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In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the Cohen-Macaulayness of the associated graded ring of a simplicial affine semigroups using Gr\"{o}bner basis. We generalize the concept of homogeneous numerical semigroup for the simplicial affine semigroup and show that the Betti numbers of the corresponding semigroup ring matches with the Betti numbers of the associated graded ring. We also define the nice extension for simplicial affine semigroups, motivated by the notion of a nice extension of the numerical semigroups.

Let $S=\mathbb{K}[x_1,\ldots, x_n]$ be the polynomial ring over a field $\mathbb{K}$ and $\mathfrak{m}= (x_1, \ldots, x_n)$ be the irredundant maximal ideal of $S$. For an ideal $I \subset S$, let $\mathrm{sat}(I)$ be the minimum number $k$ for which $I \colon \mathfrak{m}^k = I \colon \mathfrak{m}^{k+1}$. In this paper, we compute the saturation number of irreducible monomial ideals and their powers. We apply this result to find the saturation number of the ordinary powers and symbolic powers of some families of monomial ideals in terms of the saturation number of irreducible components appearing in an irreducible decomposition of these ideals. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for the saturation number of monomial ideals in two variables.

In this paper we examine some natural ideal conditions and show how graphs can be defined that give a visualization of these conditions. We examine the interplay between the multiplicative ideal theory and the graph theoretic structure of the associated graph. Behavior of these graphs under standard ring extensions are studied, and in conjunction with the theory, some classical results and connections are made., Comment: 24 pages

We introduce and study the set of radical stable operations of an integral domain $D$. We show that their set is a complete lattice that is the join-completion of the set of spectral semistar operations, and we characterize when every radical operation is spectral (under the hypothesis that $D$ is rad-colon coherent). When $D$ is a Pr\"ufer domain such that every set of minimal prime ideals is scattered, we completely classify stable semistar operations.

We consider the set of all the ideals of a ring, endowed with the coarse lower topology. The aim of this paper is to study the topological properties of distinguished subspaces of this space and detect the spectrality of some of them.

Let $\mathcal{P}$ be a simple thin polyomino and $\Bbbk$ a field. Let $R$ be the toric $\Bbbk$-algebra associated to $\mathcal{P}$. Write the Hilbert series of $R$ as $h_{R}(t)/(1-t)^{\dim(R)}$. We show that $$(-1)^{\left\lfloor{\frac{\mathrm{deg} h_R(t)}{2}}\right\rfloor}h_{R}(-1) \geq 0$$ if $R$ is Gorenstein. This shows that the Gorenstein rings associated to simple thin polyominoes satisfy the Charney-Davis conjecture., Comment: To appear in Communications in Algebra

This paper investigates when local cohomology modules have an annihilator that does not depend on the choice of an ideal. Takahashi classified the dominant resolving subcategories of the category of finitely generated modules over a commutative Noetherian ring. We show that his classification theorem describes annihilation results of local cohomology modules over a finite-dimensional ring with certain assumptions or a Cohen-Macaulay ring., Comment: 10 pages; In the second version, minor revisions were made, including Remark 5.5

Given a square-free monomial ideal $I$ in a polynomial ring $R$ over a field $\mathbb{K}$, one can associate it with its LCM-lattice and its hypergraph. In this short note, we establish the connection between the LCM-lattice and the hypergraph, and in doing so we provide a sufficient condition for removing higher dimension edges of the hypergraph without impacting the projective dimension of the square-free monomial ideal. We also offer algorithms to compute the projective dimension of a class of square-free monomial ideals built using the new result and previous results of Lin-Mantero., The paper is split into two via the suggestion of the editor. The second part will be submitted soon

