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Hongli Yang,1,* Fajuan Rui,2,* Rui Li,3,* Shengxia Yin,4 Qi Xue,1 Xinyu Hu,5 Yayun Xu,5 Chao Wu,4 Junping Shi,6 Jie Li2,4 1Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji’nan, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jie Li, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China, Email lijier@sina.com Junping Shi, Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Email 20131004@hznu.edu.cnAbstract: Background and Aims: Changes in living standards and diet structure, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent globally, including in Asia, where chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is endemic. As such, cooccurrence of NAFLD with CHB is common in Asia. However, the pathogenesis underlying the onset of fatty liver in CHB prognosis has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of lipotoxicity on hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication.Methods: The expression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1) and miR-122 was evaluated in liver tissues from patients with CHB concurrent NAFLD. Palmitic acid-treated HepG2.2.15 cells were used as the cell model. The effect of lipotoxicity on HBV DNA replication was evaluated in vitro by transfecting the ADAR1 overexpression or knockdown lentiviral vector into HepG2.2.15 cells, respectively. qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to determine ADAR1 expression.Results: The expression of ADAR1 in the liver tissues of CHB patients with concurrent NAFLD was significantly down-regulated compared with that in CHB patients. Enforced expression of ADAR1 inhibited the HBV DNA replication, whereas ADAR1 knockdown resulted in increased HBV DNA expression in palmitic acid - treated HepG2.2.15 cells. Additionally, ADAR1 inhibited the HBV DNA replication by upregulating miR-122, which is most abundant in the liver and mainly inhibits HBV DNA replication.Conclusions: ADAR1 may act as a suppressor of HBV replication in palmitic acid -treated HepG2.2.15 cells by increasing miR-122 levels. Thus, ADAR1 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for CHB with concurrent NAFLD.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: chronic hepatitis B, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ADAR1, miR-122, HBV DNA

Several lines of evidence have linked a dysregulated inflammatory setting to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is a form of chronic vascular inflammation. Various inflammatory biomarkers have been associated with inflammation and are recognized as potential tools to monitor the progression of atherosclerosis. A well-studied inflammatory marker in the context of cardiovascular diseases is C-reactive protein (CRP) or, more accurately, highly sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP), which has been established as an inflammatory biomarker for atherosclerotic events. In addition, a growing body of investigations has attempted to disclose the potential of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and genetic polymorphisms related to innate and adaptive immunity as biomarkers for predicting the development of atherosclerosis. In this review article, we clarify both traditional and novel inflammatory biomarkers related to components of the innate and adaptive immune system that may mirror the progression or phases of atherosclerotic inflammation/lesions. Furthermore, the contribution of the inflammatory biomarkers in developing potential therapeutics against atherosclerotic treatment will be discussed.

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic epithelial neoplasm. Lung metastasis of ameloblastoma is extremely rare, and its biological behavior is still largely unknown. There is no consensus regarding the best method to treat metastasizing ameloblastoma. This report documents a 37-year-old female patient with multiple incidental bilateral pulmonary nodules on computed tomography (CT) and a medical history of ameloblastoma of the left mandible. On admission, her physical examinations and laboratory examinations were unremarkable. The patient underwent partial lobectomy of the middle right and lower right lung nodules via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and the pathological diagnosis was confirmed as ‘metastasizing ameloblastoma.’ No adjuvant therapy was administered, and no evidence of progression was observed at the 12-month follow-up. This is a rare case with multiple lung metastasis from ameloblastoma who was successfully treated with multiple pulmonary resections. The present study indicated that surgery may be considered an appropriate choice for lung metastasis of ameloblastoma.

