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Mebrie Zemene Kinde,1 Edom Asfaw2 1University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Unit of Biomedical Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mebrie Zemene KindeUniversity of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Unit of Biomedical Sciences, Gondar, EthiopiaEmail zemenemebrie@gmail.comBackground: Ruminal disorders are a major threat to the health and welfare of animals worldwide especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is no recent published report on ruminal disorders and the possible management methods at veterinary clinics in Gondar town. The aim of this study was to identify the common ruminal disorders and treatments given to manage these disorders.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to identify the common ruminal disorders and their therapeutic management of ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat). Data on 127 cases of animals treated for ruminal disorders in three veterinary clinics were collected from case registration books. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software and descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data.Results: Ruminal disorders including simple indigestion, ruminal acidosis, free gas bloat and frothy bloat were identified. From these, 44.1% ruminal acidosis, 26% frothy bloat, 15.7% free gas bloat and 14.2% simple indigestion were identified. Of the total ruminal disorders, 67.7%, 8.6% and 23.6% occurred in bovine, caprine and ovine, respectively. Eighty-six point six percent and thirteen point four percent of ruminal disorders were in young and adult, respectively. The highest rate of ruminal disorders was seen at University of Gondar veterinary clinic. With regard to season, the highest prevalence of these disorders were reported in winter (31.1%) and spring (31.1%). The highest cases were treated using a combination of indigestion powder and antimicrobial (24.4%), followed by a combination of liquid paraffin and indigestion powder (23.6%). All cases were diagnosed empirically, without getting definitive diagnosis.Conclusion: The findings had shown that ruminal disorders are the major challenges for livestock production in the study areas. Drug prescription without correct diagnosis was also observed. Therefore, accurate veterinary diagnosis and proper management of ruminal disorders as well as proper animal husbandry and feeding management are important to reduce the impact of ruminal disorders.Keywords: assessment, Gondar town, retrospective, ruminal disorder, therapeutic management

Non-lethal management methods for urban coyotes are limited despite an increase in human-coyote conflicts in North American cities. Deterrent devices are recommended to reduce human-coyote conflict...

Introduction: Sorafenib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which has been mainly used in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cancer. However, hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR), as one of the most common adverse reactions, have hindered its long-term clinical application. At present, the mechanism of its occurrence has not been clearly studied and it leads to the lack of effective means of intervention. This article reviews known mechanism and management methods of HFSR caused by sorafenib.Areas covered: The author reviews HFSR caused by the treatment of sorafenib including the mechanism and management. English language reports located through PubMed are reviewed.Expert opinion: There are some conjectures about the mechanism of HFSR. However, the mechanism of HFSR induced by sorafenib is still unclear at present. In the absence of understanding the mechanism of HFSR, the most common method for clinical treatment of sorafenib-induced HFSR is dose down-regulation or discontinuation of treatment, which affects efficacy and even survival. Future research should focus on the mechanism of HFSR to find out new ways for prevention. Precautionary measures before the occurrence of HFSR can also be studied in the future.

International expansion requires specific management methods to adapt to differences between cultures, thus requiring global strategies that ensure efficient diversity management. The incre...

We aimed to clarify the effectiveness of polyaspartic acid (PASP)-urea on nitrogen (N) accumulation and N use efficiency in rice. We compared PASP-urea with conventional urea with two N management ...

The revolution of information brought new possibilities for the business organisations: new management methods for managing supply chains, logistic processes and warehouses appear as well as innova...

Demand response programs (DRs) have been getting more active as one of the effective demand-side management methods (DSMs), which can contribute to the power supply-demand balancing operations in electric power grids. In particular, peak-time-rebate-DR (PTR-DR) is expected to penetrate further because it brings benefit both electric power suppliers and consumers with smaller burden on the consumer-side in comparison with the other DR types. Although several demonstrative field tests on the DRs have been promoted, there is room for discussion yet how to set the appropriate incentive payment for the cooperation of DR requirement from the power suppliers. This paper presents a pricing method of incentive payment in the DRs based on a problem framework of social optimization. In the authors’ proposal, decrement of the consumers’ comfort, which is caused by the DR cooperation, is converted into the price. That is, the proposed pricing method calculates the negative consumers’ surplus as the appropriate incentive payment in the DRs.

