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AtlantiCare Health System provides health care services to residents in Atlantic City, an urban food desert in southern New Jersey. The purpose of this study is to explore baseline data on the first four months of the program to better understand participants purchasing behaviors. To improve the health of Atlantic City seniors, AltantiCare established a Virtual Grocery Store Program (VGSP). The program covers fees associated with online grocery shopping for 300 residents in Jeffries Towers, a low-income housing complex. Over the course of 4 months, 28 participants placed a total of 151 orders, with a range from 1 to 14 orders each. Out of the 151 orders, that yielded 1,771 items, the top three types of food purchased were fruits and vegetables, dairy and eggs, and meat and fish; one-third of the items were prepared, two-thirds were perishable, and while almost half the items had no nutritional value, out the half that did, the majority had the high nutrition; and less than a third of participants used NJ SNAP funds to purchase their groceries online. Future efforts need to uncover the explanation for these purchases along with identifying potential strategies to increase consumption of healthier food options.

This paper develops a game-theoretic model that analyzes how a grocery store responds to the entry of a Walmart Supercenter using its store-format choice. By adopting a set of realistic assumptions, such as the cost advantage of Walmart and differentiated services of grocery stores, we find that the distance to a Walmart Supercenter is a key moderating factor in the store-format choice of grocery stores. Grocery stores would prefer to sell non-food items, but when sufficiently close to Walmart Supercenters they would specialise in food items, as consumers find it less costly to engage in two-stop shopping, making the gain from non-food items smaller. So an asymmetric equilibrium becomes feasible, wherein grocery stores carrying increasingly more non-food products and a new grocery store concept like Whole Foods and Wild Oats emphasising high-quality, organic foods can coexist. Our results yield important managerial implications. Under the specialisation strategy, the quality of its differentiated services should be sufficiently high, at least two to four times the disutility of two-stop shopping. Under the expansion strategy, grocery stores should engage in loss leadership, pricing non-food items below cost to lure large-basket consumers while earning higher margins from food items to compensate for the loss.

It is not uncommon to see prices that end with a 9 or 99, be it in a restaurant, grocery store, or clothes store. Yet, this convention in pricing is typically found in the US, and evidence of it in...

The use of virtual reality (VR) technology has been suggested as a method to increase ecological validity in neuropsychological assessments. Although validity has been a focus in VR research, little attention has been paid to other psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability and practice effects. Practice effects are common on traditional neuropsychological tests and can be impacted by novelty. Because VR is not widely used it was expected that participants would demonstrate higher practice effects on VR as compared to paper-and-pencil testing.To compare test-retest reliability and practice effects in VR and traditional paper-and-pencil testing, the Virtual Environment Grocery Store (VEGS) and California Verbal Learning Test - Second Edition (CVLT-II) were used in healthy adults (n = 44). Participants received follow-up testing approximately 2 weeks after the initial visit.Significant practice effects of similar magnitude were seen on memory scores (i.e., total learning, long-delay free recall, and long-delay cued recall) on the VEGS and the CVLT-II. The VEGS and CVLT-II memory scores also demonstrated strong test-retest reliability (Results suggested similar test-retest reliability and practice effects of the VEGS and CVLT-II, although the VEGS has the benefit of being an immersive technology that simulates an everyday activity. The study replicated past findings that the VEGS is more difficult than the CVLT-II which may be a useful property for clinical assessment.

A mixed methods study was conducted to better understand food access, food retail store environment, and perspectives of community residents on their grocery store shopping patterns and access to healthy foods in underserved, predominantly African American neighborhoods. GIS mapping, grocery store observations (n = 4), a food access and grocery store environment survey (n = 126), and focus groups (n = 48) were used. The results indicate that these neighborhoods have a low density of grocery stores, and only two out of four grocery stores meet the standard for a healthy retail store. Barriers to getting healthy foods and solutions to improve food access are discussed.

This study examined Denver, Colorado area grocery stores to identify if significant differences in food price, availability, or quality existed for different population groups. Thirty stores were r...