Purpose Tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN) is a centrally acting α2-adrenergic agonist. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of TZN on human lung cancer and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Methods The effect of TZN treatment in A549 cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis was evaluated by CCK8, transwell and flow cytometer assays. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and the activation of AKT and Wnt3a/β-catenin pathways were detected by Western blot. From the data of DrugBank, TZN could act as an agonist to target Nischarin in humans. We next investigated the function of Nischarin receptor in lung cancer and its role in the anti-tumor activity of TZN. Results The treatment of TZN inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells, and induced apoptosis. These results were further confirmed by that TZN treatment increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in A549 cells. We also observed that TZN treatment changed the expression and phosphorylation of proteins of AKTand Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway members. By bioinformatics analysis, we found that Nischarin was down-regulated in human lung cancer tissues and patients with high Nischarin expression had a better survival. Moreover, Nischarin functioned as a tumor suppressor in the survival and metastasis of A549 cells through the regulation of AKT and Wnt3a/β-catenin pathways. Knockdown of Nischarin promoted the proliferation, invasion, migration of A549 cells and inhibited the apoptosis, which were reversed by the TZN treatment. Conclusion Summary, our data revealed that treatment of TZN inhibited the growth of lung cancer cell line A549 and may be used as a novel strategy for lung cancer therapy.

Purpose: Previous research findings on the association between serum total bilirubin (TB) and cardiovascular events varied with different study populations. Our objective was to clarify the association between serum TB at admission and long-term adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina (SA) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients and methods: This prospective cohort study included 2,502 patients who underwent PCI. Information on the study population was obtained from the Dryad Digital Repository. The patients were divided into two groups: high (>0.60 mg/dL) and low TB groups (≤0.60 mg/dL) based on the optimal cutoff value achieved in the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The relationships between serum TB at admission and clinical outcomes after PCI were analyzed in multivariable logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline. Results: In all patients undergoing PCI, TB>0.60 mg/dL was associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and cardiovascular death during a 3-year follow-up. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.60 (1.22-2.10) and 1.81 (1.22-2.70) for MACE and cardiovascular death, respectively. The association between TB and MACE was not altered by clinical presentation (p for interaction=0.949). Conclusion: In patients with ACS and SA undergoing PCI, elevated serum TB was associated with increased risk of MACE and cardiovascular death.

Purpose Frailty and atherosclerotic diseases are prevalent among the older people and usually present the same pathogenesis and risk factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between frailty and atherosclerosis. Patients and methods The enrolled participants were 171 patients aged 60-96 years in Beijing Tongren Hospital. Data that were collected included sex, age, height, weight, calculated body mass index (BMI), past medical history, comorbidities (including hypertension, coronary heart disease [CHD], and diabetes), ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) as measured using the Barthel index, handgrip strength, 15-feet (4.57 m) walking speed, body composition features determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), and atherosclerosis determined by the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Patients were divided into frail, pre-frail, and non-frail groups using Fried's frailty index. ANOVA was used to assess the differences among these groups. Linear correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the CAVI and frailty phenotype. Ordinal multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the factors affecting frailty and the relationship between frailty and atherosclerosis. Results The population was categorized as 21.3% frail, 38.4% pre-frail, and 40.3% non-frail. Patients in the frail group were older, had lower handgrip strength, slower walking speed, and a lower ABI and a higher proportion of carotid intima-media thickening with values of at least 1 mm compared with those in the pre-frail and non-frail groups. The CAVI score was higher in the frail group than that in the other two groups. There were significant inverse linear correlations between grip strength, walking speed, and the CAVI. CAVI showed an independent risk factor for frailty (OR: 2.013, 95% CI 1.498-2.703, p

This paper describes four new species of Pegomya alticola group from China, namely Pegomya crinicauda Xue & Wang sp. n., Pegomya eurysosternita Xue & Du sp. n., Pegomya nigericeps Xue sp. n. and Pegomya parvicrinicauda Xue sp. n. Type specimens of four new species are all deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China.

This paper describes four new species of Coenosia from China, namely, Coenosia brachyosurstyl sp. n., Coenosia capillicaput sp. n., Coenosia longicrina sp. n. and Coenosia scleroaidomia sp. n.. The type specimens of the four new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China.

This study reviews the muscid genus Polietes from China and describes a new species Polietes ronghuae Xue. A key to the 10 species from China is also given. The type specimens are deposited with the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China.

Three new species of muscids belonging to the Helina guadrum group from China, namely Helina exigua Xue and Wang, Helina ningxiaensis Xue and Sun and Helina spinisurstyla Xue and Sun are described. The diagnosis of the group and key to the species are reviewed. The type material is deposited at the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China.

