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An extensive literature in comparative political economy has examined the determinants of wage militancy and moderation at the country level. So far, however, there has been no attempt to analyse the determinants of wage satisfaction and dissatisfaction at the individual level. Based on two waves of the International Social Survey Programme, this article seeks to fill this void. It examines to what extent trade exposure affects individual attitudes towards wages, and whether bargaining institutions facilitate the internalisation of competitiveness requirements, as suggested by the vast literature on neocorporatism. Surprisingly, no relationship is found between the structure of wage bargaining (more or less coordinated or centralised) and wage dissatisfaction at the individual level. Instead, wage dissatisfaction decreases strongly when workers are individually exposed to trade and countries rely heavily on export-led growth. The findings point to the need to rethink the determinants of wage moderation. Determinants of wage moderation Data and models Results Concluding discussion Supplemental material Acknowledgements References

The field of “thought” in East Asia has begun to shrink since the 1980s and separated from its intellectual tradition. This essay aims to recover the gap between the two by focusing on the economic...

Multiplier effects play a major role in determining importance of a sector of interest to the national economy. In order to determine the significance of Croatian transport sectors, in this paper input-output analysis was applied. A comparative analysis of type I and type II output, gross value added and employment multipliers based on input-output tables for Croatian economy for the year 2010 and 2015 was performed. Type I multipliers were calculated based on the open IO model. Closed IO model was used in type II multipliers determination. Results indicate that sector code H49—Land transport services and transport services via pipelines and sector code H50— water transport services in the year 2015 recorded lower type I and type II output, gross value added and employment multipliers compared to the year 2010. For sector code H51—Air transport services, significant growth in terms of all three economic indicators was detected, especially when interest is focused on type I and type II employment multipliers. Results presented in this paper could be valuable for academia and general public because they reflect multipliers estimation of transport sectors in Republic of Croatia for the first time based on sound macroeconomic analysis tool.

Western Australia has continued to be seen from without as both necessary and as supplemental: its distinctive place within the national economy, history and psyche has continued to drive a specifi...

Creating superhydrophobic materials that effectively protect metal from corrosion would bring great benefits for human safety and national economy. However, most of these materials suffer from poor...

As an environmental protection fuel, methanol is widely used in national economy. The tremendous price fluctuation of methanol makes risk avoidance an important issue. However, traditional normal h...

Inward foreign direct investments are usually cited as an essential tool for economic growth and are often listed as one of the priorities by national governments, especially in transition countries strive. When local communities are concerned, the economic effects of international capital flows in principle should not differ from the national economy. Despite the threats they can also pose, they should mostly represent the opportunity for technological improvements and raising the competitiveness of the economy. When inward foreign direct investments are more or less limited to a local community, its leadership is in a position to follow them carefully. In this case, they are usually also well informed on sentiments of the population regarding these investments. These processes may add to the governments’ responsibility when planning the investments but often also add to the transparency of other stakeholders, which could help the governments to manage foreign direct investments in the local community. To offer a novelty with research in the field, the authors added this perspective to existing studies, predominantly analysing foreign direct investment effects in the national economy. The paper brings a comparative analysis of sentiments in local communities in Slovenia and Serbia. Statistical analysis based on opinion polls, although not free of statistical risks, enabled expected conclusions but also opened new insights.

Maritime clusters benefit both business operations and the national economy. They have existed for a long time, and have contributed significantly to both global and regional economic development, ...

Ports are a cornerstone of the local, state, and national economy, especially for coastal cities. However, ports face growing economic challenges that require infrastructure financing, and a releva...

Within Australia, the construction industry is one of the largest contributors to the Australian national economy. Yet despite the economic significance of the sector, and the need for graduates of...

The growth in the role of the military sector of certain Soviet states in the overall structure of the national economy, to the detriment of other sectors, along with providing military assistance ...

The purpose of this study is to examine the understandings of public sector leaders about Leadership Ethos (LE) and its inherent Critical Success Factors(CSFs) looking at their application in the p...