We describe a patient who presented with subacute ascending numbness who we diagnosed with nitrous oxide toxicity from recreational drug abuse. Characteristic neuroimaging is presented and the diagnostic process for this condition is reviewed.

In recent years, activewear is no longer contained to the gym. It is visible in places such as grocery store, movie theatre, and classroom. To better understand this phenomenon of activewear purcha...

Thirty years ago, fake news was resigned to tabloids at the grocery store. Now, fake news is often more convincing than real news. Many library users lack the appropriate skills to discern between ...

Conventional population estimates do not account for spatiotemporal fluctuations in populations over a diurnal timescale at the level of retail store catchments. This presents challenges for the retail location-based decision making process which seeks to predict sales volumes and their temporal characteristics prior to new store construction. We present a novel analysis of the temporal fluctuations of store sales, evidencing links between the spatiotemporal distribution of specific population subgroups and temporal store sales. Previous research linking spatiotemporal populations and store sales is limited owing to the fact that commercial data are not openly available to academic research. However, this research has unprecedented access to store level temporal sales data and an established loyalty card scheme from a major UK grocery retailer making these analyses possible for the first time. Additionally, we demonstrate that current store classifications were inadequate for grouping stores with ...

Objective: This study was to determine if calcium fortification yields a higher price per serving in grocery store products. Researchers compared store brand to national brand grocery products in r...

This article discusses a how the leaders of a major government organization changed the culture of the organization to improve the effectiveness of its operations. The authors explore the union-driven, civil service environment they confronted and how it is possible to bring about change and make operations better. In addition to using an actual example of change, the authors also explore the theory of organizational culture so the reader may be able to bring about cultural change in his or her operations to make the organization more effective.

We examine the moving and housing preferences of middle-aged and older in Finland, a country where population composition and movement through the life course are changing. A logistic regression reveals that middle-aged, moderate income residents, renters, those who have lived in their houses only a short time, and residents who are generally dissatisfied are most likely to consider moving. Downsizing appeals to residents with lower incomes who live alone, and who have been in their current houses longer. All potential movers agree on the importance of transportation access and a neighborhood grocery store; however, those preferring to downsize are also interested in house and neighborhood design as well as services that will allow aging in place. Income limitations may create affordability problems for some potential movers.

Our culture is dominated by celebrities. Everywhere you turn – news media, social media feeds, even the checkout line at the grocery store – images of celebrities return your gaze. Headlines and po...

Using data from a survey of residents living in a United States Department of Agriculture defined food desert in Duluth, Minnesota, this article examines the diverse ways that people living in a neighborhood without a grocery store feed themselves. We found that there is no singular experience of living in a food desert. Many neighborhood residents were highly mobile and shopped at a wide variety of local grocery stores, and a small group of neighborhood residents without cars relied on public transit, neighborhood convenience stores, and borrowing vehicles in order to provision themselves. These coping strategies were expensive and time-consuming, especially for the most vulnerable members of the community such as single parents and those without cars. We use the variety of experiences of people living in a food desert to propose interventions that would help improve food access in the community.

Head and face injuries requiring a hospital visit are a consistent problem for young children shopping with their caregivers. Falls from shopping carts are the most common cause of such injuries. Using a reversal design with a 2-month follow-up, research assistants verbally prompted caregivers with small children seated in a shopping cart to put a safety strap on their child when entering a grocery store. Compliance resulted in the child receiving a gold star sticker. The sticker was used to identify participants for subsequent data collection when exiting the store. Verbal prompts and stickers increased safety belt use, and most children (95%) remained strapped in during their entire visit. A 2-month follow-up showed the effects to be short lived.

Sigfried GiedionUniversity of Minnesota Press, 2013(Oxford University Press, 1948)608 pages, 524 black-and-white photos$29.95 (softcover)Strolling through the typical American grocery store, we exp...

A participative goal-setting and feedback intervention increased cashiers' identification-checking behavior at a large grocery store. The cashiers' identification-checking percentages increased from 0.2% at baseline to 9.7% during the intervention phase and then declined to 2.3% during withdrawal. At the control store, the percentages of identification-checked purchases were 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.7%, respectively, during the A-B-A phases at the intervention store. A comprehensive social-validity assessment showed ID-checking to be accepted by both cashiers and customers.