For decades, researchers have tried to measure the impact of information technology (IT) investments on corporate profitability, without conclusive results. Since business success is not merely a m...

This article discusses ways that librarians can find the money to make big changes within their organizations. The article discusses strategic planning, metrics, and greater operating efficiencies as sound management methods to obtain the funding to make important changes in tight financial times. The piece has a practical tone addressed to library leaders and to practitioners who are asked to make significant changes in a lean economy.

Chemical analysis of leaves is an effective tool for detecting nutritional imbalances and providing data for fertilizer recommendations. Therefore, it is extremely important to establish criteria for interpreting these results. The DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) method is an alternative to the interpretation of results of leaf analysis as it allows the calculation of indexes for each nutrient, using its relations with others and comparing them with a reference population. Thus, we aimed to establish preliminary DRIS norms, by both Beaufils’s and Jones’s methods, and to derive critical levels and nutrient sufficiency ranges in the leaf tissue for Pêra orange, by studying a commercial crop in the growing conditions of the São Paulo state. The methods (Beaufils and Jones) differed in the limiting nutrients in the Pêra orange orchard. The use of regional norms must be prioritized because of differences between the management methods applied. In the methods used, the nutrients that had a greater number of concordant cases in decreasing order: Mn > Mg > B > N > Cu > Fe > Zn > K > P > Ca. Amplitudes related to the DRIS methods used were narrower than the conventional literature. Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-30T09:11:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2014DRIS.pdf: 208953 bytes, checksum: 7bcd1c1da08a8b8ddc96b6d0f4e32f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-29

One of the management methods used by the Polish Football Association (PZPN) is management through exclusion. Due to such management, the Association constitutes to a considerable degree the status of individuals and institutions with which it enters into relations. As the essential criteria of these relations, the PZPN adopts utilitarian values, legal and business, diminishing the meaning of sport and moral values. From this perspective, the PZPN efficiently conducts the policy of exclusion it has created, dividing and rejecting those people and institutions who are incapable of contributing to the financial success of the Association. It also imposes various prohibitions on everybody who criticizes the workings of the organization or who accuses it of diminishing or even disregarding the interest of Polish football. For this purpose, the PZPN employs its policy of managing knowledge, which to a significant degree can be considered the propaganda of success.

Globally, some of the most widely distributed, damaging freshwater non-indigenous species are crayfish. With an increasing demand to meet regulatory targets, there is a need to implement more stringent controls to prevent further environmental stress and irreparable shifts in species diversity attributed to non-indigenous crayfish. In establishing a management strategy for non-indigenous crayfish in Great Britain (GB), consideration needs to be given to: (1) the prevention of further introductions of species, including novel species and those already established; (2) methods for containing and preventing the further spread of established populations, and (3) methods for eradication/control. This review aims to provide a critique of existing and potential management methods (mechanical, physical, biological, biocidal, autocidal, legislative) and how they can be potentially used in a cohesive, intergrated and comprehensive strategy with particular reference to GB and the management of the signal crayfish Pa...

Water stress is a critical issue threatening the ecosystem health of many shallow lakes. Most lake management methods, however, employ indicators that are individually related to either water quantity or water quality to assess resource-induced and pollution-induced water stress. Based on the system dynamics principle, an integrated method was proposed for early warning of water stress in shallow lakes that considered interactions among 3 systems: water quantity, water quality, and aquatic ecosystems. By adopting the principal component analysis approach to analyze the indicators of these systems, a comprehensive assessment indicator covering 5 early warning levels was extracted to reflect the status of water stress. This method was applied to Lake Baiyangdian in North China, a lake with serious water-related problems. The results indicated that: (a) by comprehensively evaluating the 3 systems, water stress was serious throughout the year, which is more reliable than individual assessment with re...

