19 results on '"Latrodectus"'
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2. Notes on the biology of the wasp,Chalybion spinolae(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), an obligatory predator ofLatrodectus(Araneae: Theridiidae) spiders in South Africa
- Author
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Janine Kelly, Ernst Nel, and Anna S. Dippenaar-Schoeman
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Sphecidae ,biology ,Ecology ,Zoology ,Theridiidae ,Hymenoptera ,Latrodectus geometricus ,biology.organism_classification ,Chalybion ,Predator ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Predation ,Latrodectus - Abstract
Some aspects of the biology of the wasp Chalybion spinolae are documented. This includes behaviour relating to life cycles, nesting, mating, oviposition and prey interaction of this wasp. The physical appearance of the wasps and their prey are described and some measurements are given. The prey of C. spinolae are two species of spiders, Latrodectus indistinctus and Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae). The observations spanned a period of 5 years, and involved approximately 200 wasp nests. This study serves to provide more observational information about the biology of the wasp and its predatory behaviour.
- Published
- 2014
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3. The conservation status of New Zealand Araneae
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R. A. Hitchmough, I. A.N. Stringer, M. D. Wakelin, Cor J. Vink, Brian M. Fitzgerald, and Phil J. Sirvid
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Data deficient ,Near-threatened species ,biology ,Ecology ,Miturgidae ,Insect Science ,Threatened species ,Theridiidae ,Conservation status ,Katipo ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus - Abstract
We classify three New Zealand spiders (Araneae) as Threatened: Maloides cavernicola (Amaurobiidae) and Zealoctenus cardronaensis (Miturgidae) as Nationally Critical; and Maniho centralis (Amphinectidae) as Nationally Endangered. There are 155 At Risk taxa: Latrodectus katipo (Theridiidae) is Declining, seven taxa are R elict and a further 147 taxa are Naturally Uncommon. We classify 527 taxa as D ata D eficient. Since the last listing of Threatened spiders the number of species categorised as Threatened and At Risk has increased slightly (one and 28 taxa respectively) whereas the number categorised as Data Deficient has been reduced by 309 taxa. Not Threatened taxa have increased more than twofold to 403 taxa. Some biological factors that may affect the threat status of New Zealand spiders are briefly discussed.
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- 2012
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4. Population structure and habitat use by the spiderLatrodectus katipoalong the Manawatu–Wanganui coastline
- Author
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Russell G. Death and Jessica A. Costall
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Spider ,Steatoda capensis ,biology ,Ecology ,Range (biology) ,Threatened species ,Theridiidae ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Katipo ,Driftwood ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus - Abstract
A survey of habitats likely to support the widow spider, Latrodectus katipo (Theridiidae), endemic to New Zealand, was carried out at seven locations along the Manawatu-Wanganui coastline. Altogether, 151 juvenile, 74 female and 14 male katipo were found, with considerable differences in population structure between sites. The lack of juveniles at some sites suggests there is low reproductive output, but continued monitoring will be needed to confirm this. Most individuals were found on driftwood. Fewer were found occupying debris and vegetation. There is substantial overlap between the sizes of driftwood refuges occupied by katipo and by Steatoda capensis, an introduced theridiid spider from South Africa. We conclude that katipo populations along the Manawatu–Wanganui coastline are threatened by a range of human activities, and that management action may be required to prevent local extinctions of this charismatic invertebrate.