Development of the non-oil sector and diversification of the national economy in Azerbaijan have become important issues for the government of Azerbaijan. The latter becomes an unavoidable policy i...

Within the context of today’s fourth industrial revolution, all civilized countries have the same objective for the new industrialization: the national economy’s technical and technological moderni...

The transportation industry is the important component of the national economy as well as emissions reductions, however, few previous studies have investigated the carbon productivity (CP) of the t...

This paper estimates the size of the economic impact generated by the Slovenian health care sector on the national economy in the 2009–2014 period. The study separately calculates output, income, e...

Cement is an essential basic and resource, which has a significant impact on the Chinese national economy. However, at present, cement is still an unsustainable basic building material, and as such...

Playing a vital role in the national economy and food security of many countries, maize should be identified precisely to accurately determine planting area and yield times. Analysis of mul...

In Russia, regionality is a powerful factor in the functioning of the national economy, particularly in relation to the agricultural sector. When addressing the numerous problems of national food s...

Since rural Canada contributes about one-third of the national economy and significantly to culture, we argue it deserves greater attention in public policy, beginning with policy education...

Transportation infrastructure plays an important role in supporting the national economy and social well-being. Extreme events have caused terrible physical damages to the transportation infrastruc...

The entry of foreign capital marked a significant change in the Korean banking sector. It played a critical role in transforming insolvent banks into profit-making banks. The acquisition of domestic banks by foreign private equity funds restructured the management by changing the corporate governance and pursuing result-oriented policies, while it had a negative impact on the national economy in general. Korea’s experience shows that the role of foreign private equity funds in the domestic banking sector needs to be evaluated from the perspective of both the performance of each bank and its effect on the national economy.

Travel and tourism has great association with other industries in the national economy making major indirect earns and also enhances foreign investment, opportunities of trade, investments in private, local development, and public infrastructure. Pakistan has rich potential of tourism due to its rich culture, geographical and biological diversity, and history. Tourism has developed as an instrument for creating considerable economic gains. The country has various tourist destinations at Swat, Malam Jabba, Behrain, Kalam, Shangla, Balakot, Kaghan, Naran, Ayoubia, Murree, Chitral, Gilgit Baltistan, Hunza, and Neelam valleys, other mountainous ranges, and historical and archaeological sites. Pakistan has great potential and offers diverse opportunities for tourists, such as trout fishing in the glacial water of Gilgit Baltistan and Swat rivers, Shandur Polo traditional tournament, paragliding, rock climbing, and trekking in northern areas, Jeep and camel safari in the Cholistan desert, Wild Boar hunt...

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can play an important role in the national economy of developing countries. The adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) has enabled lo...

Nigeria presents an important case for examining the interactionbetween economic emergence and (in)security on account of theBoko Haram- led insurgency. This paper interrogates long-standingtheoretical assumptions about the economic consequences ofviolent conflict in such a complex space. It analyses the cost ofNorth-East Nigeria’s conflict on development by considering itsimpact on the economy at the national and subnational levels.Generalised assumptions about the ways through which conflictaffects development appear to hold in some regards but not inothers. Evidence suggests some disruption in fiscal adjustmentsat the macro level, trade and investment as well as agriculturalproduction and commerce within the North-East but less so withregard to economic growth and foreign direct investment flows atthe national level. The paper finds evidence of a dichotomy in termsof the impact of the conflict on the national and subnational economy.There is a high degree of containment of the repercussions of theconflict at the subnational level. However, there remains a degree ofinterconnectedness across these strata that are influenced by bothdomestic and international political economy dynamics.

Seaports are crucial pivots connecting a state’s national economy with the world economy. As the largest developing country and one of the largest seaport constructors and operators in the world, C...

Sea transport dominates international trade. Access to a working port infrastructure is thus critical for any national economy and its citizens. Drawing on explorative research conducted in the UK ...