Adult and child visitors (N = 33 groups) participated in a study of interactions with one another and with artifacts at a children's museum. The study focused on differences in types of engagement based on the exhibits in which the artifacts were embedded (a grocery store exhibit vs. a water table exhibit). Results from a series of partial correlations demonstrated that some types of engagement varied significantly by exhibit, age of child participants, and child-to-adult ratio. Also, from the start to the end of an interaction, social interactions declined among 14 groups whereas child–artifact interactions increased (following a pattern of Vygotskian internalization). These results contribute to understanding the physical and social ecology of children's use of artifacts and may inform museum exhibit design.

This article investigates antecedents of grocery store format patronage behaviour of elderly shoppers. Based on a literature review, we set up a conceptual model that proposes effects between the perception of store attributes, satisfaction, patronage intention and behaviour. We test the model using a survey of more than 400 supermarket patrons aged 60 and over who live in a highly concentrated urban retail environment. Variance based structural equation modelling reveals that the product range and the price–value ratio have the most impact on patronage behaviour. Nevertheless, response based segmentation identifies unobserved heterogeneity in the overall modelling results. Unlike demographic characteristics of the respondents, the variables ‘availability of a car’ and ‘problems in walking longer distances’ explain the heterogeneity of the results between segments where significantly different impacts of accessibility and price–value ratio on patronage behaviour can be identified.

Quantification of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is an important aspect in quality control of designer eggs. Prediction of these fatty acids would be of value for egg grading stations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to classify the eggs according their content in n-3 PUFA as a rapid and non-destructive technique. Furthermore, HSI was used to predict the content of n-3 PUFA in designer eggs. Normal eggs, eggs containing 75 mg and eggs containing 125 mg docosahexaenoic acid were purchased from a grocery store. After hyperspectral transmittance images were collected in the spectral region of 900-1,700 nm, the eggs were broken and analyzed chemically in order to measure fatty acid content. Regions of interest (ROIs) of about 3,000 pixels from each egg were selected. K-means analysis was performed to classify eggs into the three aforementioned types. The classification accuracy was 100%. A partial least-squares regression model was built and used to link the ROIs with results obtained from the chemical analysis. The correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted values of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were 0.94, 0.73 and 0.87, respectively. The root mean square error values for the validation sets were 38.65, 3.31 and 7.03, respectively. These results showed that HSI could be used both for discriminating the eggs between normal and designer eggs and for prediction of n-3 PUFA content in eggs.

Interoperability in the Grocery Store The spirit of this column is to take what we can from our everyday experiences, events, places, and services—in other words, experiences that are right in fron...

This study is based on shopper assessments of grocery store services. It suggests that there is a direct relationship between consumers' attitudes regarding a store's service quality and their intent to continue to choose that store for much of their ongoing shopping needs, given that the service remains the same or improves. The findings, while limited, posit a possible connection between service quality satisfaction and potential ongoing revenue. In addition, it is suggested that store pricing, store formats, and shopping enjoyment may mitigate ongoing choice. The findings should encourage service-focused small businesses not currently doing so to consider putting quality measurements in place to guide the satisfaction-revenue connection.

The authors share results of a study conducted to measure the attributes of grocery stores that are the most important for consumers in a market recovering from war and transitioning to a market economy. Applying a trilinear coordinate plot, the authors develop a model that consists of those attributes. The findings led to conclusions that services and location, rather than the historically favored attribute of price, increasingly are key factors affecting store choice. Managerial implications are discussed and future research directions are suggested.

Innovative solutions are required to overcome increasing demands on food bank resources. A social enterprise venture in the form of an agency-run grocery store called “The Market” was developed by the Food Bank of Delaware (FBD) with the goal of bringing food to the citizens of an inner-city neighborhood. The project began with a pilot store and a feasibility study evaluated the challenges and successes. The evaluation generated recommendations for development of a permanent store and future research. The Market is one model of social enterprise in the area of nutrition and food security.

