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This study was conducted to determine how skilled nurses perceive the independence of children with congenital heart disease. A questionnaire survey was administered to elicit responses to questions such as whether the skilled nurses noticed problems with the independence of children with congenital heart disease, and whether they thought that support from adults close to the children was needed to foster independence. More than 60% of the 84 nurses perceived problems regarding the independence of children with congenital heart disease. Situations in which skilled nurses noticed problems, in addition to difficulties and limitations in understanding of the disease, included instances of family members making decisions and answering questions and of the child being unable to communicate easily. Nearly all of the skilled nurses felt that support from adults close to children with congenital heart disease was needed to foster their independence.

GANBATTA ("Well done!") is a term used frequently in Japan to praise children in medical settings when they have worked hard or made a courageous attempt. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the factor structure of behaviors associated with ganbatta in young children (age 3-7 years) undergoing blood sampling or vaccine injection. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out on 150 selected pediatric nursing educators holding a nursing license (age ≥20 years). An exploratory factor analysis was then conducted using the principal factor method with promax rotation to confirm the construct validity. Cronbach's α coefficients were calculated for each identified factor to verify the internal consistency of the item. The mean (standard deviation) lengths of pediatric nursing and pediatric nursing education experience were 7.8 (4.7) and 9.9 (8.1) years, respectively. The cumulative contribution rate was 70.4%. The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.927. The p value of Bartlett's test of sphericity was

Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer and its allied species are referred to as matsutake worldwide and are the most economically important edible mushrooms in Japan. They are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and established an ectomycorrhizal relationship with conifer and broadleaf trees. To clarify relationships among T. matsutake and its allies, and to delimit phylogenetic species, we analyzed multilocus datasets (ITS, megB1, tef, gpd) with samples that were correctly identified based on morphological characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses clearly identified four major groups: matsutake, T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocasta- neum and T. caligatum; the latter three species were outside the matsutake group. The haplotype analyses and median-joining haplotype network analyses showed that the matsutake group included four closely related but clearly distinct taxa (T. matsutake, T. anatolicum, Tricholoma sp. from Mexico and T. magnivelare) from different geographical regions; these were considered to be distinct phylogenetic species.