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Banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) were observed attempting to catch insects off the bank of the pool in which they lived. This is previously unrecorded behaviour for this species. Details of this behaviour were recorded and described when individuals responded to the placement of insect larvae on the bank of the pool. This behaviour could explain the differences between stomach and drift net samples in previous diet studies.

Banded kōkopu body patterns are visible in 6-month-old individuals, are unique and remain unchanged over an extended time period. This allows for reliable individual identification and was confirmed by known age captive individuals and from individuals re-trapped in the wild. Body pattern types were specific to particular habitats, with lighter more spotted individuals found in forested habitats compared with darker more striped individuals found in backwater habitats. Breeding condition, which was determined by substantial weight loss through the expression of genital products, was confirmed by fin colour change, visibility of gonads through the body wall, the presence of a pectoral patch and post spawning change of body shape.

We prospectively compared 120 patients who underwent either phacoemulsification or extracapsular cataract (ECCE) surgery to establish the incidence of postoperative ptosis between the two techniques. Of the 120 patients, 60 underwent ECCE (unpublished data 1989) and 60 had phacoemulsification. Data was collected prospectively on upper and lower margin reflex distance, upper lid skin crease and levator function, preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively. Photographs were taken pre and postoperatively and examined by a blinded observer. At 6 weeks, ptosis was present in 18% of ECCE patients compared with 0% in the phacoemulsification group. By changing from ECCE to phacoemulsification the incidence of postoperative ptosis has reduced. The possibility to induce postoperative ptosis remains, potential mechanisms are discussed.

Summary Hustler, K. & Marshall, B.E. 1996. The abundance and food consumption of piscivorous birds on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe-Zambia. Ostrich 67:23-32. About 40 species of piscivorous birds have been recorded on Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe-Zambia) but only 26 were observed during this study, carried out in 1986–87. The Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus was the most numerous and made up 51.4% of all the birds seen, followed by the Whitewinged Black Tern Chlidonias leucoptera (26.7%), and the Darter Anhinga melanogaster (10.8%). Several species roosted or bred in the drowned trees which project above the lake surface but gently sloping shores were the most important feeding grounds. Relatively few birds were seen on steeply sloping shores or in open water. There was a distinct pattern of seasonal abundance, with birds being most numerous in the rainy season (November-April). The relative abundance of some fish species also was greatest during this period. There was a positive relationship between the numbers o...

Summary Hustler, 1995. Cormorant and Darter prey size selection under experimental conditions. Ostrich 66:109-113. The most profitable sized cichlid fish for Reed Phalacrocorax africanus and Whitebreasted Cormorants P. carbo lucidus and Darter Anhinga melanogaster were determined experimentally. A range of sizes was fed to all three species in captivity to determine whether, given a choice, they would choose the most profitable fish. All species chose certain sizes of fish preferentially, but not in accordance with their profitability. The hunger status of the birds at the time of the experiment and the way in which the experiments were designed and carried out probably influenced the size of fish chosen by the birds.

In 1985 the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) published the findings of a research project which pointed to an absence of Black artists in the British cultural scene. As a consequence several Arts Bodies and Local Education Authorities (LEAs) together with the CRE entered into partnership to launch an educational programme aimed at raising the status and visibility of Black artists. The Arts Education for a Multicultural Society (AEMS) project was launched in six LEAs in 1987. This paper reports on the findings of an external evaluation project in one LEA. By drawing on materials from interviews with artists, teachers and pupils a case is presented for the educational value of enjoyable, ‘critical’ events. However, it is also argued that these events contributed to the raising of awareness of the participants concerning the nature of inequalities founded in racism. The paper concludes by proposing that the project reported on provides a model for teaching and learning strategies in multicultur...

Summary Douthwaite, R.J., Hustler, C.W., Kruger, J. & Renzoni, A. 1992. DDT residues and mercury levels in Reed Cormorants on Lake Kariba: a hazard assessment. Ostrich 63: 123–127. Samples of liver and visceral fat from 86 cormorants Phalacrocorax africanus collected at the eastern end of Lake Kariba between January and October 1986 were analysed for 22 organochlorine compounds. Residues of four insecticides were detected but concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, Hch and lindane in liver did not exceed 0.3 mg kg−1 extractable lipid. Unaltered DDT, or its metabolites DDD and DDE, were found in every sample, almost all as DDE. Levels varied seasonally, with the highest found between May and September. Risk of increased mortality in full-grown birds was negligible but visceral fat of adult females contained DDE levels associated elsewhere with eggshell thinning and breeding failure in a related species. In a separate study, tissues from ten birds were analysed for mercury. Up to 13.6 mg mercury kg1 dry weight...