It is known that the numerical invariants Betti numbers and Bass numbers are worthwhile tools for decoding a large amount of information about modules over commutative rings. We highlight this fact, further, by establishing some criteria for certain semidualizing complexes via their Betti and Bass numbers. Two distinguished types of semidualizing complexes are the shifts of the underlying rings and dualizing complexes. Let $C$ be a semidualizing complex for an analytically irreducible local ring $R$ and set $n:=\sup C$ and $d:=\dim_RC$. We show that $C$ is quasi-isomorphic to a shift of $R$ if and only if the $n$th Betti number of $C$ is one. Also, we show that $C$ is a dualizing complex for $R$ if and only if the $d$th Bass number of $C$ is one., Comment: A slightly shorter version of this paper appears in Communications in Algebra

The graded Hori map has been recently introduced by Han-Mathai in the context of T-duality as a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded transform whose homogeneous components are the Hori-Fourier transforms in twisted cohomology associated with integral multiples of a basic pair of T-dual closed 3-forms. We show how in the rational homotopy theory approximation of T-duality, such a map is naturally realised as a pull-iso-push transform, where the isomorphism part corresponds to the canonical equivalence between the left and the right gerbes associated with a T-duality configuration., 16 pages, final version. To appear in Comm. Alg. . Minor corrections

We introduce the dual notions of $\mathcal{E}(\mathcal{X},M,\mathcal{Y})$ and $\mathcal{M}(\mathcal{X},M,\mathcal{Y})$, and investigate when they have enough injective objects or projective objects, when they are resolving or co-resolving, and when they are Frobenius categories. In the case that they are Frobenius categories, we establish a recollement of their stable categories. Finally some applications to comma categories are given., Comment: 20 pages to appear in Comm. Algebra

A determinantal facet ideal (DFI) is an ideal $J_\Delta$ generated by maximal minors of a generic matrix parametrized by an associated simplicial complex $\Delta$. In this paper, we construct an explicit linear strand for the initial ideal with respect to any diagonal term order $, Comment: 16 pages; v2: added revisions in line with referee comments + DOI for published version. v1: significantly expanded version of contents originally appearing in 2006.14434. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2006.14434

An integral domain $D,$ with quotient field $K,$ is a $v$-domain if for each nonzero finitely generated ideal $A$ of $D$ we have $(AA^{-1})^{-1}=D.$ It is well known that if $D$ is a $v$-domain$,$ then some quotient ring $D_{S}$ of $D$ may not be a $v$-domain. Calling $D$ a super $v$-domain if every quotient ring of $D$ is a $v$-domain we characterize super $v$-domains as locally $v$-domains. Using techniques from factorization theory we show that $D$ is a super $v$-domain if and only if $D[X]$ is a super $v$-domain if and only if $D+XK[X]$ is a super $v$-domain and give new examples of super $v$ -domains that are strictly between $v$-domains and P-domains that were studied in [Manuscripta Math. 35(1981)1-26]

A classical problem in the literature seeks the minimal number of proper subgroups whose union is a given finite group. A different question, with applications to error-correcting codes and graph colorings, involves covering vector spaces over finite fields by (minimally many) proper subspaces. In this note we cover $R$-modules by proper submodules for commutative rings $R$, thereby subsuming and recovering both cases above. Specifically, we study the smallest cardinal number $\aleph$, possibly infinite, such that a given $R$-module is a union of $\aleph$-many proper submodules. (1) We completely characterize when $\aleph$ is a finite cardinal; this parallels for modules a 1954 result of Neumann. (2) We also compute the covering (cardinal) numbers of finitely generated modules over quasi-local rings and PIDs, recovering past results for vector spaces and abelian groups respectively. (3) As a variant, we compute the covering number of an arbitrary direct sum of cyclic monoids. Our proofs are self-contained., Comment: Final version, to appear in Communications in Algebra. 10 pages, no figures

This note contains two new observations on the linkage properties of quaternion algebras over fields of characteristic 2: first, that a 3-linked field need not be 4-linked (a case which was left open in previous papers) and that three inseparably linked quaternion algebras are also cyclically linked when the base-field is odd-closed.

