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Contributor Role Ontologies and Taxonomies (CROTs) provide a standard list of roles to specify individual contributions to research. CROTs most common application has been their inclusion alongside author bylines in scholarly publications. With the recent uptake of CROTs among publishers –particularly the Contributor Role Taxonomy (CRediT)– some have anticipated a positive impact on ethical issues regarding the attribution of credit and responsibilities, but others have voiced concerns about CROTs shortcomings and ways they could be misunderstood or have unintended consequences. Since these discussions have never been consolidated, this review collated and explored published viewpoints about the ethics of CROTs. After searching Ovid Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, 30 papers met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. We identified eight themes and 20 specific issues related to the ethics of CROTs and provided four recommendations for CROT developers, custodians, or others seeking to use CROTs in their workflows, policy and practice: 1) Compile comprehensive instructions that explain how CROTs should be used; 2) Improve the coherence of used terms, 3) Translate roles in languages other than English, 4) Communicate a clear vision about future development plans and be transparent about CROTs’ strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that CROTs are not the panacea for unethical attributions and should be complemented with initiatives that support social and infrastructural transformation of scholarly publications.

Calibration of hydrological models is challenging in high-latitude regions where hydrometric data are minimal. Process-based models are needed to predict future changes in water supply, yet often w...

Using a resource scarcity framework, the current study investigated whether Black people’s perceptions of competition for Black mates related to ascribing a Black identity onto Black/White ...

Resident safety and welfare in long-term care (LTC) is being redefined as the focus shifts to promoting an optimal quality of life especially in LTC. Achieving this requires contemporary practice to improve the organization and staff's ability in identifying, communicating, documenting, and managing the risks that arise from the choices a person makes in pursuit of a better quality of life. This article is a narrative realist style review examining the issues of how to manage risks for older residents living in LTC. The issues are examined in six stages: context, identifying, communicating, documenting, enacting, reviewing and reflecting on how choices are made and risks managed. It is important for individuals to be supported in making an informed choice - this requires identifying, providing, and communicating the available options and the potential consequences. Documenting consent, perhaps with formal risk agreements, provides clarity for all involved and assists in determining how and who is responsible for enacting choices. Reviewing and reflecting upon the decisions and actions to enact choices are familiar to prudent LTC managers who implement and monitor robust governance systems. Learning from these experiences is essential to better meet individual resident, staff, organizational, and community expectations. Improving practice at each of the six steps should reduce adverse professional and legal repercussions and enable the resident, families, and staff to better cope with respecting choices when a known harmful outcome eventuates.

Examining degenerative sensory and reflexive activity among people with peripheral neuropathy (PN) is important for clinical examinations and understanding relevant neural impairments. However, other than the test of presynaptic inhibition, the reliability of other related tests is largely unknown. The purpose of this project was to examine the test-retest reliability of lower extremity sensory and reflexive measures in people with PN. Twelve participants (8 women, 4 men, age = 72.5 ± 9.2 years) diagnosed with PN were assessed on two occasions at least 7 d apart. Plantar sensitivity, H-reflex and active and passive ankle proprioception (AAP and PAP) were tested. Paired student's t-test and Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used for statistical analysis. Significant difference was observed in AAP at 0º position (p = 0.04). No other significant differences were observed. Moderate to high reliability was observed at measures of Plantar sensitivity (0.92), peak to peak H (0.71) and M (0.84) waves, latency between H and M (0.78), H-Index (0.85), AAP (0.62) and PAP index (0.60). Low reliability was observed of other parameters. The measures of Hmax, Mmax, latency, H-Index, plantar sensitivity and AAPPAP indices of proprioception tests can be measured reliably for further study in this population.