- Published
- 2009
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5. Use of artificial cover objects for detecting red katipo,Latrodectus katipoPowell (Araneae: Theridiidae)
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Brian H. Patrick and Marieke Lettink
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Ecology ,Insect Science ,Theridiidae ,Cover (algebra) ,Katipo ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus - Published
- 2006
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6. Antivenom Treatment in Arachnidism
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Geoffrey K. Isbister, David A. Warrell, Andis Graudins, and Julian White
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Australian funnel-web spider ,biology ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Antivenom ,Poison control ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,complex mixtures ,Loxoscelism ,Surgery ,Latrodectus ,nervous system ,Hadronyche ,medicine ,Latrodectism ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Envenomation - Abstract
Envenomation by arachnids causes significant medical illness worldwide. Scorpion sting is the most important arachnid envenomation causing adult morbidity and pediatric mortality. Important groups of spiders include the widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.), the recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.), and two spiders confined to single countries: the Australian funnel web spider (Atrax and Hadronyche spp.) and the armed spider (Phoneutria spp.) from Brazil. There are four widow spider antivenoms available, including the Australian redback spider antivenom and the American black widow antivenom. Despite good in vitro animal work demonstrating effective neutralization with these antivenoms, and cross-reactivity between many species, there continues to be a reluctance to use them in some countries. They are both associated with a relatively low rate of allergic reactions. Redback antivenom is routinely used by the intramuscular route, which may not be as effective as intravenous use based on clinical experience and animal studies. Antivenoms are available for Loxosceles spp., but there is little evidence to support their effectiveness, particularly against local effects. The Australian funnel web spider causes severe neurotoxic envenomation, and antivenom appears to be effective in reported cases. An antivenom exists for the Brazilian armed spider, but is used in only a minority of cases. Many scorpion antivenoms exist worldwide, but there remains significant controversy regarding their efficacy. Animal and human venom level studies demonstrate neutralization of circulating venom in systemic envenomation. Clinical experience in countries where antivenom has been introduced suggests it has reduced pediatric mortality. However, three controlled trials demonstrated that antivenom was not effective, but these included few severe cases. Until controlled trials of antivenom in systemically envenomated patients are undertaken, antivenom use appears justified in severe envenomation. Although envenomation from arthropods is common, no antivenoms exist for these, excepting Lonomia caterpillars in South America, and Ixodes paralysis ticks in Australia.
- Published
- 2003
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7. Effects of Envenoming by Comb‐Footed Spiders of the GeneraSteatodaandAchaearanea(Family Theridiidae: Araneae) in Australia
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Geoffrey K. Isbister and Michael R. Gray
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genetic structures ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,FAMILY THERIDIIDAE ,Pain ,Theridiidae ,Poison control ,Zoology ,Toxicology ,complex mixtures ,Latrodectus ,Spider Bites ,Achaearanea ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Envenomation ,Spider ,biology ,Antivenins ,business.industry ,Australia ,Spiders ,biology.organism_classification ,Steatoda ,Hospitalization ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
The family Theridiidae (comb-footed spiders) contains the well-known and medically important widow spider group (Latrodectus spp.). Little is known about the effects of envenoming by other common members of this family.The objective of this study was to determine the clinical effects of bites by common theridiid spiders of the genera Steatoda and Achaearanea.This was a prospective cohort study of calls to Australian poison information centers and presentations to emergency departments. Twenty-eight persons with a definite bite by a spider of the family Theridiidae, excluding Latrodectus spp., were included where the spider was immediately collected and expertly identified from February 1999 to April 2002.There were 23 bites by Steatoda spp. and five bites by Achaearanea spp. Steatoda bites occurred across Australia, throughout the year, and the majority during waking hours. Seventy-eight percent of bites occurred indoors and 48% while dressing indoors. Pain was universal and was severe in six (26%). Increasing pain in the first hour occurred in 30%, and the median duration of pain was 6 hr (interquartile range: 1-12 hr). Local or regional diaphoresis did not occur. Systemic effects occurred in 30% and included nausea, headache, lethargy, and malaise. The majority received no treatment: seven patients presented to a hospital (two patients received opiates for analgesia) and 1 patient inadvertently received intravenous redback spider (RBS) antivenom because the spider was initially misidentified as a RBS (Latrodectus). The pain and symptoms responded over 1 hr following antivenom administration. Bites by Achaeranea spp. caused moderate to severe persistent pain, but no systemic effects.Steatoda spp. bites or "steatodism" may cause prolonged pain and systemic effects similar to Latrodectus bites, but less severe. In severe cases, the clinical effects were almost indistinguishable from Latrodectus, except diaphoresis was absent, and the spiders were often mistaken for Latrodectus. Intravenous RBS antivenom appears to be an effective treatment in isolated severe cases, consistent with in vitro work. Achaearanea bites caused pain similar to Latrodectus bites.