The paper is devoted to give a full classification of all finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras $ L $ of class $4$ such that $ \dim L^2=3. $ Moreover, we classify the capable ones., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1712.01542

In this paper, we introduce the concept of n-semiprimary ideals, n-powerful ideals, and n-powerful semiprimary ideals of commutative rings. We study these concepts and relate them to several generalizations of pseudo-valuation domains.

Let $D$ be an integral domain. Then $D$ is an almost valuation (AV-)domain if for $a, b\in D\setminus \{0\}$ there exists a natural number $n$ with $a^{n}\mid b^{n}$ or $b^{n}\mid a^{n}$. AV-domains are closely related to valuation domains, for example, $D$ is an AV-domain if and only if the integral closure $\bar{D}$ is a valuation domain and $D\subseteq \bar{D}$ is a root extension. In this note we explore various generalizations of DVRs (which we might call almost DVRs) such as Noetherian AV-domains, AV-domains with $\bar{D}$ a DVR, and quasilocal and local API-domains (i.e., for $\{a_{\alpha}\}_{\alpha\in \Lambda}\subseteq D$, there exists an $n$ with $(\{a_{\alpha}^{n}\}_{\alpha\in \Lambda})$ principal). The structure of complete local AV-domains and API-domains is determined.

A numerical semigroup is an additive subsemigroup of the non-negative integers. In this paper, we consider parametrized families of numerical semigroups of the form $P_n = \langle f_1(n), \ldots, f_k(n) \rangle$ for polynomial functions $f_i$. We conjecture that for large $n$, the Betti numbers, Frobenius number, genus, and type of $P_n$ each coincide with a quasipolynomial. This conjecture has already been proven in general for Frobenius numbers, and for the remaining quantities in the special case when $P_n = \langle n, n + r_2, \ldots, n + r_k \rangle$. Our main result is to prove our conjecture in the case where each $f_i$ is linear. In the process, we develop the notion of weighted factorization length, and generalize several known results for standard factorization lengths and delta sets to this weighted setting.

A commutative integral domain is primary if and only if it is one-dimensional and local. A domain is strongly primary if and only if it is local and each nonzero principal ideal contains a power of the maximal ideal. Hence one-dimensional local Mori domains are strongly primary. We prove among other results, that if $R$ is a domain such that the conductor $(R:\widehat R)$ vanishes, then $\Lambda(R)$ is finite, that is, there exists a positive integer $k$ such that each non-zero non-unit of $R$ is a product of at most $k$ irreducible elements. Using this result we obtain that every strongly primary domain is locally tame, and that a domain $R$ is globally tame if and only if $\Lambda(R)=\infty$. In particular, we answer Problem 38 in {P.-J. Cahen, M.~Fontana, S.~Frisch, and S.~Glaz, Open problems in commutative ring theory, Commutative Algebra, Springer 2014} in the affirmative. Many of our results are formulated for monoids., Comment: Communications in Algebra, to appear

Let $R$ a commutative ring, $\mathfrak{a} \subset R$ an ideal, $I$ an injective $R$-module and $S \subset R$ a multiplicatively closed set. When $R$ is Noetherian it is well-known that the $\mathfrak{a}$-torsion sub-module $\Gamma_{\mathfrak{a}}(I)$, the factor module $I/\Gamma_{\mathfrak{a}}(I)$ and the localization $I_S$ are again injective $R$-modules. We investigate these properties in the case of a commutative ring $R$ by means of a notion of relatively-$\mathfrak{a}$-injective $R$-modules. In particular we get another characterization of weakly pro-regular sequences in terms of relatively injective modules. Also we present examples of non-Noetherian commutative rings $R$ and injective $R$-modules for which the previous properties do not hold. Moreover, under some weak pro-regularity conditions we obtain results of Mayer-Vietoris type., Comment: 14 pages, to appear in Comm. in Algebra