A broad, general understanding of the relationships between chemical structures and their various energies is of primary importance when assessing the validity of an energy derived from experiment or computation. This review is intended to provide guidance and advice for scientists seeking data for standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH0) and ionisation energies (IE) for a wide variety of organic compounds and ΔfH0 values for their odd- and even-electron cations. The major reference sources are critically reviewed and methods are described for the accurate estimation of ΔfH0 of neutral compounds and correlation schemes for IE, proton affinities (PA) and ΔfH0 values for odd- and even-electron positive ions. ΔfH0 data for neutral organics are well reproduced by the additivity method and up-to-date tables of group values are provided, as well as directions for their application. Free radical ΔfH0 values are also reported. The situation for odd-electron cations (molecular ions) is not as simple, but reliable c...

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer geospatial analytical tools with great potential for applications in marketing decision making. However, for various reasons, the rate of adoption of these tools in academic marketing programs has lagged behind that of marketing practitioners. RacerGISOnline is an innovative approach to integrating these tools into several courses in the marketing curriculum while avoiding the problems that have constrained adoption. This paper describes that system, its implementation, and evaluation at a regional comprehensive university, as well as its potential for implementation in other marketing departments.

We introduce the SAPSaC model to see how relationship characteristics influence the implementation and outcomes of a specific type of inter-organization information system—electronic data interchange (EDI). Using a relational exchange perspective, we examine the effects of interfirm system characteristics, target firm capabilities, and initiator assistance, on project outcomes. We explore effects of three system characteristics—relationalism, dependence, and tenure on initiator assistance. System characteristics and assistance are hypothesized to affect outcomes—project performance, satisfaction, and commitment to the relationship. We consider the target's task readiness an additional determinant of initiator assistance and performance. Using sample survey data from firms in the housewares industry, we find that initiator assistance stems from relationalism, not tenure. From the target's perspective, project performance derives from relationalism and tenure. Satisfaction is driven by relationalism, tenure...

We determined composition and trophic structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages, and also examined how environmental factors, such as riparian forest, aquatic habitat, and vertebrate predators, influenced these assemblages in relatively undisturbed headwater streams of northeastern Ohio. Using canonical correspondence analysis, we examined the relationships between macroinvertebrate assemblages, both compositional and trophic structure, and the environment. Ordination analyses showed a distinct separation of upstream and downstream macroinvertebrate faunas, while variance partitioning suggested that this may be because of the strong effects that predatory fishes and salamanders had in upstream areas. Aquatic habitat may be a strong determinant of macroinvertebrate composition and structure in these headwater streams, though this may be a reflection of site fidelity. Riparian forest habitat also explained a large portion of variation in macroinvertebrate functional feeding guild structure, emphasizing the...

Though spatial information is of vital importance in a wide variety of marketing decisions, geographic information systems (GIS) applications are not well integrated into the marketing curriculum. Such integration faces a serious array of financial, training, faculty, technical and resource constraints. The collection of GIS modules described in this paper is a set of course-specific instructional tools that are designed for use across the marketing curriculum. Each module enables students to engage in hands-on GIS analysis that is directly related to content in the relevant course. Over the course of their academic program, students using the modules build a solid portfolio of basic GIS skills as well as an understanding of more extensive applications of the technology.

The transcription factor Pax5 is required for many aspects of B-lymphopoiesis including lineage commitment, immunoglobulin rearrangement, pre-BCR signalling and mature B cell survival. Pax5 regulates B cell lineage commitment by concurrently activating cell specific gene expression as well as suppressing the expression of genes associated with non-B cell fates. The identity of the molecular targets of Pax5-mediated gene repression is the subject of much current interest. Recent studies have documented the essential nature of the Pax5 mediated repression of the stem cell transcriptional program, as well as the silencing of lineage inappropriate gene expression, for B cell development. Surprisingly the repression of genes by Pax5 continues throughout lymphopoiesis, with the loss of Pax5 in mature B cell resulting in the reactivation of the same Pax5 targets during plasma cell differentiation. These recent insights into the mechanism of action of Pax5 in controlling B cell identity will be discussed.