The aim of this study was to identify current trends in clinical assessment and management of stress velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in wind musicians. This was an online two-round Delphi survey of health practitioners familiar with assessing and treating musicians with stress VPI. Fourteen specialists (seven otolaryngologists and seven speech-language pathologists) from four countries participated in the Delphi survey. From the first round questionnaire, 32 items were identified as being causes, assessment tools, diagnostic indicators, and treatment methods for stress VPI. The second round questionnaire revealed that prolonged exposure to high intra-oral pressures was important in determining the cause of stress VPI. The most important assessment tools for stress VPI were case history and nasendoscopy. The most important indicator for stress VPI was self-reported symptoms. There was no clear agreement identified on the management methods for stress VPI for musicians. However, the trend followed by most of the survey participants was a combination of conservative management approaches (including rest or watch and wait, speech-language pathology intervention, velopharyngeal muscle training, and changes to the instrument or reed), and then, if symptoms persist, to use injection pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flap. This survey demonstrates that no standard management protocol currently exists for musicians diagnosed with stress VPI, but provides current trends in the assessment and management which can be used in future guidelines for health professionals who treat wind musicians.

Objective. To discover the current status and development on Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) study in China and provide certain reference to carry on research in this field. Methods. We searched articles related to DRGs study from the Chinese Journal Full-text Database of CNKI, and statistical procedure was performed from following aspects: annual publication number, journals, authors and their institutes, and regions. We also investigated the distribution of themes by counting the numbers of key words. Results. Among 273 related articles, earliest one was published in 1989, the number of related articles published in Chinese Medical Record ranked the top of all journals, and there were 11 first-authors who had published more than three DRGs-related articles. Beijing lied in the leading position of the field, and authors from Beijing Hospital Administration Institute had published the maximum related articles. The main issues focused on medical fees and management methods, moreover, medical record...

Natural resource agencies and the public often agree on reasons to manage white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in suburban areas; however, there is frequent disparity regarding which deer management method is most acceptable. We surveyed 660 residents around 22 conservation areas in a suburban Illinois county to evaluate the acceptance and the potential for conflict regarding five deer management methods countywide, in urban and rural areas, and in high (≥11 deer/km2) and low (≤9 deer/km2) deer density areas. Archery hunting was the most acceptable method followed by gun hunting, sharpshooting, and fertility control; conducting no deer management was unacceptable (p < .001). Archery hunting and no deer management had the least conflict among residents; fertility control had the most conflict (.001 ≥ p ≤ .010). We recommend managers conduct surveys that incorporate public conflict regarding deer management methods to gain information that may guide education and resolve management disputes.

Since its introduction in the early 1990s, the food retailing industry in Morocco has adopted management methods and practices that have proven successful in other contexts and has experienced rapid growth. Even though large retailers are conscious of the importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) concerning electronic data interchange (EDI) for a dynamic and efficient flow of products, digital orders are still either nonexistent or remain, at best, in the embryonic stage. The object of this article, which is exploratory at this stage, is to understand why large food retailers, 20 years after their appearance, haven’t managed to digitalize data exchange with the major industries in Morocco. To assess this situation, this research looks at an ensemble of factors that hinder the adoption and development of logistic information systems in the specific context of Morocco. The methodology, which is qualitative, is based on semi-directive interviews carried out with a panel of industrial an...

At the beginning of the twentieth century the German engine factory Deutz was challenged by new production and management methods developed in American industry. Deutz’ managers tried to combine American concepts of efficiency with assumed specificities of German culture. Their interest in preserving the human factor in the workplace led them to the assumption that it would be more rational to mobilize and motivate individual workers than control them by means of discipline and surveillance. As a result, managers developed ways to connect the interests of workers with the interests of the company. Adopting Foucault's concept of governmentality, the article shows that these efforts were part and parcel of general developments in Germany.

This study, by a local government official, takes a regional look at hives and management methods used in the Adjumani District of northern Uganda. It also looks at the gender roles of men and women as beekeeping moves from traditional to more modern methods.

This study was carried out in Wards 3 and 4 of Shaktikhor Village Development Committee (VDC), which forms a bottleneck in the Barandavar forest that connects the Chitwan National Park with the Mahabharat Range (mid-hills) in the north. The intent was to analyse the Chepang indigenous community, their dependency and pressure on the forest, their traditional management methods, the potential for community-based forest management and other related issues. The study method included open-ended interviews with four District Forest Office (DFO) staff, 15 key informants, a socio-economic survey of 250 households, data collection on household consumption of forest products and an analysis of land cover changes from the years 1970 and 2000. Chepangs were found highly dependent on a forest whose area has decreased by 12%, resulting in a reduction in species used by the Chepang for their livelihoods. Economic development based on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has potential to decrease forest dependency...