A well-known theorem of Kaplansky states that any projective module is a direct sum of countably generated modules. In this paper, we prove the $w$-version of this theorem, where $w$ is a hereditary torsion theory for modules over a commutative ring., Comment: 16 pages

We characterize the monomial ideals $I\subset K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ with the property that the polarization $I^p$ and $I^{\sigma^n}:=$ the ideal obtained from $I$ by the $n$-th iterated squarefree operator $\sigma$ are isomorphic via a permutation of variables. We give several methods to construct such ideals. We also compare the depth and sdepth of $I$ and $I^{\sigma^n}$., Comment: 19 pages

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph on $n$ vertices and $J_G$ denote the corresponding binomial edge ideal in $S = K[x_1, \ldots, x_n, y_1, \ldots, y_n].$ In this article, we prove that if $G$ is a fan graph of a complete graph, then $reg(S/J_G) \leq c(G)$, where $c(G)$ denote the number of maximal cliques in $G$. Further, we show that if $G$ is a $k$-pure fan graph, then $reg(S/J_G) = k+1$. We then compute a precise expression for the regularity of Cohen-Macaulay bipartite graphs., Minor correction in Remark 2.1; To Appear in Comm. Algebra

We prove a $p$-adic analog of Kunz's theorem: a $p$-adically complete noetherian ring is regular exactly when it admits a faithfully flat map to a perfectoid ring. This result is deduced from a more precise statement on detecting finiteness of projective dimension of finitely generated modules over noetherian rings via maps to perfectoid rings. We also establish a version of the $p$-adic Kunz's theorem where the flatness hypothesis is relaxed to almost flatness., 18 pages, add a secton to explain the almost version of the results

A topological commutative ring is said to be rigid when for every set $X$, the topological dual of the $X$-fold topological product of the ring is isomorphic to the free module over $X$. Examples are fields with a ring topology, discrete rings, and normed algebras. Rigidity translates into a dual equivalence between categories of free modules and of "topologically-free" modules and, with a suitable topological tensor product for the latter, one proves that it lifts to an equivalence between monoids in this category (some suitably generalized topological algebras) and coalgebras. In particular, we provide a description of its relationship with the standard duality between algebras and coalgebras, namely finite duality., This version only deals with the monoidalily of the equivalence

We investigate the standard generalized Gorenstein algebras of homological dimension three, giving a structure theorem for their resolutions. Moreover in many cases we are able to give a complete description of their graded Betti numbers.

We consider the space X = Sym^3(C^2) of binary cubic forms, equipped with the natural action of the group GL_2 of invertible linear transformations of C^2. We describe explicitly the category of GL_2-equivariant coherent D_X-modules as the category of representations of a quiver with relations. We show moreover that this quiver is of tame representation type and we classify its indecomposable representations. We also give a construction of the simple equivariant D_X-modules (of which there are 14), and give formulas for the characters of their underlying GL_2-representations. We conclude the article with an explicit calculation of (iterated) local cohomology groups with supports given by orbit closures.

The main goal of this article is to give an explicit formula for HZarj(Spec•K[△],OK[△]*)in terms of simplicial and reduced simplicial cohomology, where K[△] is the Stanley–Reisner ring of the simplicial complex △. In particular, we compute the local Picard group of K[△]. To achieve this, we study the corresponding purely combinatorial problem on the punctured spectrum of the pointed monoid defined by △. The cohomology of the sheaf of units on Spec•K[△] is then the direct sum of this combinatorial cohomology, which has a decomposition along the vertices, and another part depending on the field K.

