’ is a mid‐season processing pea cultivar resistant to pea common wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi race 1 ), pea top yellows virus, and bean yellow mosaic virus. ‘Apex’ has a very determinate fruiting habit which assists in maximising vining yield. It has consistently outyielded the standard cultivars in evaluation trials and meets the processing quality requirements. ‘Apex’ is suitable for freezing and dehydration.

The development of a binomial sequential decision plan, incorporating Taylor's power law, for control of two-spotted spider mite on strawberries in Canterbury is described and compared with a recommended spray schedule. No significant difference existed in yields between the two systems but savings of up to 4 cyhexatin applications were made by following the binomial sequential decision plan. Together with the monetary savings (NZ$500/ha, 1986 prices) from a reduction in spray applications, the problems associated with applied pesticides, resistance, and residues are minimised.

Details of the life cycle and biology of currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in Canterbury, New Zealand, are discussed. The adults live for about 7 days, and are found from mid November to early January. The sex ratio approximates 1:1. Adults are active only when the air temperature exceeds 15°c, and peak flight activity is observed on cloudy days at 20-23°c. Males are attracted to females between 1400 h and 1600 h, and mating lasts for over 2 h. Fecundity averaged about 100 eggs per female, and fertility exceeded 98%. Egg incubation required an average of 19 days in the field; the thermal constant is 91 day degrees. The mean number of eggs per blackcurrant cane varied in different years from 2.68 to 13.54; there was no significant difference between blackcurrant varieties in the same year. Larvae entered the cane through openings or axillary buds and then fed on the pith until late April or May. Quiescence occurred during winter, and feeding resumed in late August or September....

SUMMARY The lateral dynamics of an uncontrolled motorcycle, running on a straight, level road surface, is investigated in this paper. The structural compliances in the front and the rear frames of the motorcycle are taken into account by introducing additional degrees of freedom in the analysis. The kinematics of the tires is represented by linear differential equations which are based on the taut-string model of pneumatic tires. The linear differential equations of motion are solved to yield the eigensolutions of the system. Numerical results, obtained for parameters corresponding to a Honda CB750 motorcycle, are presented and discussed.

This paper reviews the technology of some of the concepts which are applicable to electrically heated clothing systems, and which have been examined by the Ministry of Defence. Some of these systems are already in military and civilian use, whereas others are experimental. The essential features which an electrically heated clothing system must possess are discussed. Brief technical details of six different heating systems are given, together with performance, durability, specific attributes and estimated costs. A brief survey of heating control systems suitable for military use is outlined, together with the necessary prerequisites for optimum performance coupled with size and weight.

This trial investigated the effect of fertiliser nitrogen (N) on the productivity of tussock grassland oversown with a mixture of red and white clovers (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L. respectively) or 'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and with or without a mixture of grasses. Seven weeks after 40 kg N/ha had first been applied, N had increased total dry matter (DM) yields by 64% (22 kg DM kg-1 applied N ha-1) and doubled the contribution to total yields of the sown grasses from 12 to 25%. During the 3 years of the experiment the efficiency of fertiliser N was estimated to be ≃ 36 kg DM kg-1 applied N ha-1. Nitrogen had no effect on legume productivity. Oversowing grasses had no effect on DM production, a result which brings into doubt the value of oversowing grasses into tussock grassland where there is already an appreciable exotic grass component.

The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), was responsible for severe damage in blackcurrants (cv. ‘Magnus’) and strawberries (cv. ‘Tioga’) at Lincoln College in 1974. Larval root pruning of blackcurrants significantly reduced cane growth but had no significant effect on cane initiation. Strawberry plants in a black vine weevilinfested bed were separable into four damage classes based on visual assessment of leaf area: no damage, moderate damage, severe damage, and dead plants. Mean numbers of wcevil larvae per plant were 1.95, 8.35, 37.70, and 39.65 respectively. Comparisons of leaf area, number of leaves, and number of developing berries among the four damage classes showed that significant differences were detectable. Weevil larvae numbers per plant were significantly different among the first three classes but no difference was found between the severe-damage and dead-plant classes. Correlations between plant factors and weevil numbers within the first three damage classes were tested...

(1987). Coronary Heart Disease and the Composition of Adipose Tissue Taken At Biopsy. Human Nutrition. Food Sciences and Nutrition: Vol. 41, No. 3-4, pp. 167-172.

