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The UK has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with over 4.4 million cases and over 127,000 deaths to date (www.gov.uk accessed 17 May 2021). Patients with hematological malignancies wh...

The largely unpublished histories of intelligence generated by state institutions for internal consumption are as much cultural artifacts and policy prescriptions as they are inquiries into the pas...

Processes of decolonization in the context of the Cold War provided enormous opportunities for nationalist figures to parlay insider nationalist knowledge into significant metropolitan influence. T...

Background: Stuttering is associated with negative stereotypes and attitudes. Teachers play a pivotal role in children’s lives but need to be well educated about stuttering in order to support chil...

Sisters in Spirit examines the history of affective bonds among female lay evangelists of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). The setting is the UMCA’s main theological training cen...

Introduction: Schizophrenia, a devastating disorder with onset in adolescence or young adulthood, afflicts 1% of the population leading to severe social, educational, and occupational impai...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition with onset in early childhood characterized by marked deficits in interpersonal interactions and communication and by a restricted and repetitive range of interests and activities. This review points out key recent findings utilizing molecular imaging including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and nuclear neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). MRS indicates an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in high-functioning autism. Dysfunction of neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism has been demonstrated by PET and SPECT. Levels of serotonin synthesis in typically developing children are approximately twice those of adults; after the age of 5 years, levels decrease to those of adults. In contrast, levels of serotonin synthesis of children with ASD increase between ages 2 and 15 to 1.5-times adult values. The dopamine transporter is increased in the orbitofrontal cortex of men with ASD. The serotonin transporter is reduced in the brains of children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. Reduced serotonin receptors in the thalamus of adults with ASD are associated with communication difficulties. Glucose metabolism is reduced in the brains of people with ASD. Molecular imaging will provide the preliminary data for promising therapeutic interventions.

This article examines the strategic initiatives that Sir Philip Mitchell, governor of Kenya, brought to Great Britain’s Indian Ocean imperial and diplomatic policy in the years following the Second...

This article examines the socio-spatial history of the central market of a colonial African city. Colonial policies of racial segregation created obstacles to commerce, which in turn generated a local strategy of improvisational planning to placate various urban actors with a host of often contradictory concessions to ameliorate dislocation. These contradictions of colonial governance played out most visibly in the struggles over Kariakoo market, which became the city's primary market after its construction in 1923. By focusing on contests over the spatial ordering of commerce and residence in a multi-racial city ruled by Europeans, commercially dominated by Indians but overwhelmingly populated by Africans, this article demonstrates how the production of certain types of urban space creates unforeseen leverage for local actors, which simultaneously entrenches wider patterns of obstinate racialization despite the ubiquity of planning concessions. Using deeply researched archival evidence as well as a rich ...

This article examines political critics of Tanzania's first president, Julius K. Nyerere. While his detractors varied greatly in both ideological and sociological terms, the three major groups studied here shared a sharp intellectual frustration with Nyerere's effective utilization of humility as a political weapon to control debate, court international support, and silence opposition. Foreign critics, primarily European writers, were divided principally by their social proximity to Nyerere – older white “decolonizers” lamented their friend's embrace of authoritarian tactics to achieve utopian ends, while younger writers instead saw a distant and unworldly figure best understood in abstract philosophical terms. The most vocal Tanzanian critics, by contrast, were united by the heavy-handed actions they and their families had endured at the hands of the Tanzanian state, which in turn produced sharply personalized criticisms.

Mesmerism, Medusa, and the Muse: The Romantic Discourse of Spontaneous Creativity, by Anne DeLong, New York, Lexington Books, 2012, vii + 171 pp. Romanticism, Medicine and the Natural Supernatural:...

This article examines and contextualizes a riot that occurred in Dar es Salaam in 1959, in the peri-urban neighbourhood of Buguruni. The riot involved accusations that security guards and police were abducting neighbourhood residents and killing them in order to use their blood for the preparation of magical medicines. Those who abducted Africans for this purpose were popularly termed mumiani. Their rumoured existence is examined in the wider context of Dar es Salaam's rapid urbanization, its peri-urban politics and land conflicts, and its systems of law and knowledge. The article also explores the many possible interpretations of this riot. Drawing on interviews with local residents, court testimonies, official correspondence, newspaper accounts, and colonial memoirs, the article constructs a historical account of the riot's location, Buguruni, as well as a narrative of the riot itself and the subsequent legal actions. Such a violent event raises questions about the relationship between historic...

Brain imaging represents a potent tool to characterize biomarkers, biological traits that are pathognomonic for specific neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are imaging techniques used to identify alterations in the density and distribution of neurotransmitters, neuroreceptors, and transporters in specific regions of the brains of people with these disorders. Brain imaging research currently facilitates the elucidation of dysfunction of dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and other substances in people with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, schizophrenia, alcoholism and other substance abuse disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and the syndromes of restless legs, Lesch-Nyhan, Rett, and Tourette. Thus, brain imaging research offers great potential for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and cure of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain imaging research also facilitates new drug development and helps establish therapeutic doses of novel drugs. In particular, studies of specific receptors, such as the dopamine D2 receptor, before and after the administration of doses of drugs that occupy these D2 receptors, provide the means to determine receptor occupancy. For example, an optimal dose of D2 antagonist antipsychotics produces occupancy of 65% to 80% of D2 receptors, while a greater dose carries a risk of extrapyramidal side effects.