This paper addresses the environmental and social challenges that emerged in Spain in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis. The high dependence of the national economy on the inflated construction sector led the country to a sudden recession when the real estate market collapsed. The consequences were manifold: On the one hand, the number of evictions increased dramatically as households without regular income could not repay their mortgages. On the other hand, suburbs were filled with ‘ghost towns’ of unfinished buildings and empty estates, which were abandoned by bankrupted developers. This article presents a feasible solution for both problems. The strategy is based on the temporal colonization of unfinished buildings to provide affordable accommodation for evicted families. The existing structures will be retrofitted with low-cost and high-performance solutions based on thorough environmental analysis. These architectural interventions will qualify the urban environment while responding t...

This study considers the political aspects of the Joko Widodo government’s megaproject to build an integrated marine logistic system known as the tol laut. Expanding the existing literature which gives details about the contextual obstacles faced by and the prospects for the Indonesian government to pursue its infrastructure ambitions, the study argues that notwithstanding the relevance of the tol laut for advancing the Indonesian economy, it is inevitably entangled with dynamic internal and external environments which can unfavourably distort the construction processes. This is the way of understanding the political economy of Indonesia’s development issues which allows for the juxtaposition of domestic political and international relations factors as its framework of analysis. The discussion is divided into four sections. Section one explains the conceptual and methodological foundation of the study. Section two outlines the importance of the tol laut to Indonesian national economic development....

The eight-year-long period from Japan’s initiation of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 to its unconditional surrender in 1945 forced Japan to invest its national economy and industrial and scie...

The waters off the Peruvian coast have long been the engine of its national economy, most notably during the guano era of the nineteenth century. Since the end of World War II, Peru has developed t...

This paper examines the archaeological evidence for hand spinning in medieval Britain from c 1200 to c 1500. Ceramic, stone and baked clay spindle whorls have dominated the excavated finds, but a new corpus of lead alloy spindle whorls, recorded through the Portable Antiquities Scheme and Scottish Treasure Trove, is presented here. Analysis of the metal whorls’ distribution, manufacture, dating and decoration is provided, illuminating the wide social and economic contexts in which they were used. From memento mori of pious spinners to sexually potent objects representative of lubricious gossips, the ubiquitous spindle whorl was a universal tool that had a powerful agency. The artefacts are small finds embodying daily life but also tie into the wider national economy of the High and Late Middle Ages.

The Dar es Salaam debates of the 1970s provide a starting point for a discussion of the need for sweeping rural social transformation and ‘finishing’ liberation in Africa through examples of Zimbabwe’s ‘fast-track’, 20 years of failed land reform in South Africa and Burkina Faso’s short period of radical reform. Too often, liberation is conceptualised as correcting inadequate formal democracy. More than meeting the needs of the rural poor or righting historical wrongs, the struggle for land can open a pathway based on mobilising the population for developing a new system of agriculture, linked to an independent national economy and radically different society.

The mining industry is an important sector of the national economy, which provides essential support for energy and other resources for economic development. Industrial linkage and economic distance are two different concepts in measuring the correlationship of different industries, in this article, we apply the model that combines both of them to analyse the industries significantly influence the mining industry. We find that electricity and heating industry, and the mining industry itself from forward linkages have greatly influenced the mining industry, and the industries from backward linkages affect mining industry are changing with industrial economic transformation. We also find resources can flow across several regions only after 2007, which means the role of geographical factors limiting long-range transportation of resources is weakening after 2007. And we explain how resources flow among various regions during 1997 ~ 2007. Based on the findings above, policy implications from the empiri...

Despite the continuing strength of Unionist politics in Scotland, from the inter-war economic crisis onwards, there slowly emerged distinctive understanding of a Scottish industrial economy. Aided by administrative devolution, and from the 1940s by a UK-wide turn towards economic planning, a project aimed at a planned modernisation of Scottish industry gained increasing traction. This article focuses on the activities of the technocratic elements of the Scottish elite, the civil servants and academic economists who played a key role in conceptualising and quantifying the Scottish economy, and making and applying policy to develop the Scottish industrial nation between the 1930s and 1970s.