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- 2003
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8. Antivenoms for the Treatment of Spider Envenomation
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Andis Graudins and Graham M. Nicholson
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Atrax ,genetic structures ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Antivenom ,Zoology ,Venom ,Anatomy ,Biology ,Toxicology ,biology.organism_classification ,complex mixtures ,Steatoda ,Missulena ,Latrodectus ,nervous system ,Hadronyche ,Envenomation - Abstract
There are several groups of medically important araneomorph and mygalomorph spiders responsible for serious systemic envenomation. These include spiders from the genus Latrodectus (family Theridiidae), Phoneutria (family Ctenidae) and the subfamily Atracinae (genera Atrax and Hadronyche). The venom of these spiders contains potent neurotoxins that cause excessive neurotransmitter release via vesicle exocytosis or modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. In addition, spiders of the genus Loxosceles (family Loxoscelidae) are responsible for significant local reactions resulting in necrotic cutaneous lesions. This results from sphingomyelinase D activity and possibly other compounds. A number of antivenoms are currently available to treat envenomation resulting from the bite of these spiders. Particularly efficacious antivenoms are available for Latrodectus and Atrax/Hadronyche species, with extensive cross-reactivity within each genera. In the case of Latrodectus antivenoms this is of considerable importance in countries where antivenom is unavailable or where certain antivenoms are associated with an unacceptably high risk of adverse reactions. Moreover, Latrodectus and Atrax antivenoms appear to be effective in the treatment of envenomation by closely related Steatoda spiders (family Theridiidae) or the unrelated spider Missulena bradleyi (family Actinopodidae), respectively. The effectiveness of Loxosceles antivenom in the treatment of the necrotic arachnidism resulting from the bite of recluse spiders is less clear mainly due to late presentation of victims. Antivenom is also available for Phoneutria envenomation but is reserved only for severe cases.
- Published
- 2003
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9. Clinical Toxinology—Where Are We Now?
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Geoffrey K. Isbister, David A. Warrell, Ian M Whyte, Julian White, Bart J. Currie, and Michael Eddleston
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Toxinology ,biology ,business.industry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Antivenom ,Poison control ,Scorpion stings ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,complex mixtures ,Latrodectus ,Plant Poisoning ,medicine ,Mushroom poisoning ,Envenomation ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
Clinical toxinology encompasses a broad range of medical conditions resulting from envenomation by venomous terrestrial and marine organisms, and also poisoning from ingestion of animal and plant toxins. Toxin-related disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in the tropical and subtropical continents. Snake bite is the single most important toxin-related disease, causing substantial mortality in many parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The most important snake families are Viperidae and Elapidae, causing a range of clinical effects including local necrosis, neurotoxicity, coagulopathy and hemorrhage, myotoxicity and renal toxicity. These effects vary according to geography and group of snake. Arachnid envenomation results mainly in morbidity, particularly scorpion stings which can cause severe systemic envenomation. Spider bite is far less of a problem, and the majority of medically important cases can be attributed to widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.) and recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.). Marine-related envenomations are common, but severe effects are less so. Plant and mushroom poisoning occur in most parts of the world, but the types and methods of poisoning vary considerably between continents. Management of toxin-related disease is often difficult, and in many cases meticulous supportive care is all that is available. The mainstay of treatment is the use of antivenoms for many envenomations and poisoning, although these do not exist for all dangerous organisms. Unfortunately antivenoms are not an economically viable product, so development and manufacture of these agents have been limited. This is now further worsened by a current shortage of antivenom. There is a need for improvement in the preventionand management of toxin-related disease. This will require well-designed studies to define the extent of the problem, initiatives to improve the prevention and management of these conditions, and development of new, and continuation of current, antivenom supplies.
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- 2003
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10. Estadísticos vitales deSteatoda retortaGonzález, 1987, y anílisis comparativo con los deLatrodectus mirabilis(Holmberg),Latrodectus antheratus(Badcock),Latrodectus corallinusAbalos,Latrodectus diaguitaCarcavallo yTidarren sisyphoides(Walckenaer) (Araneae, Theridiidae)∗
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Ana Lía Estévez and Alda González
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education.field_of_study ,Tidarren ,biology ,Ecology ,Population ,Life time ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,Steatoda ,Latrodectus ,Survivorship curve ,Instar ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Nymph ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
This paper completes the study of the life cycle of Steatoda retorta, which was published before (Gonzalez, 1987). The dates given in this paper were obtained from specimens reared in laboratory. Variations of mortality, survivorship and mean life expectation were studied. The survivorship curve indicates that the experimental population was affected by mortality since age 4 to 9 being this a critical period because the nymphs moult from I to II and from II to III instars. The curve shows another critical period when the population moults to adult stage. The mean life time of the cohort was 37.09 weeks. These results were compared with the data recorded for L. mirabilis, L. antheratus, L. corallinus, L. diaguita and Tidarren sisyphiodes. This analysis showed differences as: a) The survivorship curve of Steatoda retorta is more convex than the others because there is no differential mortality between males and females, b) The higher value of the mean life expectation in Steatoda retorta occurs when the fir...