We analyse the educational performance of a group of schools that serve socially vulnerable children and that have implemented distinguishable teaching and management methods. Conditioned to students, school characteristics, selection criteria and resources, robust performance measures show statistically significant economically relevant differences in favour of these schools. Whilst only a small part of this difference can be explained with simple management practices that we isolate statistically, there remain an important residual we can associate with distinctive practices identified in the qualitative literature as present in successful schools.

Academic and business literature often cite military examples to illustrate key concepts. 1 These range from simple quotations to general translations of military philosophy. 2 Management literatur...

Much of the early development of Australia utilised timber infrastructure, such as bridges, jetties and large buildings. While many of those early structures have disappeared forever, enough interesting ones remain to pose the question of what to do about them. The maintenance of timber is not widely understood, and conservation of significant old timber structures is usually seen as an expensive, short-term 'fix', generally involving considerable replacement of the original elements. Fortunately, over the past 20 years there has been considerable development of preservation technology and assessment methodology for timber road bridges by Main Roads Western Australia - and these techniques are applicable to the majority of timber structures. In keeping with modern environmental concerns, the timber preservation methods have been chosen for minimum environmental impact and simplicity of application. This paper outlines the principles of timber preservation and details the application of the current bridge management methods to large timber structures generally. The author has been intimately involved in both the establishment of the preservation methods, as well as their use in large bridge refurbishment projects.

Managerial derailment is costly to managers, their co-workers, and their organization. Knowing whether discrepancies (i.e., differences, dissimilarity, disagreement, incongruity) exist between self- and observer- (subordinates, peers, and bosses) ratings about derailment may help to lessen or prevent the detrimental outcomes of derailment on managers, their co-workers, and their organization. Results from 1742 European managers revealed a statistically significant difference between a manager's self-ratings and observer-ratings on the extent to which a manager displayed derailment behaviours and characteristics. The discrepancy also widened as managerial level increased, and was mostly due to inflated self-ratings. In addition, discrepancies between self – boss, self – direct report, and self – peer were examined, as well as differences between European and American managers. A discussion of these findings and implications for practice conclude this article.

Certain species of wildlife cause considerable damage and therefore receive management attention. Traditional management methods rely on lethal control, but fertility control is increasingly being advocated as a more humane alternative. Because wildlife management decisions are influenced by citizen input, it is important to understand what makes people support or oppose lethal control and fertility control. We studied six U.S. communities trying to manage large populations of white-tailed deer or feral cats and categorized the ethical arguments citizens used to support their positions on lethal and fertility control methods. We identified two broad categories of ethical arguments. Arguments in the “obligations to people” category focused on (1) decision-making procedures, (2) public policy decisions, and (3) management outcomes. Arguments in the “obligations to animals and the environment” category focused on (1) life, suffering, and death, (2) altered characteristics of animals, (3) individuals and comm...

We suggest a method of analyzing the sustainability conditions for forestry from three major realms: environmental, social, and economic. The tools and methods were tested at sites in Sweden. Assessments were made for the long-term sustainability concerning the impact of present management practices on the balances of nutrients in monocultures and mixed-species stands. In the economic assessments, both traditional terms but also costs and revenues from adaptation to defined biodiversity criteria and public service demands were accounted for. An alternative to traditional discounting was used for transferring monetary value over time, by introducing spruce pulp equivalent units. Several scenarios with unsustainable conditions could be identified as well as appropriate management measures that can be taken to correct the issue. Results showed that the changes in management methods needed are possible and feasible. No significant difference in the net profit from the Norway spruce monocultures and t...

Orthotic management has been proposed as an interesting alternative to current tremor management methods. It is expected that an improvement on manipulative function can be obtained by reducing the tremorous motion associated with some neurological disorders. For this to be possible, a sound modelling of the tremor and the biomechanical characteristics of the upper limb is required. This paper proposes a model for both the tremor motion and the biomechanical parameters of the upper limb. Based on these models and on a prototype of a robotics-based active orthosis two tremor reduction strategies are proposed.