In order to use the water balance approach to schedule irrigation, estimates of crop maximum rooting depths (Zmax) are needed. Published guidelines for irrigation scheduling have suggested that Zmax for peas can be taken as 80 cm. The objectives of this research were firstly to ascertain how accurate the 80 cm estimate of Zmax was for a number of commercial pea crops in Canterbury, and secondly to identify the factors most likely to have limited Zmax for these crops. Values of Zmax for process pea crops at harvest were estimated at ten Canterbury sites during the 1983 – 84 growing season. Soil texture, pH, and dry bulk density were also recorded along with a root disease index, plant population, shoot dry matter, and pea yield. Zmax values for the different sites varied between 40 and 75 cm, with few values exceeding 60 cm. Root penetration to depth did not appear to be much affected by root diseases or subsoil acidity. Rather, subsoil compaction seemed to be responsible for the poor root penetra...

DM yields from a ryegrass-white clover pasture on a low P-fixing (P retention 23%) yellow-grey to yellow-brown earth intergrade soil were measured after annual applications of superphosphate in March, May, July, September, November, or January over 6 years. Phosphate was applied at 9.5 and 28.5 kg P/ha. The effects of these treatments were examined under initially high and low P-test levels (Truog values of 8.1 and 3.1 respectively). Results indicate that although time of application typically resulted in about 4% differences in annual yields, this time can be used to manipulate the balance of seasonal yields. In particular, it can result in up to 8% difference in autumn yields, application in July being most favourable. This effect is much reduced with initial high P-test and the higher level of annual application. These results could be helpful to the fertiliser industry in encouraging a more even spread of demand through the year.

Survivorship curves and life tables for the 1971-75 generations of currant clearwing in an unsprayed blackcurrant (cv. 'Cotswold Cross') plantation and for the 1972-74 generations in a sprayed blackcurrant plantation (cvs 'Cotswold Cross' and 'Magnus') are presented. The key element in the life cycle is identified as adult survival, and the density dependence of the various mortalities is identified by various indices. The possible effects on population levels of currant clearwing of the proposed pruning management for mechanically harvested blackcurrants is discussed.

Strawberry (cv. ‘Red Gauntlet’) yield was measured over two growing seasons, 1984 — 85 and 1985 — 86, in field experiments with a series of treatments involving two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) (Tetranychus urticae Koch), exclusion of predators and pesticide application. Two-spotted spider mite populations were much higher on first season plants than on older plants. Insecticides and miticides apparently play an important role in TSSM population regulation in first season plants but natural population regulation may be more important in populations on older plants. In their first season, plants yielded significantly less than second season plants, although mean berry weight was similar. The yield variation in plants of different ages cannot solely be attributable to seasonal affects. High, uncontrolled TSSM infestations in one season reduced yield in the following season but in the second season the yield variation between newly planted and established plants was still evident. Mite levels on estab...

Sheep and cattle pastures previously grazed for 2 years at 22.2 ewe equivalents/ha were subjected to a common defoliation regime in which animals were excluded (mowing and clippings returned). Sub plot treatments of N at 0, 90, and 270 kg/ha and of K at 0. 56, and 224 kg/ha were applied. Pasture yields, species composition and N and K concentrations and uptake were measured over 8 months. Sheep pastures produced 41% more dry matter than cattle pastures. Factors contributing to this difference were: (a) lower levels of available soil N on cattle pastures as indicated by a greater response to applied N — attributed in part to greater transfer of N into urine patches, (b) a lower percentage cf white clover in cattle pastures, (c) lower sward density and more bare ground in cattle pastures, and (d) losses of urinary N from the cattle farmlet during the additional 30 days they were fed on pads.

A study has been made of (111) twist boundaries in bicrystals of gold with misorientations close to zero and close to the twin misorientation (60°). Closely spaced networks of dissociated dislocations enclosing intrinsic stacking faults in the low-angle boundaries were observed. In the near-twin boundaries networks of perfect interfacial (DSC) dislocations were found but none were observed in the hexagonal arrangement as expected. These observations are interpreted both in terms of conventional dislocation dissociation reactions involving steps at the interface and in terms of the displacement space and symmetry arguments presented by Pond (1977).

Inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulated the uptake of soil P and enhanced the growth of white clover at low levels of applied P. At high levels of applied P mycorrhizal fungi depressed growth. ‘Tamar’ white clover outyielded ‘Grasslands Huia’, particularly at the high levels of applied P. At the lowest level of applied P Tamar had more of its roots converted to mycorrhizas and was more mycotrophic than Huia. Endomycorrhizas formed by the indigenous fungi may benefit field-grown white clover in Warepa silt loam with applications of up to and possibly in excess of 20 kg P/ha.

SYNOPSIS The discussion covers the need to change our present system of harvesting pine timber thinnings in order to increase productivity. It points out that this productivity increase can only be achieved through technical innovation and by the introduction of machinery suited to do the job. The machinery and work methods call for a type of neutral thinning in conjunction with a selective thinning or followed by a selective thinning. The advantages of this type of thinning, as practised in this country, are illustrated.

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are nonpermissive for retrovirus replication. Restriction of retroviral expression in EC cells was studied by using DNA transfection techniques. To investigate the activity of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV)enhancer and promoter sequences, the M-MuLV long terminal repeat and the defined long terminal repeat deletions were linked to neo structural gene sequences that encode resistance to the neomycin analog G418. Transient expression data and drug resistance frequencies support the findings that the M-MuLV enhancer is not active in EC cells but that promoter sequences are functional. In addition, a proviral DNA fragment that encodes the leader RNA sequence of a M-MuLV recombinant retrovirus was found to restrict expression specifically in EC cells. Deletion analysis of the leader fragment localized the inhibitory sequences to a region that spans the M-MuLV tRNA primer binding site. It is not known whether restriction occurs at a transcriptional or posttranscriptional level, but steady-state RNA levels in transient expression assays were significantly reduced.

The effects of superphosphate and lime on competition between Lotus pedunculatus Cav. cv. Grasslands Maku and Trifolium repens L. cv. Grasslands Huia (white clover) were studied by comparing species production as monocultures and bicultures in undisturbed turves of a Waipori upland YBE (pH 4.6) transferred to a glasshouse. Seedlings were planted at 2.5 cm inter- and intra-row spacings with species alternating across and down rows in the biculture. Measurement of competitive ability (‘aggressivity index’) based on proportionate yield differences showed lotus to be the aggressor and white clover the subordinate species under low levels of applied P (30 kg/ha). Application of 100 kg P/ha reversed the competitive order with white clover becoming the aggressor. Associated changes in herbage P and N concentrations and P uptake are presented. Surface-applied lime did not change the nature of competition between white clover and lotus although it is possible that any such effect may not have been detecte...

Partitioning shoot and root competition in mixtures of ‘Grasslands Huia’ white clover (Trifolium repens) and ‘Grasslands Maku’ Lotus pedunculatus growing on an acid, infertile Waipori upland YBE was investigated in a controlled environment. Yields from lotus monocultures were about three times those from clover monocultures. Yields of the lotus/clover mixture were between those of the monocultures (i.e., non-transgressive). Plant-relative yields showed that competition in the mixture was for soil resources and not for light, with lotus the aggressor and clover the subordinate. From herbage nutrient concentration and uptake data, cultivation treatment effects, and the effects of P applied during the experiment, it was concluded that a major factor causing low yields from clover monoculture and its subordinate role in a mixture was its inability to absorb P. This appeared to be due to intolerance of clover and tolerance of lotus to high levels of Al in the soil solution.

The constitutive transcription of a mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) minigene was examined during the transient expression of AFP-simian virus 40-pBR322 recombinant DNAs introduced into HeLa cells by Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation. We tested three constructs, each of which contains the AFP minigene and pBR322 DNAs inserted in the late region of simian virus 40 and found that the relative efficiency of AFP gene expression was dependent on the arrangement of the three DNA elements in the vector. The transcripts begin at the authentic AFP cap site and are properly spliced and polyadenylated. To define a sequence domain in the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene required for constitutive expression, sequential 5' deletion mutants of the AFP minigene were constructed and introduced into HeLa cells. All AFP deletion mutants which retained at least the TATA motif located 30 base pairs upstream from the cap site were capable of directing accurate and efficient AFP transcription. However, when the TATA sequence was deleted, no accurately initiated AFP transcripts were detected. These results are identical to those obtained from in vitro transcription of truncated AFP 5' deletion mutant templates assayed in HeLa cell extracts. The rate of AFP transcription in vivo was unaffected by deletion of DNA upstream of the AFP TATA box but was greatly affected by the distance between the simian virus 40 control region and the 5' end of the gene. The absence of any promoter activity upstream of the TATA box in this assay system is in contrast to what has been reported for several other eucaryotic structural genes in a variety of in vivo systems. A sequence comparison between the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene and these genes suggested that the AFP gene lacks those structural elements found to be important for constitutive transcription in vivo. Either the AFP gene lacks upstream promoter function in the 5' flanking DNA contained within the minigene, or the use of a viral vector in a heterologous system precludes its identification.