- Published
- 1991
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11. Neuroactive Toxins of Spider Venoms
- Author
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N. Kawai
- Subjects
Argiotoxin ,Spider Venoms ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Venom ,Anatomy ,Biology ,Latrodectus mactans ,Toxicology ,Spider toxin ,biology.organism_classification ,complex mixtures ,Latrodectus ,Biochemistry ,Neurotoxin ,Argiope - Abstract
A variety of neuroactive toxins have been found in the venom of spiders. The venom of Latrodectus mactans(black widow spider) is known as a potent neurotoxin, fatal to humans and animals. The effective component, α-latrotoxin (Mr=130,000) acts on the nerve terminals, causing massive release of transmitters and depletion of the synaptic vesicles, by inducing influx of cations such as Ca2+and Na+through the channels existing in the presynaptic nerve terminals.In the venom of Araneidspiders, a different type of toxin from the black widow spider venom was found. Joro spider toxin (JSTX) from Nephila clavat, NSTX from Nephila maculata, and argiopine (argiotoxin) from Argiope lobataact postsynaptically on glutamate receptors. These toxins share a common structure of a phenolic moiety connected to a polyamine. Chemical synthesis of these low molecular weight toxins has enabled morphological and biochemical studies of the glutamate receptors.Recently, a third group of neurotoxins was found in genus Agelen...
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- 1991
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12. Evidence for the displacement of an endemic New Zealand spider,Latrodectus katipoPowell by the South African speciesSteatoda capensisHann (Araneae: Theridiidae)
- Author
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S.W. Hann
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Steatoda capensis ,Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Zoology ,Theridiidae ,Introduced species ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Competition (biology) ,Predation ,Latrodectus ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Katipo ,education ,media_common - Abstract
The competitive interactions between Latrodectus katipo and Steatoda capensis were studied under the hypothesis that L. katipo is being displaced from its natural habitat by competition from S. capensis. Use of trophic and spatial resources were studied. High overlap for both resources was found. Data on reproductive potential revealed that S. capenisis has a significantly higher reproductive output. Laboratory predation experiments indicated L. katipo adults are not inferior to S. capensis. Evidence suggesting displacement following L. katipo population crashes was obtained. Differences in reproductive potential and seasonal reproduction are proposed as the mechanism underlying the displacement.
- Published
- 1990
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13. Toxic traveler?Latrodectusspecies envenomation in Michigan with refractory symptoms after antivenin administration
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Allison L. Edberg, Jackson R. Lanphear, Bradley D. Riley, and Bryan S. Judge
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Male ,Michigan ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Antivenom ,Pain ,Spider Venoms ,Toxicology ,Vial ,Latrodectus ,Pharmacotherapy ,Spider Bites ,medicine ,Animals ,Black Widow Spider ,Humans ,Pain Management ,Envenomation ,Mexico ,biology ,Antivenins ,business.industry ,Spider bites ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Surgery ,Treatment Outcome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Vomiting ,Abdomen ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
A 17-year-old male was envenomated on the right forearm by a black widow spider that had presumably traveled in a packaged dishwasher and been shipped from Mexico to Michigan. The patient experienced vomiting and severe pain in his abdomen and chest approximately 30 min after being bitten. He received 6000 units (1 vial) of Latrodectus antivenin intravenously about 7 h after he was envenomated. He did not experience significant improvement in his symptoms after the administration of antivenin and additional antivenin was not given. The patient was hospitalized for 7 days and still was complaining of intermittent episodes of pain in his chest and lower back 3 weeks after envenomation. To avoid prolonged symptomatology and hospitalization, additional Latrodectus antivenin should be given promptly to those individuals whose symptoms are not ameliorated after 1 vial.
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- 2009
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14. A preliminary study of development in twoLatrodectusspecies (Araneae: Theridiidae)
- Author
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Sue Kingsford and Lyn Forster
- Subjects
Latrodectus atritus ,Ecology ,Insect Science ,Instar ,Theridiidae ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus - Abstract
Young spiders of two New Zealand Latrodectus species were reared to maturity. Considerable variability in growth rate, instar length, relative size, colouration, and patterning was observed both intraspecifically and interspecifically. In general, successive instars increased in length. In both species males matured in 4 moults and lived for only 4-10 weeks, whereas females matured in 6 moults and often lived for 2 years.