This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of those grocery store customers who tend to be store loyal versus those who are not store loyal. The study examines the relative importance of characteristics such as service, physical facilities, promotions, pricing structure, and various demographic factors that may impact store loyalty. Findings indicate that customer service and physical characteristics of a store (i.e., convenient store hours and parking) are of fundamental importance to the store-loyal shopper. Interestingly, it was found that loyal shoppers are more concerned with pricing issues than nonloyal shoppers. Additionally, based upon the loyalty literature, it would seem logical to assume that the findings presented in this study may well be applicable to other food-related industries, including the foodservice industry. Managerial strategies are discussed.

The purpose of the paper is to examine the degree of innovation in the grocery category and analyse to what extent the presence and growth of retailer brands influence innovativeness in different grocery categories from a customer perspective. Using the Swedish grocery market, 34 grocery categories were studied from 2000 to 2004. Data from Gfk household panel data, Mintel database of product releases and face-to-face interviews with consumers are used. The paper uses four alternative measures of category innovativeness capturing different levels of consumer orientation. The study is limited to one geographic market over a four-year time period. Although the panel data are based on the purchase data of 300 households, one of the four alternative models is in part only based on a sample of 59 respondents. The study shows that there is no empirical support for the suggestion that retailer brands have a negative impact on the overall innovativeness in the grocery categories. However, there was a significant p...

What is the relationship between economy and culture? To address this question, the paper draws a parallel between the well known fairy tale Hansel and Gretel on the one hand and the American grocery business in the twentieth century on the other hand. From the thirties to the fifties, American grocers (like the witch) happened to progressively use their shops (like a cake house) as a means to attract children (like Hansel and Gretel). However, the parallel shows that fairy tales and market exchanges are connected not because the second refers to the former, or the other way round, but because they describe and perform similar scenes and action patterns, like economics (as a tale) performs the economy (as a fact), but also the other way round: the analysis focuses on the situated and 'equipped’ processes that produce both facts and culture, along the pragmatic view of Actor Network Theory.

Background: Low-income residents of neighborhoods lacking a full-service grocery store may find it difficult to access healthy and fresh foods. However, will the mere opening of a full-service groc...

S: You were born in California in 1951 as a third-generation Japanese American. Can you say something about your family's immigration history? How does it affect your way of looking at the world and your writing?Y: I was born in Oakland in the Bay Area. My mother's father came to San Francisco before the turn of the century. Soon after the earthquake of 1906, he and my grandmother opened a grocery store, the Uoki Sakai Fish Market on Post Street, currently right opposite the Miyako Hotel in Japantown, San Francisco. Now my cousins run the store, and the store will be 100 years old this year.

Quaker Oats advertising campaigns have long aimed not only at the stomach, but the conscience: “Think you don't have time for a hot breakfast?” asks one. “Think again.” The implication is clear: there is something especially wholesome and nourishing about a piping-hot bowl of oatmeal, and the smiling man in eighteenth century garb offers a product that makes it easy to do what another Quaker ad calls “the right thing to do.” But how can we be sure? What makes food “right”—health effects alone, or ethical/moral considerations about the business of getting that food from the farm to the grocery store?This paper rubs the sleep out of its eyes and takes a closer look at what's in the steaming bowl on the breakfast table. It turns out that a dollar spent on Quaker oatmeal is a dollar in PepsiCo's bank account, and that part of that dollar goes to one of the world's largest suppliers of beef cattle. Meanwhile, it's no coincidence that the suicide rate is climbing among the farmers of the Canadian Great Plains …...

Four benefit-evaluation dimensions are identified for grocery customers. They are: (1) Product Areas and Clean Store, (2) Prices, Variety of Products, and Quick Checkout, (3) Quality Service, and (4) Convenient Location. Key results are: (1) satisfaction with low prices, variety of offerings, and quick checkout is positively associated with first-store loyalty among supercenter shoppers and (2) satisfaction with service quality and convenient location is positively associated with first-time loyalty among traditional grocery chain shoppers. With the conclusion supercenters “own” in particular the price and wide product assortment positions, managerial recommendations are presented for traditional grocery chains, since service quality and convenient location are their strategic strengths.