The purpose of the study1 was to determine the effects of a 1-day educational symposium on knowledge, impact, and self-management of older African Americans living with osteoarthritis (OA). A 1-group pre- and posttest design was employed. The educational symposium was the intervention variable. Speakers were experts in the field of arthritis care. Participants were recruited from a community senior center. Participants completed the Short Form of the Arthritis Impact Management Scales (AIMS2-SF), the Summary of Arthritis Management Methods (SAMMS), and a 6-question Knowledge Test about OA before the symposium. The knowledge test was administered again at the completion of the program. Posttesting of the AIMS2-SF and SAMMS occurred 3 months later to assess changes in arthritis impact and self-management strategies. Knowledge scores increased significantly immediately following the symposium. The AIMS2-SF subscales of Affect, Symptom, and Physical Function decreased significantly 3 months after the symposium indicating that arthritis had less impact on participants after the conference. Participants also reported using more self-management methods 3 months after the event. The results of this pilot study indicate that this symposium was effective in increasing participants' knowledge of OA, improving self-management, and decreasing the impact of OA on daily function. The small sample size and preexperimental design limit generalizability.

SUMMARY This paper, presented as part of a symposium at the 9th North American Blueberry Research and Extension Workers Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, August 18-21, 2002, traces the early history of the wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium, Aiton, and Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux) in eastern North America. Wild blueberry production is traced from consumption of native blueberries by animals and native North Americans, through early commercial production in Canada and the United States, up to the present time. Different management methods adopted as the scientific knowledge increased are described. Early management consisted of burning fields one spring and harvesting the fruit in August of the following year. Over the last century, several new practices have been introduced to increase blueberry yields. These include the oil burner, the flail mower, the mechanical harvester, increased use of selective herbicides, increased use of managed pollinators, and extensive land leveling.

For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), logistics integration is one of the most significant challenges of modern management. Growing numbers of SMEs are under pressure from large manufacturing enterprises (LMEs) to change their traditional management styles, both operationally and organizationally, replacing them with integrated systems that help increase the speed and fluidity of physical and information flows, help synchronize demand with supply, and help manage transactions more accurately. The recent literature discusses integrated logistics chain management quite extensively, but most studies address the issue from the standpoint of large firms. Given the importance of SMEs in the economies of industrialized countries, and given, too, that a constantly growing number of such firms will have to replace their management methods by logistically integrated practices, the authors of this study believe that it is important to examine the characteristics and features of SMEs in order to identify those favorable and unfavorable to logistics integration.

A review of the past 20 years in Quebec reveals the extent of the social and economic change that has occurred there. Such change has demanded the redefinition of service delivery in the public, para‐public and, indeed, the private sectors. Quebec has shifted from a period centred, by and large, on growth, to a period of streamlined spending and optimum resource use. The Surete du Quebec has had to adapt its management methods to this situation while dealing with numerous, major reforms. These changes have led to the establishment of the Development and Training Branch and helped to determine its mission, strategic policy directions, and action plans. Who we are, what we do, how we do it, and what results we are seeking are some of the questions that this paper prepared by the Development and Training Branch of the Surete du Quebec, the Quebec, Canada Provincial Police Force, addresses.

Pain and management methods in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are poorly investigated in the literature. The aim of this research is to study the effects of supervised and home exercise programs on musculoskeletal pain in ALS patients, in a retrospective design. Investigated parameters were pain intensity, muscle stiffness, strength and shortening. 26 ambulatory ALS patients were included in the supervised (n = 13) and home exercise (n = 13) programs. Evaluations were performed at the baseline, at the eighth and sixteenth weeks. Results indicate that supervised exercise program, which included strengthening, stretching and functional mobility training had positive effects on pain, and on muscle stiffness, strength and shortening.

Development of efficient technologies for recovery of long-lived radionuclides from high-level wastes (HLW) is urgent for implementation of the promising management methods (transmutation and disposal), as well as for existing practice of HLW management. In Russia at “Mayak” radiochemical plant since 1996 there has been in operation the industrial facility UE-35 which provides the recovery of cesium and strontium from HLW. The next stage is aimed at development and implementation of actinide separation technology from HLW. For this purpose the following four processes are studied and tested: processes based on chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (ChCoDiC-process), isoamyldialkyl-phosphine oxide (POR-process), diphenyldibutylcarbamoylphosphine oxide (modified TRUEX-process) and mixture of ChCoDiC, carbamoylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (UNEX-process). After comprehensive study of extraction, physico-chemical and operational properties of selected extraction systems, testing of processes ...