TWENTY-TWO limestone sculptures, thought to have once decorated the now-destroyed 12th-century church Notre-Dame-de-la-Couldre in Parthenay (Deux-Sevres), are dispersed in numerous American and French museum collections. To assess their provenance, stylistic analysis and documentary evidence are here combined with compositional analysis of their stone by neutron activation. Comparison of the resulting compositional profiles with those of samples from the still-standing west facade produced matches for works in the Musee du Louvre, Glencairn Museum, William Hayes Fogg Museum, and a private collection. Samples from sculptures in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art differ in composition from each other and from those that match stone from the facade of Notre-Dame-de-la-Couldre. Still other works, such as those in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, returned varied results conflicting with other provenance information. This application of sc...

Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli-1) is a member of the Ets family of transcriptional activators that has been shown to be an important regulator during megakaryocytic differentiation. We undertook a two-hybrid screen of a K562 cDNA library to identify transcription factors that interacted with Fli-1 and were potential regulators of megakaryocyte development. Here we report the physical interaction of Fli-1 with GATA-1, a well-characterized, zinc finger transcription factor critical for both erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. We map the minimal domains required for the interaction and show that the zinc fingers of GATA-1 interact with the Ets domain of Fli-1. GATA-1 has previously been shown to interact with the Ets domain of the Fli-1-related protein PU.1, and the two proteins appear to inhibit each other's activity. In contrast, we demonstrate that GATA-1 and Fli-1 synergistically activate the megakaryocyte-specific promoters GPIX and GPIbalpha in transient transfections. Quantitative electrophoretic mobility shift assays using oligonucleotides derived from the GPIX promoter containing Ets and GATA binding motifs reveal that Fli-1 and GATA-1 exhibit cooperative DNA binding in which the binding of GATA-1 to DNA is increased approximately 26-fold in the presence of Fli-1 (from 4.2 to 0.16 nM), providing a mechanism for the observed transcriptional synergy. To test the effect on endogenous genes, we stably overexpressed Fli-1 in K562 cells, a line rich in GATA-1. Overexpression of Fli-1 induced the expression of the endogenous GPIX and GPIbalpha genes as measured by Northern blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. This work suggests that Fli-1 and GATA-1 work together to activate the expression of genes associated with the terminal differentiation of megakaryocytes.

(1999). Student Perceptions of Dual Relationships Between Faculty and Students. Ethics & Behavior: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 79-106.

A fungus-derived compound (OSI-2040) which induces fetal globin expression in the absence of erythroid cell differentiation was identified in a high-throughput drug discovery program. We utilized this compound to isolate gamma-globin regulatory genes that are differentially expressed in OSI-2040-induced and uninduced cells in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. Representational difference analysis (RDA) of cDNA revealed several genes that were significantly up- or down-regulated in OSI-2040-induced cells. One gene whose expression was markedly enhanced was the gene for the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor Id2. Southern analysis of RDA amplicons demonstrated progressive enrichment of Id2 with each successive subtraction of uninduced cDNA from induced cDNA. Northern analysis of OSI-2040-induced K562 cells confirmed that Id2 expression was directly up-regulated coordinately with gamma-globin. Analysis of other inducers of fetal globin demonstrated up-regulation of Id2 with sodium butyrate but not with hemin. Retrovirus-mediated overexpression of Id2 in K562 cells reproduced the enhancement of endogenous globin expression observed with OSI-2040 induction. Functional assays demonstrated that an E-box element in hypersensitivity site 2 is required for Id2-dependent enhancement of gamma-promoter activity. Protein binding studies suggest that alterations in E-box site occupancy by basic HLH proteins may influence this activity, thus expanding the potential role of these factors in globin gene regulation.

An experiment to combine many moderate-energy plasma gun discharges into one higher-energy discharge is described. Operated in a cylindrical array were 12 to 24 plasma guns with individual currents of up to 300 kA and individual discharge energies of 25 to 80 kJ. They were directed radially inward. They used separate refractory insulators. Reusable operation was achieved at up to a 1-MJ, 3-MA composite discharge level, and fast photography indicated that the separate discharges combined to form a single, symmetric, cylindrically converging discharge.

