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The Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST; Goetz, 1985) was administered to 722 male and female children between the ages of 10 and 15 and 58 fine arts students. Also administered to the children only were Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (H.J Eysenck & S.B.G. Eysenck, 1975). VAST scores increased with age up to 14, but not beyond; sex had little influence. IQ accounted for only 10% of the VAST variance. Personality failed to correlate with VAST scores, and artistic training had no effect on VAST scores. The test scores were reasonably reliable (r = .70), but skewed to the right, with a long tail of low scores. Difficulty levels were similar to those observed in other countries and cultures.

In this study the hypothesis that psychoticism as a personality variable would be associated with creativity, as measured by the Barron‐Welsh Art Scale and the Word Association Rare Responses Test, was tested. An analysis of results from 100 nonaca‐demic subjects by means of multidimensional scaling showed a clear grouping together of the three variables postulated to cohere together. IQ did not correlate with any of the variables involved.

I have little to reply to Amabile's very reasonable comments. She is right in saying that my target article "falls short of actually presenting a theory of creativity," but I attempted to offer only "suggestions for a theory." She is also right in stating that "more direct empirical data are needed" in relation to many of my suggestions-and to many deductions that would follow from the theory. Some of her queries are answered elsewhere, if only because the target article was already much longer than usual. Thus, the difference between high-P scorers and psychotics was discussed at length elsewhere (H. J. Eysenck, 1992); there is a large body of evidence relevant to this point, and it could not be dealt with in a paragraph or two. How does personality give rise to cognitive style, like overinclusion? How, specifically, do both give rise to creativity? Amabile's questions are very much to the point; I can only give a tentative answer. As I mentioned in the target article and described in more detail in my psychoticism article (H. J. Eysenck, 1992), schizophrenia and psychoticism are both quite closely correlated with mechanisms like negative priming (Beech, Baylis, Smithson, & Claridge, 1989; Beech & Claridge, 1987) and latent inhibition (Baruch, Hemsley, & Gray, 1988; Lubow, 1989). These are well-documented mechanisms that produce cognitive inhibitions needed to control overinclusiveness, and diminished or missing in schizophrenics, schizotypals, and high-P scorers. Perhaps here we have the crucial agents that mediate between personality (high P) and cognitive style implicit in trait creativity. My analysis of product creativity is indeed perfunctory and clearly owes much to Amabile's componential theory; I have little to contribute on that score, and I wanted to get to trait creativity, where I conceive my major contribution to lie. What would constitute testability of my model? It clearly predicts a fairly close relation between trait creativity and (lack of) latent inhibition and/or negative priming; these would be interesting experiments. The literature shows that dopamine antagonists increase and dopamine agonists decrease latent inhibition and negative priming; do these substances have a similar effect on creativity? These and many similar experimental paradigms emerge from my attempt to formulate a testable theory; when they have been tested, we shall know more about its value.

It is argued that there is now sufficient evidence to regard psychosocial variables, in particular personality and stress, as important risk factors for cancer and coronary heart disease (CHD), equal in importance to smoking, heredity, cholesterol level, blood pressure, and other physical variables. Furthermore, it is now clear that both types offactors act synergistically; that is, each by itself is relatively benign, but their effects multiply to produce high levels of disease. Last but not least, it is argued that there is now good evidence to show that psychological treatment can modify a person's reaction to stress, so that risk of cancer and CHD can be greatly diminished, and duration of survival significantly increased in those terminally ill with cancer. Psychological influences on physical diseases are much greater than suspected in the past; we are only now beginning to trace the causal pathways. There is a long history of belief in the existence of a cancer-prone personality, characterized by a tendency to suppress the expression of emotions, and an inability to deal with stress, leading to feelings of hopelessness/helplessness, and finally of depression (Eysenck, 1985). There is also a long history of belief in the existence of a coronary heart disease (CHD)-prone personality, characterized by strong, easily aroused feelings of anger, hostility, and aggression (Eysenck, 1990). Most of the published studies have followed the example of Kissen and Eysenck (1962) in studying the personality of patients already ill, comparing them with patients suffering from more benign forms of disease, a methodology that opens the door to arguments that perhaps the disease process has led to cancer-prone or CHD-prone

(1991). Reply to Criticisms of the Grossarth-Maticek Studies. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 297-323.

Summary This study reports a test of an astrological prediction according to which extraversion is related to being born under the odd numbered zodiacal signs, and introversion to being born under the even numbered zodiacal signs. Also tested is the hypothesis of greater emotionality for people born under the so-called water signs. Nine hundred seventeen male adult Ss and 1407 female adult Ss were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and their birthdates ascertained. Results for males and females separately and jointly support the predictions made on the basis of astrological writings at a high level of significance. Possible causes for this finding are discussed, but it is concluded that artifacts are unlikely to have produced the results obtained.

Summary Results are reported of testing male and female university students (N 1957), male and female schoolchildren (N = 6116) and male and female psychotic inpatients (N = 420) in both Japan and England with the PEN Personality Inventory, which purports to measure the independent personality dimensions of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), and Neuroticism (N) The hypothesis tested was based on the findings of R. Lynn, derived from an intercorrelational study of demographic data, that Japanese, of all the populations tested, were the most introverted and the second most neurotic. No predictions were made for P. The results indicated support for the hypothesis; Japanese scored very significantly higher than English on N and also on P; they scored lower on E. Japanese psychotics, like English, scored higher on P than normals, but again the Japanese psychotics scored higher than the English on this variable. The results indicate support for Lynn's findings, and may also be regarded as supporting the validi...