Current empirical literature concerning the activities of foreign banks exhibits some degree of consensus around the thesis that foreign banks are less efficient than domestic banks in the case of industrial countries, but that they are more efficient than domestic institutions in emerging economies. The reasons for such phenomena include the exposure to tougher competition in industrial countries, adoption of better management methods, the tendency to develop new products and technologies, and the influence of better-equipped regulators. The paper examines these claims in light of recent Brazilian experience. It is shown that, at least in the case of Brazil, the expansion of foreign bank activities in the domestic markets has not resulted in any major improvement. Operational characteristics are similar for domestic and foreign banks, as are efficiency measures. Technical progress has been introduced by domestic banks, particularly in the fields of automation and online banking, much more intens...

This paper reviews the municipal solid waste management (MSW) literature with particular respect to the cost-benefit analysis of MSW management alternatives. To diagnose the state of the field, the author examined the studies that use the cost-benefit approach in analyzing the MSW management. The review reveals a few important research notes. First, the current literature does not offer an example of a comprehensive and objective cost-benefit model for comparing MSW management options. Second, a systematic measurement of environmental benefits of MSW management methods was not found. Third, recycling may be cost-competitive depending on the situations. However, these circumstances are not clearly identified. And, lastly, few of the current cost-benefit studies discuss the methodological issues such as standing in a systematic way. These findings suggest that the subject of MSW management still lacks comprehensive and rigorous research that may guide both researchers and practitioners to the making of effe...

This research note outlines the results from a consultation exercise carried out by Tourfor, a European Commission project aiming to develop an ecolabel for forest-based recreation and tourism, based on implementing an environmental management system. The paper will first present the rationale of the project and then discuss the willingness of providers and agencies to apply for this ecolabel, perceived benefits, criteria, and the ecolabel management methods. The paper concludes that there is a critical mass of sites willing to apply for the ecolabel, and outlines suggestions from the respondents regarding the ecolabel.

During the winters of 1998–1999 and 1999–2000, 41 apiaries from various regions of France that experienced severe bee mortality were examined for diseases and poisoning. In more than 76% of the apiaries one or several serious diseases, known to be able to totally destroy colonies, were present. Whether or not these diseases are the primary cause of winter mortality in France, the study indicates that the application of classical management methods for preventing diseases and treating well-known pathogens remains necessary and beneficial.

Airway emergencies sometimes require techniques other than basic management methods. Advanced techniques are needed to manage laryngeal edema or fracture, upper-airway hemorrhage, or other injuries that make ventilation or intubation from above impossible. Placing various endotracheal devices and performing surgical techniques such as needle cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy can be done by physicians who have training and the necessary equipment. Surgical techniques can be performed with medical bag components, but commercial kits are available for those who are uncomfortable performing techniques using bag equipment.

Following review of definitions of New Public Management (NPM), the paper assesses whether Canada has adopted the NPM, organized by Kernaghan and Charih's (1997) categories and using Loeffler's (1997) definition. Canada has reorganized the machinery of government, changed management methods and reduced the federal public sector substantially. Despite high debt, Canada's federal government reduced its expenditures and/or public service as much or more than the UK and New Zealand. Its expenditures as a proportion of GDP are now similar to those of the UK and New Zealand, the major proponents of NPM.

Community groups and local governments are increasingly involved in management of locally significant urban bushland. Management by community groups in Perth, Western Australia, was analysed through use of a questionnaire, which addressed threats to bushlands, management methods used, perceived effectiveness of management, problems faced and the interaction between community groups and local government. The questionnaires were circulated to community groups (Friends of Reserve Groups) in an outer-metropolitan Shire, and Environmental Officers from six local governments were interviewed. Main threats to bushland reserves were weed infestation, dumped rubbish and arson/accidental fire, and most community groups conducted weed and fire management. Each council conducted bushland management and cooperated with Friends groups to varying extents. Limitations to community bushland management were inadequate resources, labour, access to expert opinion and local government assistance. Better partnerships must be b...