- Published
- 1983
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15. Black Widow Spider Bites
- Author
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Albert Rauber
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Spider Venoms ,Poison control ,Venom ,Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,complex mixtures ,Latrodectus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Spider Bites ,medicine ,Animals ,Black Widow Spider ,Humans ,Neurotransmitter ,Envenomation ,Arthropod Venoms ,Aged ,Analgesics ,Spider ,biology ,Antivenins ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,business.industry ,Spiders ,biology.organism_classification ,Surgery ,chemistry ,Child, Preschool ,Calcium ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,muscle spasm ,Muscle contraction - Abstract
Black widow spiders (Latrodectus species) are found worldwide. Envenomation of humans usually occurs as the result of chance intrusion into the spider's domain by the human. The venom is regarded as one of the most potent biologic toxins. The venom acts by destabilization of cell membranes and degranulation of nerve terminals resulting in the release of neurotransmitters. The clinical picture is characterized by painful muscle spasm and hypertension. The very young, the elderly or enfeebled, and those with cardiovascular disease are at greatest risk. While not always necessary, the most effective treatment is specific antiserum. Muscle relaxants, analgesics and intravenous calcium are useful adjuvent treatment.
- Published
- 1983
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16. Effects of food deprivation onLatrodectus hasseltiThorell (Araneae: Theridiidae), the Australian redback spider
- Author
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L. M. Forster and J. Kavale
- Subjects
Starvation ,Food deprivation ,Spider ,biology ,Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Longevity ,Environmental factor ,Theridiidae ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Australian redback spider ,Latrodectus ,medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology ,medicine.symptom ,media_common - Abstract
Food deprivation tests indicate that most sub-adult and adult female Latrodectus hasselti spiders would be able to endure long periods of starvation if incarcerated in cargo. The data show that, under appropriate conditions, sub-adults survive for up to 160 days and some adults for more that 300 days. Temperature is an important variable with longevity being greatest at 10°C and markedly reduced at 25°C. Sluggishness is more pronounced at lower temperatures and probably reflects reduced metabolic rates. Even after 2–3 months without food, most spiders recover when fed. Five stages mark the progress of starvation (Indices of Starvation) and reflect a gradual decline in the spider’s normal functions. As the abdomen shrinks, with a concomitant loss of hydraulic pressure, there is a gradual decline in web-building and locomotory activities which ultimately end in the spider’s death. It is assumed that nutritional deficiency and, to a lesser extent, dehydration contribute to mortality.
- Published
- 1989
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17. Effect of venom fromLatrodectus katipoandIxeuticus martius(Arachnida: Araneae) on insect neuromuscular transmission
- Author
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LH Field and Craig E. Franklin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,End-plate potential ,biology ,Neuromuscular transmission ,Venom ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,complex mixtures ,Resting potential ,Neuromuscular junction ,Latrodectus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Katipo ,Periplaneta - Abstract
Homogenates of spider venom glands were applied topically to fibres from the extensor tibiae muscles of adult male American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) from which miniature end plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded with an intracellular glass capillary microelectrode. Venom from Latrodectus katipo caused a sudden, transitory increase in MEPP frequency, which peaked and then decreased over the next hour until no MEPPs were recorded. Small, random fluctuations (3–5 mV) in the resting potential of the muscle fibres were also recorded. Ixeuticus martius venom caused a rapid, logarithmic decrease in MEPP frequency; no MEPPs were recorded 15–20 min after venom application. The resting potential decreased by 30–40 mV 5–10 min after application. L. katipo venom appears to act presynaptically, causing a massive release of transmitter. Although a presynaptic mechanism for I. martius venom has not been excluded, it is more likely that the observed effect results from a post-synaptic blockade of tra...
- Published
- 1985
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18. THE HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE KATIPO SPIDER AT SOUTH BRIGHTON BEACH, CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
- Author
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D. J. Smith
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Spider ,biology ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Weevil ,Theridiidae ,Distribution (economics) ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus ,Predation ,Geography ,Habitat ,Insect Science ,Katipo ,business - Abstract
SUMMARY In May 1969 the distribution of the Katipo spider Latrodectus katipo (Araneae : Theridiidae) at South Brighton Beach, Christchurch, was investigated. The spiders were most abundant in a narrow zone about 10-30 metres from the most seaward clumps of marram grass. Habitat characteristics were examined and a preference for sparse to medium densities of marram on sloping ground facing north-west, was found. An analysis of the contents of 32 webs indicated that a weevil, Cecyropa modesta, is probably the most important prey.
- Published
- 1971
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19. IV.—On the genus Latrodectus, Walck
- Author
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Frederick Pickard
- Subjects
Geography ,biology ,Genus ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Latrodectus - Published
- 1902
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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