The muscid flies of the Phaonia fuscata species group from China are reviewed and three new species, namely Phaonia flavinigra sp. nov., Phaonia moirigkawagarboensis sp. nov. and Phaonia fortilabra sp. nov., are described. A modified key to the 55 species included in this species group from China is provided. The type specimens are deposited at the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China.

The dipteran genus Engyneura Stein (Anthomyiidae) from China is reviewed and a new species Engyneura yuanyea sp. nov. is described. A key to the species based on both males and females is also provided. The types are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China.

Two new species of Phaoniapallida group viz. Phaonia mammilla sp. nov. and Phaonia palpilongus sp. nov. from China are described. Also, a new record Phaonia rubriventris Emden from China, along with the distribution of species, and a key to the species of the pallida group from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions are given.

3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenol (4) is an important intermediate for the preparation of baicalein, a natural product possessing significant pharmacological activities and whose derivatives and analogs are u...

A key to the 23 species of the muscid genus Pygophora Schiner from China based on males is provided. A new species Pygophora nigrimargiala sp. nov. is described. The voucher specimens and types of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, P.R. China.

Two new species of the genus Mydaea (Diptera: Muscidae) from China, namely M. fuchaoi sp. nov. and M. minutiglaucina sp. nov. are described, and a key to the species from China is provided in this article. The type specimens are deposited with the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China.

The Palaearctic and Oriental species groups of the genus Helina are partly reviewed, of which the floresana, unistriata, calathocerca, and longicornis are defined. The Palaearctic and Oriental species of these groups are reviewed and keyed. Two new species, namely H. desnudifemorata sp. nov. and H. densiseta sp. nov., are described from China. The type specimens are deposited with the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.

The genus Dichaetomyia Malloch (1921) of Muscidae from China is reviewed and a key to the species from China based on males is provided; five new species, namely, Dichaetomyia hainanensis sp. nov., Dichaetomyia yunnanensis sp. nov., Dichaetomyia nigrifolia sp. nov., Dichaetomyia wuzhishanensis sp. nov. and Dichaetomyia jianfenglingensis sp. nov., are described. Voucher material is deposited with Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang.

A review of subtribe Boettcheriscina with a key to genera is present. Subtribe consists from 18 genera and 72 species, widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions, except Antarctic. The description of a new genus, Fanzideia, n. gen ., with type species Fanzideia cygnocerca, n. sp ., is presented. 14 new combinations of specific names are given: Boettcherisca krathonmai (Pape & Banzinger 2000), n. comb .; B. talomoensis (Magpayo & Kano 1986), n. comb .; B. yuwanensis (Sugiyama 1990), n. comb .; Johnstonimyia paineiana (Baranov 1934), n. comb .; Lioproctia (Coonoria) aureolata (Pape & Kurahachi 2000), n. comb .; L. (C.) kurahashii (Shinonaga & Tumrasvin 1979), n. comb .; L. (C.) saprianovae (Pape & Banzinger 2000), n. comb .; L. (C.) serracudo (Pape & Kurahachi 2004), n. comb .; L. (C.) sumbaensis (Shinonaga 2004), n. comb .; L. (C.) sundaensis (Shinonaga 2004), n. comb .; L. (C.) vietnamensis (Shinonaga & Thinh 2003), n. comb .; Rosellea suthep (Pape & Banziger 2003), n. comb .; Latystyla cz...

Three new species of Eutrichota Kowarz from China, namely E. apiciserpenta, sp. nov., E. breviungula, sp. nov. and E. minutiungula, sp. nov., described and illustrated,; a key to the species from the Palaearctic region also given.

The paper includes keys to three species groups of the genus Botanophila, and the characteristics of each species group. It also provides the description of four new species, namely Botanophila longibarbata n. sp., Botanophila dianisenecio n. sp., Botanophila spinisternatodea n. sp. and Botanophila latispinisternata n. sp. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

The species groups of the genus Phaonia, together with the included species from China, are listed. Thirty-nine species groups and 350 species are recorded from China. Four new species are described, viz., P. klinostoichas, sp. nov., P. hainanensis, sp. nov., P. jiulongensis, sp. nov. and P. cineripollinosa, sp. nov. Phaonia blaesomera is assigned to Lophosceles.