This article compares traditional industrial-organizational psychology (I-O) research published in Journal of Applied Psychology (JAP) with organizational behavior management (OBM) research published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM). The purpose of this comparison was to identify similarities and differences with respect to research topics and methodologies, and to offer suggestions for what OBM researchers and practitioners can learn from I-O. Articles published in JAP from 1987–1997 were reviewed and compared to articles published during the same decade in JOBM (Nolan, Jarema, & Austin, 1999). This comparison includes (a) author characteristics, (b) authors published in both journals, (c) topics addressed, (d) type of article, and (e) research characteristics and methodologies. Among the conclusions are: (a) the primary relative strength of OBM is its practical significance, demonstrated by the proportion of research addressing applied issues; (b) the greatest strength of...

This study examined the influence of experience (time-served) and training (formal instruction) on supervisory stance, supervisory emphases, and self-efficacy Current thinking (Hess, 1987; Watkins, 1993) suggests that, as supervisors develop they show more support to supervisees and demonstrate higher levels of self-efficacy and are less critical and dogmatic. Supervisors (n = 60) completed a measure of supervisory emphasis and identified thoughts they would convey to a trainee they had observed on videotape. Experience and training were positively associated with changes in supervisors' self-efficacy Multivariate analyses indicated that training, but not experience, was associated with more supportive, less critical, and less dogmatic thoughts. Neither experience nor training was associated with two measures of supervisory emphasis. Thl results of this study suggest that more supportive, less critical, and less dogmatic approach to supervision are a result of specific training in supervision. Fu...

Forests of Turkey were severely degraded and depleted as a result of mismanagement particularly during the application of uneven-aged management periods. With the beginning of a national call for planning, all forests except fir-dominated stands are planned for management under even-aged management methods. This paper explains and discusses the results of application of even-aged management on Calabrian pine forests and Eastern spruce forests in Turkey. As shown in 1973 with the first timber inventory, the implementation of even-aged management failed in the first planning period to create an optimal forest structure. It was observed, however, that even-aged management is beginning to accomplish an optimal forest structure in Calabrian pine forests with successful silvicultural treatments. In contrast, implementations of the even-aged management method on spruce forests was found unsuccessful so far. It is concluded that the method would be implementable in spruce-dominated forests and the other ...

Many Chinese and Japanese believe that Japanese-style management methods are a vital factor in establishing the international competitiveness of ‘Japanese-Funded Enterprises’ in China, and both sides thus favour the transfer of such methods to China. This contribution considers three basic questions about the process of this transfer: what kind of Japanese-style management methods have been transferred to China, how has this transfer been effected, and what problems have hindered the transfer? It is argued that many ideas in Japanese-style management draw upon material from ancient China. A detailed case study is presented of a Sino–Japanese joint venture in the fashion industry in Beijing, outlining in some depth the venture's management skills training programme, both to show the kinds of methods which are being introduced and how this introduction is being handled. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the dificulties of assimilating Japanese-style management methods in China, which highlights the im...

The history of technology transfer is illustrated with examples from the early period of the Industrial Revolution, including a fascinating case of official export control by the British government. Two historic cases are the diffusion of the Watt steam engine and of textile technology from Britain to North America. A modern example is the wide diffusion of Fordism and the selective adoption of its constituent technologies and management methods.

This paper investigates the different policies and concepts followed in the traffic management of automated guided vehicle (AGV) systems, and develops the controls for automatically eliminating potential vehicle conflicts in an AGV system. The planning of the AGV system is performed in such a way that there are no conflicts or deadlocks for the vehicles using stochastic Petri nets (SPNs). The major effort is devoted to determining the benefits of the tandem AGV control in comparison with the conventional AGV control method. SPNs have been used to model the different designs of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) and with different policies for the movement of material, vehicle path control, inventory planning and tool control. The SPN model is solved and the performance of the system can be evaluated. In this study, the effort is directed to model an FMS with two different types of AGV traffic management methods, namely the conventional and tandem AGV control. A SPN program is used which takes ...

The general principles determining consumer satisfaction are examined, and issues currently influencing textile markets and supply arrangements are reviewed. Practices which illustrate how consumer requirements can be satisfied are discussed, and attention is called to developments in measurement technology and management methods which can contribute to the level of achievement. Some current best practices are identified and indications submitted of new factors which will affect consumer needs and attitudes in the future.

1. Falun Dafa coaching stations in all localities are actual cultivation organizations of a mass character that engage exclusively in organizing coaching for practicing cultivation. Resolutely refrain from employing the management methods of financial entities and administrative institutes. Do not accumulate money or material things. Do not engage in healing activities.