Reflex seizures or reflex epilepsy is not an uncommon form of epilepsy, existing in 5–6% of patients with epilepsy. This entity has also been known as sensory precipitation epilepsy or stimulus sensitive epilepsy. In this report, we discuss the study of a young girl who presented with a unique form of reflex epilepsy, olfactory-induced tonic seizures. Tonic seizures were consistently induced in her with a variety of odors. These seizures were elicited and recorded during an EEG study.

Non-solution and electrochemical treatments in preparation for adhesive bonding of titanium have been studied. Polymeric materials, LaRC TPI-2000TM, LaRC PETI-5TM, and AurumTM polyimides were deposited onto titanium-6Al-4V surfaces via plasma spraying. The plasma-sprayed surfaces were characterized using infrared, solid state NMR, and surface-sensitive analytical methods. The chemical nature of plasma-sprayed polymers is equivalent to that for powdered materials. The durability of titanium, adhesively bonded with a polyimide adhesive, was investigated by immersing wedge-type specimens in boiling water. Crack length and the mode of failure were used to assess durability. The determination of the failure mode was accomplished using surface-sensitive analytical methods. Surface treatments using plasma-sprayed LaRC-type polyimides result in good durability as evidenced by minimal crack growth for wedge specimens and by failure in the adhesive (cohesive failure).

The durability of aluminum and titanium adherends, plasma-sprayed with polymeric coatings, and bonded with an epoxy and a polyimide adhesive has been investigated. Organic-polymeric coatings were plasma-sprayed using epoxy, polyester, polyimide, and cyanate ester components. Durability was investigated using a wedge-type specimen by exposing the specimens to an environmental cycle that included low temperature, high relative humidity at elevated temperature, high temperature at atmospheric pressure in air, high temperature in a vacuum, and room temperature. The systems exhibiting durability comparable with that for adherends treated using standard solution methods, included aluminum or titanium coated with a bis-maleimide/cyanate ester (B-CE) or a bis-maleimide-LaRC TPI-1500® (B-TPI) mixture and bonded with an epoxy or a polyimide adhesive. For these B-CE- and B-TPI-coated specimens, failure during exposure to the environmental cycle occurred in the adhesive, indicating a favorable adherend/plasm...

We present a framework for calibrating a pricing model to a prescribed set of option prices quoted in the market. Our algorithm yields an arbitrage-free diffusion process that minimizes the relative entropy distance to a prior diffusion. We solve a constrained (minimax) optimal control problem using a finite-difference scheme for a Bellman parabolic equation combined with a gradient-based optimization routine. The number of unknowns in the optimization step is equal to the number of option prices that need to be matched, and is independent of the mesh-size used for the scheme. This results in an efficient, non- parametric calibration method that can match an arbitrary number of option prices to any desired degree of accuracy. The algorithm can be used to interpolate, both in strike and expiration date, between implied volatilities of traded options and to price exotics. The stability and qualitative properties of the computed volatility surface are discussed, including the effect of the Bayesian prior on the shape of the surface and on the implied volatility smile/skew. The method is illustrated by calibrating to market prices of Dollar-Deutschemark over-the-counter options and computing interpolated implied-volatility curves.

Congenital cardiac defects occur commonly in children, with many requiring surgical intervention. Advances in the surgical support methods have reduced operative mortality and morbidity, but seizures remain one of the most commonly associated sequelae. Seizures are an important indicator of neurologic injury in infants, and may be an indicator of a poorer outcome. In this randomized study, 171 neonates underwent surgical correction of D-transposition of the great arteries. According to the study design, EEG monitoring was performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively to assess EEG seizures in every infant. In this paper we describe in detail the method of EEG monitoring used. The incidence of clinical seizures has been reported in previous studies to be between 4 and 10%. In the present study, the incidence of clinical seizures was similar. In contrast, the incidence of EEG seizures was approximately twice that of clinical seizures. Detection of EEG seizures occurred from a few ...