If you are not an economist or deeply trained in economics, you may well think what mainstreamers think of as the economy is quite strange. This sociologist argues it is also misleading.

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of travel and tourism competitiveness (measured by the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index [TTCI]) on the national economic competitiveness of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries (measured by the Global Competitiveness Index [GCI]). The aim is to identify critical factors for improving competitiveness of SAA countries from the area of tourism competitiveness. The study was conducted using the following methods: regression, cluster and grey relational analysis (GRA). Results reveal that travel and tourism competitiveness has a high impact on national competitiveness in the analysed group of countries. The study identified three homogeneous groups within SSA countries according to the TTCI pillars. The different impact of the TTCI on the GCI is determined in each of these three homogeneous groups of countries. The outcomes of this study could provide recommendations for tourism development policy-makers in SSA countries based on the results ...

This paper addresses a particular innovation projects category, that is, eco-innovation, in line with the fact that a lot of research has been recently carried out in this area, due to increasing attention. Eco-innovation projects are related to development and introducing the new products, processes and services that reduce the overall negative impact on the environment, putting the business and innovation together to create sustainable solutions. The aim of our research is developing a model for prioritization of the most frequent eco-innovation projects in the recycling field. It should be one of the key challenges for national economies as it happens to be one of the current priorities and burning issues for the European Commission (Horizon 2020, CIP, COSME, etc.), giving the proposed model framework. The ranking has been established with regard to common national economy benefits defined through identified criteria, by applying the well-known analytic hierarchy process method of multi-criteria decisi...

This article focuses on how to realize the still untapped potential of our oil and gas sector in order that the whole national economy moves toward a trajectory of stable growth and innovative development, so that economic policy can be shaped without separating out resource- and nonresource-based sectors as two irreconcilable alternatives.

The interaction between the organization and the institutional environment leads to organizational change or innovation. As the basic industry of China’s national economy, agricultural enterprises are transmitted from the institutional environment to the internals of the enterprise and are transformed into innovative behaviors, which ultimately form performance. Based on the research paradigm of “institution-behavior-performance”, it is of great significance to promote the association between formal and informal institutions, technical executive power and agricultural enterprise innovation performance. This article studied a sample of 164 listed agricultural enterprises from 2009 to 2017 and adopted the negative binomial regression to determine the relationship between institutional environment and innovation performance of these enterprises. The results of the studies show that the more perfect the formal system, the better the innovation performance of agricultural enterprises, while the informal system inhibits the innovation performance of enterprises. The technical executives play a positive intermediary role between formal institutions and innovation performance. However, it does not have a significant intermediary effect between informal institutions and innovation performance.

The article studies the possible measures to increase the sustainability of Russia’ economic development on the background of current hostilities with the West. I argue that the development of small enterprises can assist to overcome the worst consequences of sanctions—the fall in male life expectancy as the analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between the share of small and medium businesses (SMEs) in the national economy and the life expectance of males. Several suggestions on how to increase the share of SMEs in the Russian economy are proposed.

The olive tree (Olea europaea) is widely cultivated for the production of both oil and table olives and very significant because of its economic value. Olive and olive oil, a traditional food product with thousands of years of history, are the essential components of the Mediterranean diet and are largely consumed in the world. Beside of their economical contribution to national economy, these are an important food in terms of their nutritional value. Olive and olive oil may have a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease and certain cancers because of their high levels of monosaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. In addition, olives (Olea europaea L.) and olive oils provide a rich source of natural antioxidants. These make them both fairly stable against auto-oxidation and suitable for human health. The aim of this paper is to define the historical development and nutritional importance of olive and olive oil constituted an important part of the Mediterranean diet.