Summary Hustler, & Howells, W. W. 1988. Breeding biology of the Whiteheaded Vulture in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Ostrich 59:21-24. Whiteheaded Vulture pairs were monitored from 1973–1984 in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Thorn-less flat-topped tress were preferred for nesting and alternate nests were close by. Mean nest occupancy was 3 years; 40% of known nests were occupied for 4 years or more. Mean inter-nest distance vaned according to soil type (10,96 km—basalt, 14,72 km—ecotone, 29,15 km—kalahari sand). Clutch size was one and eggs were laid in May, June and July. 0,65 chicks/pair were reared in 46 known-result pair-years and on average 35% of all known pairs failed to breed in any one year.

Hustler, K. & Howells, W. W. 1987. Breeding periodicity, productivity and conservation of the Martial Eagle. Ostrichss: 135-138. Twenty eight Martial Eagle territories were monitored from 1973-1984 in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, and 0,52 chicks were reared per breeding attempt. The eagles show an annual and biennial breeding periodicity which probably depends on the length of the post-nestling dependence period. We present two hypotheses on factors controlling this and discuss them in the light of data collected. The effects of agriculture on the post-nestling dependence period and on conservation of Martial Eagles are discussed.

There are times and occasions in social life when one member of society controls, organises, manages a group or collection of others with regard to some specific business or project. The particular example which provides the focus for our analysis in this paper is that of a school teacher dealing with a class of pupils. The school teacher is one member of society who routinely deals with a large number of others as a group or collectivity most days. The business of Secondary schools especially is generally organised around transactions between a single teacher and 25-30 or so pupils in a class. In a Secondary school a teacher's typical day can consist of repeatedly handling a variety of collections of pupils as different classes come to him for lessons. Even when he has the 'same class' again, there is no guarantee that it will consist of exactly those pupils it did 'last time'. From one occasion to another it is likely that any number of different individual pupils may not be present. Despite this possible variable constitution of their classes, teachers routinely cope wth their collections of pupils, managing them with not too much difficulty. At least it is our impression that this is the case from mixing with, talking to and observing teachers, although it is not an impression we gain from many sociological studies, where teachers appear constantly to find the classroom situation threatening. We venture to suggest that experienced teachers may well manage their classes in such taken for granted ways that they are not consciously aware of the nature of their accomplishment. Clearly they are aware of it when 'trouble brews' or when the pupils are 'difficult', but for much of the time they are doing their teaching their awareness of the achieved nature of keeping order may fall away from their more immediate consciousness. The order is accomplished in unnoticed ways. Those unnoticed ways of maintaining order constitute part of a teacher's professional expertise; they are part of this repertoire of methodic skills for doing his job properly. They are professional resources he is required to call upon every time he takes a class. For although most teachers may routinely handle their classes in an orderly manner, that outcome does not deny the essentially achieved nature of social

Summary Hustler, Kit. 1983. Breeding biology of the Greater Kestrel. Ostrich. 54:129-140. The breeding biology of a pair of Greater Kestrels was studied from July to December 1980 near Krugersdorp, South Africa. The role of the sexes during the pre-courtship, courtship, incubation and nestling periods was recorded. The nest was usurped from a pair of Pied Crows Corvus albus. Courtship lasted 6 weeks from August to mid-September and nine different displays were recorded. Incubatory behaviour began at least a week before the eggs were laid. The male incubated for 23% and the female for 72% of the daylight time observed until the eggs hatched. A nestling period of about 32 days was recorded. Hunting was by hovering or from perches. Prey consisted of invertebrates before incubation, when vertebrates became the staple prey. The male attacked displaying intruders during courtship but otherwise ignored intruding conspecifics. The female responded to displaying intruders at courtship, but chased intruding conspec...

Summary Hustler, Kit. 1983. Breeding biology of the Peregrine Falcon in Zimbabwe. Ostrich 54:161-171. A pair of nesting Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus was studied in Zimbabwe. Most displays were on ledges and in potholes and consisted of horizontal bows. A courtship ledge was used until 11/2 weeks before egglaying when the nesting ledge became the focus of activity. Most copulations were seen just before egglaying and were preceded by no discernible display. At least two eggs were laid between 2 and 6 August and both sexes incubated. The eggs were covered for 98,8% of the day and incubation shifts averaged 72 min for the male and 101 min for the female. When not incubating the male was absent from the nesting cliff more often than the female. The eggs hatched about 6 September, giving an incubation period of at least 30 days. The male's visits were primarily to bring food after the chicks hatched. The female brooded intensively at first and started to hunt when the chicks were 2 weeks old. Three hunti...

Summary Hustler, K. & Howells, W. W. 1986. A population study of Tawny Eagles in the Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Ostrich 57: 101–106. Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax breeding success has been monitored in the Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe from 1973–1984. There were 1044 breeding pair years with 640 chicks reared; an average of 0,61 chicks/breeding paid year. The average number of pairs breeding each year was 72,4%. Thirty-one percent of all breeding attempts failed; most during nest-building (59%). Rainfall in the latter part of the rainy season appeared to influence early and late laying pairs. Two-egg clutches were most common (76%) and 65% of all one-egg clutches laid failed to produce chicks. Several factors which may influence breeding success are discussed.