In this paper we shall investigate the concepts of cofiniteness of local cohomology modules and Abelian categories of cofinite modules over arbitrary Noetherian rings. Then we shall improve some of the results given in the literature., Comment: 24 pages

In this paper we show that the Frobenius test exponent for parameter ideals of a local ring of prime characteristic is always bigger than or equal to its Hartshorne-Speiser-Lyubeznik number. Our argument is based on an isomorphism of Nagel and Schenzel on local cohomology that we will provide an elementary proof., Comment: final version, major change in Section 2, to appear in Communication in Algebra

Let $G = (V,E)$ be a simple graph. We investigate the Cohen-Macaulayness and algebraic invariants, such as the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity and the projective dimension, of the toric ring $k[G]$ via those of toric rings associated to induced subgraphs of $G$., 18 pages; changed title and re-organized sections to better exhibit results; correct the last main theorem

In this paper we study the Freiman inequality for the minimal number of generators of the square of an equigenerated monomial ideal. Such an ideal is called a Freiman ideal if equality holds in the Freiman inequality. We classify all Freiman ideals of maximal height, the Freiman ideals of certain classes of principal Borel ideals, the Hibi ideals which are Freiman, and classes of Veronese type ideals which are Freiman.

Analytic properties of function spaces over the real and the complex fields are different in some ways. This reflects in algebraic properties which are different at times and similar in some other respects. For instance, the ring of real-valued continuous functions on a closed interval like $[0,1]$ behaves similarly to the corresponding ring of complex-valued functions; they depend only on the topology of $[0,1]$. The ring $\mathbf{R}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1)$ of real-valued polynomial functions on the unit circle is not a unique factorization domain - witness the equation $$\cos^2(t) = (1+ \sin(t))(1- \sin(t)).$$ On the other hand, the ring $\mathbf{C}[X,Y]/(X^2+Y^2-1) \cong \mathbf{C}[X+iY, 1/(X+iY)]$ is a principal ideal domain. Again, the rings of convergent power series (over either of these fields) with radius of convergence larger than some number $\rho$ is a Euclidean domain (and hence, a principal ideal domain) - this can be seen by using for a Euclidean "norm" function, the function which counts zeroes (with multiplicity) in the disc $|z| \leq \rho$. In this note, we consider the rings $C_{an}(S^1;\mathbf{R})$ of real-analytic functions on the unit circle $\mathit{S}^1$ which are real-valued and the corresponding ring $C_{an}(S^1; \mathbf{C})$ of analytic functions that are complex-valued. We will see that the latter is a principal ideal domain while the former is a Dedekind domain which is not a principal ideal domain - the class group having order $2$.

A depiction of a nonnoetherian integral domain $R$ is a special coordinate ring that provides a framework for describing the geometry of $R$. We show that if $R$ is noetherian in codimension 1, then $R$ has a unique maximal depiction $T$. In this case, the geometric dimensions of the points of $\operatorname{Spec}R$ may be computed directly from $T$. If in addition $R$ has a normal depiction $S$, then $S$ is the unique maximal depiction of $R$., Comment: 15 pages. To appear, Communications in Algebra

Let $\Gamma$ be a torsionless commutative cancellative monoid, $R =\bigoplus_{\alpha \in \Gamma}R_{\alpha}$ be a $\Gamma$-graded integral domain, and $H$ be the set of nonzero homogeneous elements of $R$. In this paper, we show that if $Q$ is a maximal $t$-ideal of $R$ with $Q \cap H = \emptyset$, then $R_Q$ is a valuation domain. We then use this result to give simple proofs of the facts that (i) $R$ is a UMT-domain if and only if $R_Q$ is a quasi-Pr\"ufer domain for each homogeneous maximal $t$-ideal $Q$ of $R$ and (ii) $R$ is a P$v$MD if and only if every nonzero finitely generated homogeneous ideal of $R$ is $t$-invertible, if and only if $R_Q$ is a valuation domain for all homogeneous maximal $t$-ideals $Q$ of $R$. Let $D[\Gamma]$ be the monoid domain of $\Gamma$ over an integral domain $D$. We also show that $D[\Gamma]$ is a UMT-domain if and only if $D$ is a UMT-domain and the integral closure of $\Gamma_S$ is a valuation monoid for all maximal $t$-ideals $S$ of $\Gamma$. Hence, $D[\Gamma]$ is a P$v$MD if and only if $D$ is a P$v$MD and $\Gamma$ is a P$v$MS., Comment: To appear in Communications in Algebra