In the study of scientific creativity, the purposes of cognitive scientists and of historians of science overlap but are far from congruent. Historical cases are only one of many forms of evidence that cognitive scientists bring together to arrive at general conclusions about the creative processes. Historians seek to reconstruct the investigative enterprises of particular scientists. Generalizations about creativity are useful to historians mainly as one of various means to interpret the work of those particular scientists. This article presents the argument that the extent to which these two goals can be complementary depends largely (a) on how large the gap is between the duration of the thought processes that cognitive scientists examine and the limits of resolution to which historians can penetrate in following the temporal progression of a subject's thought and work and (b) on the level of temporal organization of these thoughts and actions most revealing of their creative nature.

The effects of drugs on the EEG have been of interest since Berger demonstrated in 1929 that electrical signals could be recorded from the scalp. Berger described changes in the EEG following a variety of medications and, based on these observations, hypothesized that there was a relationship between changes in alpha activity and mental processes. A large number of drugs have now been demonstrated to alter the EEG and many of these drug-induced changes may be clinically useful. Understanding the effects and significance of drug effects on the EEG requires an understanding of the physiological basis of electroencephalography. This paper reviews the physiological basis of the EEG and the effects of commonly used drugs on background rhythms and epileptiform activity. The effects of prenatal and postnatal drug exposure on the neonatal EEG are also reviewed.

Advances in medical technology have been instrumental in the development of transplantation as a life-saving procedure, which promises to be the positive choice treatment for organ failure in the future (Randhawa & Darr, 1997). However, there are not enough organs to meet the ever increasing demand, a trend that seems likely to continue unless some form of appropriate action is taken. Researchers have suggested that people in the West are favorable toward and are knowledgeable about organ donation(n1) and its benefits for potential recipients (Kent & Owens, 1995; Shanteau, Harris, & VandenBos, 1992). Although strong feelings of pride have been expressed by those who decide to become organ donors (Parisi & Katz, 1986), general attitudes and intentions may not necessarily be predictive of specific behavioral acts (Jaccard, King, & Pomazal, 1977). According to Manstead (1996), there is, indeed, a worrisome inconsistency between what people say (attitudes) and what people do (actual behavior). People may thus report positive attitudes toward organ donation because it is the socially desirable and humanitarian thing to do, whether they seriously intend to donate their body parts for transplantation purposes (Cleveland, 1975). Radecki and Jaccard (1997) identified cultural, religious, altruistic, and normative beliefs, as well as knowledge, as possible intervening psychological variables affecting actual behaviors toward becoming a donor. Commitment to donating one's organs may also be related to variables such as fear of dying, life after death, and anxiety levels (Cleveland).

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) involves the formation of intravitreal fibrocellular membranes which may lead to traction retinal detachment and blindness. The cellular component of epiretinal membranes originates from the proliferation and migration of cells within the eye. Several growth factors and other cytokines are plausible candidates for directing the processes leading to membrane formation. A reproducible animal model is needed for experimental studies of cytokine expression during PVR induction or treatment. We found that intravitreal injection of10(6) mixed mononuclear leukocytes or adherent monocytes along with a trans-scleral incision through the pars plana leads to the development of PVR-like disease in rabbit eyes. The severity of the disease was related to the number of monocytes injected. Typically, organized membranes extending from the incision toward the optic nerve formed within one week. Progression to extensive traction retinal detachment required 1 to 4 weeks. Injection of up to 5 x 10(6) lymphocytes or freeze-thaw killed monocytes was ineffective, and coinjecting 100 micrograms endotoxin with the monocytes did not result in enhanced disease. The histological appearance of the epiretinal membranes was similar to human PVR membranes. Macrophage, cytokeratin-positive (epithelial), and fibroblast-like cells were present. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from the rabbit membranes revealed the presence of mRNA for acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). Acidic FGF mRNA was not expressed by the injected monocytes. A comparable level of aFGF mRNA and also mRNAs for basic FGF, platelet-derived growth factor-B, and transforming growth factor beta were found in epiretinal membranes induced by a scleral incision in association with cryopexy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Murine bone marrow cells infected with replication-defective retroviruses containing v-raf alone or v-myc alone yielded transformed pre-B cell lines, while a retroviral construct containing both v-raf and v-myc oncogenes produced clonally related populations of mature B cells and mature macrophages. The genealogy of these transformants demonstrates that mature myeloid cells were derived from cells with apparent B-lineage commitment and functional immunoglobulin rearrangements. This system should facilitate studies of developmental relationships in hematopoietic differentiation and analysis of lineage determination.