China's rise constitutes the most serious geopolitical challenge facing the United States today. On current trends, China could—many say will—develop a national economy larger than that of the Unit...

As the national economy has worsened, a large cadre of tenured senior faculty is graying and staying at their institutions. This has left an older set of full professors who began their careers in ...

The reason why the income gap among the Chinese people is continuously increasing is primarily that the proportion of private ownership in China's ownership relations is increasing while that of public ownership is decreasing. Efforts to find solutions to the problem of a growing income gap in the domain of distribution relations have not been entirely effective, and have made little practical contribution to resolving the problem, while being unsustainable as well. Only the improvement of ownership relations can fundamentally reverse the trend to an increasing income gap within the Chinese population, and promote common prosperity. This paper suggests a scientific approach: in respect of the ownership structure, the proportion of public ownership in the national economy should be increased, and a pattern established in which the public economy holds the dominant position, while the various elements of the multi-ownership economy, directed by the state-owned economy, coordinate with each other for develop...

Port planners have to make decisions on optimal berth capacity for container port development. The main purpose of this paper is twofold. One is to review the current practices adopted by selected major ports in Asia in estimating berth and port capacities in their planning decisions. The other is to suggest a new approach to estimate the optimal capacity of a berth/port from the perspective of a national economy and to show how the traditional approach can integrate economic factors. Findings suggest that port planners should look into incurring costs of not only the construction, but also the opportunity costs of ships and cargo when deciding to use port facilities to full capacity.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role and influence of the maritime sector on the national economy of Taiwan by using Input–Output (I–O) analysis. Results show that the maritime industry has relatively high backward linkage and production-inducing effects, but has relatively low forward linkage, supply-shortage cost and price effects. This study reveals the difficulty in considering the maritime sector as a leading sector for the national economy based on the low values of both power and sensitivity of dispersion, no matter how many shipping companies who request government incentives for promoting the shipping industries and underscore the importance of maritime transport in conveying the national imports and exports.

The manufacturing environment is now so competitive that the companies must not only continuously improve their performance, but also do it faster than others. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) significantly contribute to the industrial output of an economy, and must be competitive for the national economy to be competitive in this era of international business. With almost all productivity improvement (PI) tools requiring a working knowledge of statistics, the Indian SME manager with his semi-literate workforce with little or no technical and mathematical training needs a simple and heuristic PI tool that addresses his particular needs. This article proposes a simple scheduling heuristic to improve productivity quickly and effectively and demonstrates its application and benefits through a case study in a spring manufacturing SME.

At the end of the 1930s, Americans interested in the fates and futures of their cities had the opportunity to consider two new efforts to summarize urban problems and propose solutions. The first was Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy, published in 1937 under the auspices of the National Resources Board. The second was The City, a film sponsored by the American Institute of Planners for showing at the New York world's fair in 1939. The report and the film arose out of different analytical traditions, the first from the approach that embedded urban planning within a larger field of social science and policy making and the second from the physical planning and design tradition that had marked planning practice in the first third of the twentieth century. This article considers the origins of the two texts, compares their topical coverage and prescriptions for change, and argues that their differences encapsulated a deep tension that has continued to be manifest within urban planning in the USA i...

In this study, significant fatty acids, trans fatty acids, peroxide value, and free fatty acids of 25 samples collected from general restaurants, fast-food restaurants, and catering companies in Afyonkarahisar province and neighboring areas were analyzed. Fresh sunflower oil was used as the reference oil. An amount of 50 g of potato pieces was fried at 180°C for 3 min in every frying interval for a total of 15 times of frying in the same oil. Oleic, linoleic, linolenic, trans fatty acids, peroxide value, and free fatty acids of this fresh oil were measured after every frying process and compared to oils collected from different sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization level of frying oils for the restaurant sector to reveal their effect on human nutrition and health as an investigation on recycling oils for the national economy. As a result of the study, free fatty acid levels reached a maximum codex level of 0.6 g/100 g oil at the eighth time frying interval and this level in i...