The distribution of life stages of currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in blackcurrant bushes was investigated on two plots during 1971–75. Three ways of expressing the distribution are examined, none of which is totally acceptable. Generally less than 10% of eggs are found on the current season's growth, and since wood of this age group represents over 50% of the available universe, the proportion of eggs laid on it is relatively low. The proportion of the larval population in the younger wood increases until just before pupation, when over 80% of the population is in the most recent 2 years' growth. The 1-year-old wood harbours 50% of the early larval population, and a use for this information in assessments of the effectiveness of insecticide trials against adults is suggested. The dispersion of eggs and larvae of S. tipuliformis is shown by a number of indices to be aggregated. The frequency distribution is adequately described by the negative binomial. A common k, k c, of 0...

In spite of the fact that extensive resources were committed to community resource development programs during the late 1950s and through the 1960s, virtually no evaluative information exists about the accomplishments of community development programs. Major commitments were made to community resource development in Arkansas. Using secondary data derived from administrative reports and from various census sources, an evaluation of these programs was performed for the periods from 1960 to 1970 and 1970 to 1980. The 73 nonmetropolitan counties of Arkansas were the units of analysis, and the evaluation focused upon the impacts that the programs had upon net migration of youth, unemployment, employment in retail and wholesale trade and in manufacturing. Regression analysis was used and two basic analytic models were employed. The results showed either that community resource development inputs had no positive impacts upon the selected output variables, or that their impacts were opposite of what local leaders...

The constitutive transcription of a mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) minigene was examined during the transient expression of AFP-simian virus 40-pBR322 recombinant DNAs introduced into HeLa cells by Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation. We tested three constructs, each of which contains the AFP minigene and pBR322 DNAs inserted in the late region of simian virus 40 and found that the relative efficiency of AFP gene expression was dependent on the arrangement of the three DNA elements in the vector. The transcripts begin at the authentic AFP cap site and are properly spliced and polyadenylated. To define a sequence domain in the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene required for constitutive expression, sequential 5' deletion mutants of the AFP minigene were constructed and introduced into HeLa cells. All AFP deletion mutants which retained at least the TATA motif located 30 base pairs upstream from the cap site were capable of directing accurate and efficient AFP transcription. However, when the TATA sequence was deleted, no accurately initiated AFP transcripts were detected. These results are identical to those obtained from in vitro transcription of truncated AFP 5' deletion mutant templates assayed in HeLa cell extracts. The rate of AFP transcription in vivo was unaffected by deletion of DNA upstream of the AFP TATA box but was greatly affected by the distance between the simian virus 40 control region and the 5' end of the gene. The absence of any promoter activity upstream of the TATA box in this assay system is in contrast to what has been reported for several other eucaryotic structural genes in a variety of in vivo systems. A sequence comparison between the 5' flanking region of the AFP gene and these genes suggested that the AFP gene lacks those structural elements found to be important for constitutive transcription in vivo. Either the AFP gene lacks upstream promoter function in the 5' flanking DNA contained within the minigene, or the use of a viral vector in a heterologous system precludes its identification.

The population dynamics and dispersion characteristics of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) in strawberry plants (cv. Red Gauntlet) were examined. Several indices of dispersion were compared; Green’s coefficient of dispersion was simple to use and gave reproducible results over several seasons. Mite dispersion was strongly contagious at the start and end of the season, November and March, respectively, but only weakly contagious between these months. Most mites were found on the large mature leaflets located at the side of the plant; hence, leaflets in this category were suitable sample units. Fewer mites were found on strawberry plants more than one season old. Development of induced resistance by the plant in response to previous mite feeding may be responsible for this phenomenon rather than the influence of natural enemies.