Six new species of Coenosia Meigen from China are described, namely C. appendi-membrana, sp. nov., C. brevispinula, sp. nov., C. fimbribasis, sp. nov., C. penicullicauda, sp. nov., C. sub-carinata, sp. nov., and C. zanclocerca, sp. nov. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

The Chinese species of the Fannia canicularis group are reviewed. A new species, Fannia triangula Wang, sp. nov., is described. One new junior synonym, F. chaoyangensis Zhang, 1995 for F. canicularis (Linnaeus, 1761) is established. F. facisetosa is redescribed. A key to the twelve known Chinese species is presented.

The taxonomy of Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) from China is treated, including descriptions of three new species, viz. Hydrotaea bistoichas, sp. nov., H. fimbripeda, sp. nov. and H. compositispina, sp. nov. A key to the Chinese species of Hydrotaea is given. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, P. R. China.

The Fannia posticata species-group was established by Chillcott in 1961. Sixteen species of this group are known worldwide. A new species, F. davidianicornis, sp. nov. is described from China and five Palaearctic species of the group are reviewed. A diagnosis and a key to the 5 known Palaearctic species is presented. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

The Chinese species of Lispocephala Pokorny, 1893 are reviewed, including descriptions of new species. A generic diagnosis is given and illustrated. A key to the 23 known Chinese species is given. Four new species are described, namely L. apicaliseta Xue & Zhang, sp. nov., L. nigrigeneris Xue & Zhang, sp. nov., L. pilimutinus Xue & Zhang, sp. nov., and L. sichuanensis Xue & Feng, sp. nov. The female of L. odonta Xue, 1981 is described for the first time. Eight new combinations are established, viz. L. paulihamata (Xue, Feng & Liu), L. ungulitigris (Feng & Xue), Lispocephala obfuscatipennis (Xue), L. orbiprotuberans (Xue & Yang), L. curvivesica (Xue, Feng & Liu), L. securisocialis (Xue, Feng & Liu), L. postifolifera (Feng & Xue), and L.frigida (Feng & Xue). Notes are given on L. secura Ma, 1981. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, P. R. China.

The Helina quadrum species group is defined. A key to the known Chinese species is given. The 17 Chinese species are listed, including one new species, Helina guangxiensis, sp. nov. The holotype of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

The taxonomy of Lispe Latreille, 1796 (Diptera: Muscidae) is reviewed. A key to the species group and 42 species and 2 subspecies occurring in China is provided. Three new species, namely L. appendibacula, sp. nov., L. septentrionalis, sp. nov., and L. tarsocilica, sp. nov., and one new junior synonym, L. argenteiceps Ma & Mou, 1992, syn. nov. for L. aquamarina Shinonaga & Kano, 1983 are established. L. cinifera Becker, 1904 is reported from new localities in China. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

This paper deals with the taxonomy of Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 from China. Three new species, namely H. cynocercata, sp. nov., H. subhirtisurstyla, sp. nov. and H. xianggelilaensis, sp. nov., and four new junior synonyms, i.e., H. dehiscideleta Xue & Li, 2002, syn. nov. for H. paomashana Feng, 2000; H. jianchangensis Ma, 1981, syn. nov. for H. intermedia (Villeneuve, 1899); H. rariciliata Wu, 1989, syn. nov. for H. annosa (Zetterstedt, 1838); and H. subeiensis Ma & Wang, 1992, syn. nov. for H. bohemani Ringdahl, 1916 are established. An original key to identify the known 162 Chinese species is given. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.

Two new species of the genus Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, collected from the western mountainous region of Sichuan Province are described, namely H. postiflexa n. sp. and H. subdibrachiata n. sp.

Six noncrisphead lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) were grown in pots, using soil from field plots that had been amended annually with 90 MT/ha of an industrial sludge as part of a continuous study initiated in 1981. Two greenhouse experiments (each replicated 6 times) were completed—one in the spring and one in the fall. Variables included 6 cultivars, 2 soil pH levels and 2 soil Zn levels. All variables appeared to influence Cd accumulation in the leaf tissue. Uptake of Cd and Zn increased with decreasing soil pH for all cultivars. ‘Grand Rapids’ accumulated the least leaf Cd and ‘Summer Bibb’ the most. A positive correlation between leaf Zn and leaf Cd was observed, but the correlation between soil Zn and leaf Cd was variable.