In this article, we study monomial curves, toric ideals and monomial algebras associated to $4$-generated pseudo symmetric numerical semigroups. Namely, we determine indispensable binomials of these toric ideals, give a characterization for these monomial algebras to have strongly indispensable minimal graded free resolutions. We also characterize when the tangent cones of these monomial curves at the origin are Cohen-Macaulay., Supported by Tubitak No:114F094

We use the concept of 2-absorbing ideal introduced by Badawi to study those commutative rings in which every proper ideal is a product of 2-absorbing ideals (we call them TAF-rings). Any TAF-ring has dimension at most one and the local TAF-domains are the atomic pseudo-valuation domains., 9 Pages

We show that a monomial ideal $I$ has projective dimension $\leq$ 1 if and only if the minimal free resolution of $S/I$ is supported on a graph that is a tree. This is done by constructing specific graphs which support the resolution of the $S/I$. We also provide a new characterization of quasi-trees, which we use to give a new proof to a result by Herzog, Hibi, and Zheng which characterizes monomial ideals of projective dimension 1 in terms of quasi-trees., Communications in Algebra, to appear

Let $M$ and $N$ be differential graded (DG) modules over a positively graded commutative DG algebra $A$. We show that the Ext-groups $\operatorname{Ext}^i_A(M,N)$ defined in terms of semi-projective resolutions are not in general isomorphic to the Yoneda Ext-groups $\operatorname{YExt}^i_A(M,N)$ given in terms of equivalence classes of extensions. On the other hand, we show that these groups are isomorphic when the first DG module is semi-projective., 11 pages, separated from arXiv:1201.0037

We use computational linear algebra and commutative algebra to study spaces of relations satisfied by quadrilinear operations. The relations are analogues of associativity in the sense that they are quadratic (every term involves two operations) and nonsymmetric (every term involves the identity permutation of the arguments). We focus on determining those quadratic relations whose cubic consequences have minimal or maximal rank. We approach these problems from the point of view of the theory of algebraic operads., Comment: 25 pages, 15 tables

We prove a versions of amplitude inequalities of Iversen, Foxby and Iyengar, and Frankild and Sather-Wagstaff that replace finite generation conditions with adic finiteness conditions. As an application, we prove that a local ring $R$ of prime characteristic is regular if and only if for some proper ideal $\mathfrak b$ the derived local cohomology complex $\mathbf{R}\Gamma_{\mathfrak{b}}(R)$ has finite flat dimension when viewed through some positive power of the Frobenius endomorphism., Comment: 25 pages. part 3 of a series with arXiv:1401.6925, arXiv:1506.07052, arXiv:1602.03224, arXiv:1602.03226, and arXiv:1602.03227. comments welcome. v.2 has updated references and updated URL for Sather-Wagstaff

Let $R$ be a Gorenstein local ring, $\frak{a}$ an ideal in $R$, and $M$ an $R$-module. The local cohomology of $M$ supported at $\frak{a}$ can be computed by applying the $\frak{a}$-torsion functor to an injective resolution of $M$. Since $R$ is Gorenstein, $M$ has a complete injective resolution, so it is natural to ask what one gets by applying the $\frak{a}$-torsion functor to it. Following this lead, we define stable local cohomology for modules with complete injective resolutions. This gives a functor to the stable category of Gorenstein injective modules. We show that in many ways this behaves like the usual local cohomology functor. Our main result is that when there is only one non-zero local cohomology module, there is a strong connection between that module and the stable local cohomology module; in fact, the latter gives a Gorenstein injective approximation of the former., Comment: 29 pages. Comments are welcome!