Summary A comparison is reported between 463 Japanese students and 802 British students of both sexes and similar ages with respect to their answers to a questionnaire on sexual attitudes, habits, and practices. The data indicate that the Japanese students were much less permissive and advanced in their attitudes, showing an almost Victorian reticence. Sex differences in attitudes were preserved across cultures, and culture differences were manifested across the two sexes. More detailed comparisons were made across the various factors that emerged from the original analysis of the questionnaire, and these aid in the discussion of the finer structure of the cultural comparisons.

Summary Random bred male animals (N = 48 rats) underwent classical fear conditioning, an extinction trial, and a subsequent fear retention test either in the morning or in the afternoon. Half of the animals in both groups had been deprived of food for 18 hours prior to testing and were offered some food in the final fear retention test, whereas the others carried on feeding ad lib. The four groups were further split up into groups of three animals with a duration of the extinction trial of either 0, 15, 30, or 60 sec. Food deprivation had no significant effect on the fear retention data. But animals which had been tested in the afternoon showed greater fear reduction following a short duration of extinction than after a long duration. Animals tested in the morning, on the other hand, profited more from longer duration of extinction.

Browne and Howarth, in a recent study, selected 400 items from 1726 non-repeated items appearing in previous personality studies, representing twenty hypothetical factors, analysis, followed by rotation, resulted in a multiplicity of factors, many of them similar to those hypothesized. A table is given of the intercorrelations between factors, but no higher order factor analysis was carried out. The writer's system predicts that three such factors should be found in any comprehensive study of this kind, and this paper reports a factor analysis of the correlations among the Browne and Howarth factors. A very clear three-factor picture emerges, with the hypothetical psychcoticism, extraversion and neuroticism factors having very much the predicted loading pattern. It is concluded that primary factor analysis without extraction of higher order factors leaves the analysis incomplete and omits what may be the most important part of the whole procedur. The results are interpreted as supporting the writer's theoretical position.

Summary A sample of 336 male and 318 female Australian adults was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (E.P.Q.), and the items were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Results were compared with the results obtained from an English sample of 2312 males and 3262 females, using indices of factor comparison. Identical factors corresponding to the major personality dimensions of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), and Neuroticism (N) were found, together with a largely independent L (Lie or dissimulation) scale, which has also been found to measure conformity. Australians seem to have significantly higher P scores, and significantly lower L scores, suggesting possible conformity with national stereotypes relating to Australians and English; such differences await replication before they can be taken very seriously.

Summary A comparison is made between the aesthetic judgment of 131 designs and devices, made by some 200 English students of both sexes and that made by some 200 Japanese students of both sexes. Factor analyses were carried out on the ratings and similar factors discovered in the two racial groups. It is concluded that formal determinants of aesthetic judgments of designs of the kind used here are similar or even identical for these two samples in spite of the great cultural and racial differences between them.

Summary A Nigerian sample of 329 men and 101 women was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire under selection conditions; so was another sample of 246 Nigerian males under conditions of anonymity. All Ss in these groups were members of the armed forces. British groups of civilians and soldiers (N = 404 men and 544 women) were also administered the same questionnaire, with both samples being matched for age, and the results for the two national groups were compared. Factor analyses of the intercorrelations of the questions in the E.P.Q. showed factor comparison indices sufficiently high to indicate that the questionnaire measured much the same traits in the two populations. Reliabilities were somewhat lower among the Nigerians, and there were certain differences in the intercorrelations between the scales. Nigerians had much higher Lie scores, and in addition the evidence suggested that they had higher Psychoticism scores (i.e., were more tough minded) and had lower Neuroticism scores. The poss...

Summary A study was undertaken comparing the responses of schoolchildren (ages 10–15 years) in Japan (N = 1091) with those in England (N = 2320) on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Factor analyses showed that identical factors could be found in both samples, corresponding to P (psychoticism), E (extraversion), N (neuroticism), and L (a Lie or dissimulation factor, also often interpreted as a factor measuring conformity). Several items in each factor showed a lack of correspondence in loading pattern between the countries and had to be substituted by others in order to obtain scales useful for measurement of personality in Japan. Reduced scales were also constructed from items having similar loading patterns for the two countries, and comparisons made between the two groups on these scales. Japanese children had very significantly higher P scores, but did not differ appreciably with respect to E, N, and L from English children.

A 5 item sexual permissiveness scale devised by Reiss, and 4 personality inventory scales purporting to measure psychoticism (P), neuroticism (N), extraversion (E) and propensity to dissimulate (L for lie scale) were administered to 427 male and 436 female subjects aged between 20 and 50 years. It was found that men were more permissive than women on all 5 items; that items are intercorrelated in a pattern which could be predicted from the Guttman‐type properties of the original scale; that high P scorers were more permissive than low P scorers; that high L scorers were less permissive than low L scorers; and that extraverts were slightly more permissive than introverts. All the findings relating to personality and permissiveness were in good agreement with findings from previous studies of the relation between personality and sexual attitudes. Assortative mating was studied for 241 couples who formed part of the original sample. Correlations for permissiveness were all positive, and reached sign...

(1961). Personality and Social Attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 243-248.

(1971). Hysterical personality and sexual adjustment, attitudes and behaviour. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 274-281.

(1988). Skinner, Skinnerism, and the Skinnerian in Psychology. Counselling Psychology Quarterly: Vol. 1, No. 2-3, pp. 299-301.

The author takes the position that originality and creativity are not by themselves aspects of intelligence, but rather traits of personality.