Comparative performance data on three types of small diameter agitated extraction columns were obtained with the toluene-acetone-water system. The York-Scheibel Column exhibited the highest number of theoretical stages per meter. The Karr Column had the highest throughput and volumetric efficiency. The RDC Column exhibited good performance with highly purified materials, but its performance deteriorated much more rapidly than the other columns in the presence of trace contaminants.

Professional and Institutional Guidelines University and college faculty face complex professional and ethical issues in their ongoing interactions and involvements with students. On the one hand, an appreciation of the powerful positive impact of faculty involvement with students argues in favor of increased interaction outside the classroom (Astin, 1993). On the other hand, obvious concerns about fairness and a growing sensitivity over the potential for exploitation of students caution faculty against personal relationships with their students. Thus, faculty are often encouraged to become increasingly active in advisement, mentorship, and social situations with their students, while simultaneously being cautioned regarding behaviors that are, or might appear to be, exploitative or unjust. The challenge for faculty stems from the fact that the "faculty role" in relation to students is not a single role. Rather, faculty are called upon to perform complex multiple roles in their relationships with students, including those of research supervisor, instructor, curriculum planner, academic advisor, and mentor (Brown & Krager, 1985). Almost by definition, faculty members engage in what might be described as "multiple professional relationships" with their students in which they function in significant - and significantly different - roles either concurrently or sequentially (Pope, 1991; Sonne, 1994). Moreover, the increasing recognition of the importance of faculty involvement with students (e.g., Astin, 1993; Jacobi, 1991) has encouraged faculty to extend their professional roles into more personal realms and to socialize and interact with students in more informal settings. As faculty extend their professional relationships with students outside the classroom, it is not unusual for them to find themselves increasingly involved in more personal relationships as well. For example, in more informal settings faculty may find themselves called upon to advise students about personal as well as academic issues. As faculty socialize with students at university-sponsored or private functions, they may also find themselves forming personal friendship or even intimate relationships with their students and their families. Similarly, as faculty become more involved in the private lives of their students, they may find themselves in financial or business relationships with students or their families that extend well beyond the traditional boundaries of academia (for example, hiring students as baby sitters or house sitters or involving a student in a private business venture). While these types of personal relationships often provide opportunities to further the students' personal and professional development, they also carry very different expectations and obligations than the typical faculty professional roles and may thus give rise to greater and potentially more complex ethical issues (Kitchener, 1988). The literature of many professions, most notably the mental health professions, has provided extensive discussion of the problems inherent in dual relationships between professionals and their clients (e.g., Keith-Spiegel & Koocher, 1985; Kitchener, 1988; Pope, 1991). One of the key issues in such discussions is that dual or multiple relationships occur when the professional tries to simultaneously fill two or more different roles. Problems arise from such dual relationships when there are conflicts between the demands of the two roles and these conflicting demands result in conflicts of interest and potential exploitation of the nonprofessional member of the relationship (Kitchener, 1988; Pipes, in press). Obvious examples of such exploitative relationships include such situations as a psychotherapist persuading a client to invest in a shopping center development project with him or a divorce lawyer becoming sexually involved with a client. In contrast to the available literature regarding dual relationships in other professions, however, the ethics of dual relationships in higher education have received little attention (Blevins-Knabe, 1992; Kitchener, 1992). …