The emergence of an African racial nationalism in Tanzania was as much an intellectual re-articulation of basic categories of identity as it was a response to the racial inequities of coastal East African society and European colonial rule. This article explores the intellectual agency of African thinkers who operated within structures of thought that understood civilization as something diffused from outside of Africa—either in the form of Swahili Islamic culture or the European civilizing mission. Writers and poets within Tanzania between the 1920s and 1940s came to assert an African racial identity by inverting the norms of Swahili society that valorized patrilineal descent from the Middle East. Instead, they argued that Africans can only become civilized and realize their nation/race by honouring male ancestors from inside the continent. In practice this meant that African writers demanded to exercise greater control over the sexual behaviour of African women, whose fidelity to racial purity, they all...

Particles or cells suspended in an appropriately designed ultrasound standing wave field can be aggregated at a node to form a single monolayer in a plane that can be interrogated microscopically. The approach is applied here to investigate the temporal development of F-actin and Cx43 distribution and of gap junctional intercellular communication in 2-D chondrocyte aggregates (monolayers) rapidly and synchronously formed and held in suspension in an ultrasound trap. Development of the F-actin cytoskeleton in the confluent single layer of 'cuboidal' cells forming the aggregate was completed within 1 h. Chondrocytes levitated in the trap synchronously formed functional gap junctions (as assessed by CMFDA dye transfer assays) in less than 1 h of initiation of cell-cell contact in the trap. It was shown that Cx43 gene expression was retained in isolated chondrocytes in suspension. Preincubation of cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide caused a six-fold decrease in Cx43 accumulation (as assessed by immunofluorescence) at the interfaces of chondrocytes in the aggregate. It is shown that the ultrasound trap provides an approach to studying the early stages of cytoskeletal and gap junction development as cells progress from physical aggregation, through molecular adhesion, to display the intracellular consequences of receptor interactions.

A 2-dimensional aggregate of C6 neural cells was formed rapidly (within 30 s) in suspension in a recently developed 1.5 MHz ultrasound standing wave trap. A typical 1 mm diameter aggregate contained about 3,500 cells. Spreading of membrane occurred between the aggregated cells. The rate of spreading of the tangentially developing intercellular contact area was 0.19 microm/min. The form of the suspended aggregate changed from one of a hexagonal arrangement of cells to one of a cell-monolayer-like continuous sheet of mostly quadrilateral and pentagonal cells as in a cell monolayer on a solid substratum. A range of fluorescent indicators showed that the99% viability of the cells did not change during 1 h exposures; therefore cell viability was not compromised during the monolayer development. The average integral intensities from stained actin filaments at the spreading cell-cell interfaces after 1, 8 and 30 min were 14, 25 and 46 microm(2) respectively. The cells in this work progressed from physical aggregation, through molecular adhesion, to displaying the intracellular consequences of receptor interactions. The ability to form mechanically strong confluent monolayer structures that can be monitored in situ or harvested from the trap provides a technique with general potential for monitoring the synchronous development of cell responses to receptor-triggered adhesion.

In the closing pages of this lavishly illustrated, oversized book, Dutch historian Gijsbert Oonk reveals his various intended audiences. This is limited neither to the general reader interested in ...

Looking back at its first 10 years, we are happy to see that the Journal of Eastern African Studies has established itself as a major Area Studies journal. As our readership has broadened – in addi...

Writers, especially when they act in a body, and with one direction, have a great influence on the publick mind. (Burke, Reflections 162) What is the state of your body? (Coleridge 1: 254) When Joh...

Sperry, Carlson, and Peluso (2006) have not so much updated an earlier edition of their work as they have created a whole new textbook for couples therapy. From my point of view, it is easily the b...

Manford A. Sonstegard's place in the development of group counseling is reviewed, including his early work, his use of Adlerian approaches, and his perspective on current issues, supervision, and training.

This study describes the immunolocalization of actin, cytokeratins and vimentin during differentiation of the dental papilla in the rat. Incisors and first molars were sectioned from mandibles of Wistar rats from embryonic day (E)-14 to (E)-21 and weeks 1, 2, 3, 12 and 104 after birth, fixed in 90% alcohol, decalcified in EDTA, infiltrated with 5% sucrose, frozen in dry ice, and cryosectioned at 10 microns. The sections were immunolabelled using indirect immunofluorescence with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and FITC-phalloidin for F-actin localization. F-actin was present in follicular mesenchyme and odontoblast processes. Vimentin labelled dental papilla fibroblasts, differentiating, functional (secretory) and aged odontoblasts. Vimentin was uniformly localized in the cytoplasm of pre-odontoblasts but was redistributed to the apical pole of these cells during polarization. Of the cytokeratins, only cytokeratin 19 was found in differentiating odontoblasts. It was not present in dental papilla fibroblasts, functional or aged odontoblasts. These results suggest that actin and the redistribution of vimentin may be involved in odontoblast differentiation and odontoblast process formation/support and that these events may be preceded by the expression of cytokeratin 19.

This paper is a reply to Demetra Sfendoni‐Mentzou; it defends a realist—indeed a platonist—account of laws of nature.