We study the pathology that causes tropical eigenspaces of distinct supertropical eigenvalues of a nonsingular matrix $A$, to be dependent. We show that in lower dimensions the eigenvectors of distinct eigenvalues are independent, as desired. The index set that differentiates between subsequent essential monomials of the characteristic polynomial, yields an eigenvalue $\lambda$, and corresponds to the columns of the eigenmatrix $A+\lambda I$ from which the eigenvectors are taken. We ascertain the cause for failure in higher dimensions, and prove that independence of the eigenvectors is recovered in case a certain "difference criterion" holds, defined in terms of disjoint differences between index sets of subsequent coefficients. We conclude by considering the eigenvectors of the matrix $A^\nabla : = \det(A)^{-1}\adj(A)$ and the connection of the independence question to generalized eigenvectors., Comment: The first author is sported by the French Chateaubriand grant and INRIA postdoctoral fellowship

We prove that the class of Gorenstein injective modules is both enveloping and covering over a two sided noetherian ring such that the character modules of Gorenstein injective modules are Gorenstein flat. In the second part of the paper we consider the connection between the Gorenstein injective modules and the strongly cotorsion modules. We prove that when the ring R is commutative noetherian of finite Krull dimension, the class of Gorenstein injective modules coincides with that of strongly cotorsion modules if and only if the ring R is in fact Gorenstein.

In the context of commutative $C^*$-algebras we solve a problem related to a question of M. Rieffel by showing that the all-units rank and the norm-one rank coincide with the topological stable rank. We also introduce the notion of unitary $M$-stable rank for an arbitrary commutative unital ring and compare it with the Bass stable rank. In case of uniform algebras, a sufficient condition for norm-one reducibility is given., Comment: 12 pages

The M\"obius polynomial is an invariant of ranked posets, closely related to the M\"obius function. In this paper, we study the M\"obius polynomial of face posets of convex polytopes. We present formulas for computing the M\"obius polynomial of the face poset of a pyramid or a prism over an existing polytope, or of the gluing of two or more polytopes in terms of the M\"obius polynomials of the original polytopes. We also present general formulas for calculating M\"obius polynomials of face posets of simplicial polytopes and of Eulerian posets in terms of their $f$-vectors and some additional constraints.

We present a sufficient condition for irreducibility of forcing algebras and study the (non)-reducedness phenomenon. Furthermore, we prove a criterion for normality for forcing algebras over a polynomial base ring with coefficients in a perfect field. This gives a geometrical normality criterion for algebraic (forcing) varieties over algebraically closed fields. Besides, we examine in detail an specific (enlightening) example with several forcing equations. Finally, we compute explicitly the normalization of a particular forcing algebra by means of finding explicitly the generators of the ideal defining it as an affine ring.

We generalize the geometric sequence $\{a^p, a^{p-1}b, a^{p-2}b^2,...,b^p\}$ to allow the $p$ copies of $a$ (resp. $b$) to all be different. We call the sequence $\{a_1a_2a_3\cdots a_p, b_1a_2a_3\cdots a_p, b_1b_2a_3\cdots a_p,\ldots, b_1b_2b_3\cdots b_p\}$ a \emph{compound sequence}. We consider numerical semigroups whose minimal set of generators form a compound sequence, and compute various semigroup and arithmetical invariants, including the Frobenius number, Ap\'ery sets, Betti elements, and catenary degree. We compute bounds on the delta set and the tame degree.

In this paper we study some algebraic and combinatorial behaviors of expansion functor. We show that on monomial ideals some properties like polymatroidalness, weakly polymatroidalness and having linear quotients are preserved under taking the expansion functor. The main part of the paper is devoted to study of toric ideals associated to the expansion of subsets of monomials which are minimal with respect to divisibility. It is shown that, for a given discrete polymatroid $P$, if toric ideal of $P$ is generated by double swaps then toric ideal of any expansion of $P$ has such a property. This result, in a special case, says that White's conjecture is preserved under taking the expansion functor. Finally, the construction of Gr\"{o}bner bases and some homological properties of toric ideals associated to expansions of subsets of monomials is investigated., Comment: 15 pages