The compositional patterns of limestone from quarries beneath the city of Paris, France, and of Romanesque sculpture from the Paris basin and Burgundy were characterized by neutron activation analysis and multivariate statistics. Stone from three locations in the Lutetian limestone formations of Paris is found to be consistent and significantly different from Burgundian limestone.Elemental analysis is combined with traditional art-historical approaches to solve problems of grouping sculptural fragments, assigning places of origin, and establishing authenticity.

Analysis of collections of Predynastic lithic artifacts from Brunton and Caton‐Thompson's excavations in the Badari district, Middle Egypt leads to a revised interpretation of the Badarian and to the recognition of a later Predynastic lithic tradition — the Mostagedda industry. It is noted that developments in lithic technology from the Badarian to the later Predynastic are sufficient to account for the observed changes in raw material preferences; there is no need to look to the origins of the Badarians to explain their choice of raw material. Both the Badarian and Mostagedda industries appear to represent regional traditions that are restricted to the Badari and adjacent Mostagedda and Matmar areas. Occasional ‘Badarian’ potsherds found at localities elsewhere in the Nile Valley do no more than suggest some inter‐regional contact with this part of Middle Egypt during the Amratian and possibly the Gerzean.

As we move from a resourced-based economy from one based on knowledge and its utilization, universities can and must play an important role in the knowledge generation/utilization chain. Industry, government, and universities must find more effective ways of exploiting university-developed knowledge without destroying the primary university mandate of education and research. Some mechanisms for co-operation are discussed along with their pitfalls and benefits.

Cells from adult mouse spleens were cultured in WEHI-3 cell-conditioned medium, which contains the lymphokine interleukin-3 (IL-3). Under these conditions, cells grow well for 4 to 8 weeks; the cultures contain a variety of cell types for the first 1 to 2 weeks but are subsequently composed largely of immune mast cells. We found that infection of these cultures with Harvey sarcoma virus (HaSV) profoundly enhanced the growth potential of the cells, resulting in the reproducible isolation of long-term cell lines. These HaSV-infected cells appeared to be phenotypically identical to the immune mast cells found in uninfected cultures as determined by biochemical, immunological, and cytological tests. Although the cells expressed protein p21Ha-ras at levels similar to those in HaSV-transformed fibroblasts, they continued to require IL-3 for growth in vitro. Similar IL-3-dependent, long-term mast cell lines were also cultured from the enlarged spleens present in HaSV-infected mice. These results suggest that high-level expression of an activated Ha-ras oncogene enhances growth in these cells, perhaps by stimulating the progression of the cells into S, without affecting differentiation or altering the requirements for normal growth factor.

(1957). The Use of Carbon-14-Labeled Materials in Malting and Brewing Research. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 15, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1957, pp. 26-36.

The effect of antimony on the grain growth of zone-refined tin is markedly different from the effects of other solutes. It is suggested that, since antimony has a distribution coefficient greater than unity in tin, the antimony will not segregate positively to the grain boundaries and will thus be pushed ahead of an advancing boundary during grain growth. The effect of simultaneous diffusion of antimony in the matrix ahead of the boundary during the grain growth is also discussed.

Grain-growth experiments have been performed using high-purity zone-refined zinc. The simple growth law D = (Kt)1/2 applies over the temperature range 360 – 415°C.It was found that the measured activation energy for grain growth is purity sensitive. The activation energy obtained, using zinc of highest obtainable purity, was 7.7 ± .6 Kcal./g atom.

(1981). A Device for Assembling Bundles of Fibres. The Journal of The Textile Institute: Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 275-277.