To examine the extent to which differences in the initial encoding of information affect preschoolers' vulnerability to suggestion, 4 groups of 4-year-olds (N = 54) individually participated in a simulated shopping event in which they were asked to purchase 6 items from a specially constructed grocery store. Half the children had only 1 opportunity to purchase the list of items, whereas the remaining half returned to the store on multiple occasions until they correctly purchased all 6 items on 2 consecutive trials. Following the shopping event, the children were interviewed in either a neutral or suggestive manner on 3 occasions over a 3-week period. The suggestive interviews contained strongly worded suggestions that certain items had been purchased, when in fact they had not been on the list. One week later, all the children were questioned by a new interviewer. Compared with the children in the other 3 groups, those in the 1-trial suggestive group were more likely to spontaneously report suggested item...

Hackers can be anyone – in the grocery store, in your workplace, or they might even live next door. The reason they can be so discreet is because of social engineering, or human manipulation to gain what they desire. By plying on the human need for trust and acceptance, social engineers utilize influence tactics to gain information and access, which can be devastating for financial losses, stolen intellectual property, and an irreparable reputation. This can affect not only the individual person but also businesses and corporations.

Many small rural towns have lost local grocery stores to larger, more centralized towns. As a result they become food deserts, places with no or few proximate food stores. This study examines differences among rural food desert residents and their access to grocery store patterns. We find that households in two rural lowa counties regularly shop two grocery stores weekly and travel about 18 minutes each way. While most residents of these counties use their own vehicle to obtain food, older persons and those with limited incomes are more likely to be dependent on family, friends, neighbors and others. Sixteen percent of open country compared to 11 percent of rural town residents regularly shop for food out-of-county at supercenters, discount and wholesale food stores. An increasingly rural aging population suggests lower mobility, isolation, and future access to food store concerns as retail food consolidation continues. Policy makers need to examine rural transportation systems and develop an infra-struct...

This study examined navigation and search in an on-line grocery store, and how solving those tasks was related to subjects' age, spatial ability, working memory, computer- and Internet experience. Task complexity was also included in the design of the experiment. In the study 48 subjects participated, there was one group of elderly and one group of younger subjects. The results showed that the elderly subjects needed more time to complete the tasks. Both age groups spent more time to find the items in the complex task, but there were also age differences for the complex task, where the elderly subjects spent more time with the complex task. It turned out that age, spatial visualisation ability and working memory had the strongest impact on performance for the complex task. For the easy task, on the other hand, Internet experience had the strongest impact on performance. Though this may seem discouraging to elderly users, it was also the case that the elderly, less experienced, subjects underestimated the time they spent performing the tasks. Thus, even if it took long time to solve the tasks, these elderly users did not experience it as such. Finally, implications for interface design of on-line grocery stores are discussed.

Moores University of California, San Diego, Cancer Center's Asian Grocery Store-Based Cancer Education Program trained bilingual, bicultural student health educators to provide breast cancer information to Japanese American women. A subset consented to help evaluate the program by completing baseline and follow-up surveys. Study participants reported high adherence to mammography screening guidelines, but lower than optimal adherence to clinical breast examination (CBE) and monthly breast self-examination (BSE) guidelines. While less than half of the women felt they had enough knowledge about breast cancer, nearly all indicated that they would be willing to share any knowledge they gained with loved ones and that their loved ones would be receptive to their information. A limitation of the study is its small sample.

This study focuses on researching the relations between consumers and grocery stores in the countryside. Paying more attention to researching retailing and consumer behaviour in rural areas is important because most studies have focused on researching urban consumers' buying behaviour while paying rather little attention to that of rural inhabitants, especially in sparsely populated areas. By examining the buying behaviour of rural consumers and the positive and negative features connected with the product and service supply of rural stores, the following research questions are addressed. Which factors have an impact on the store choice of rural consumers and is it possible to identify different buyer groups on the basis of consumers' shopping orientation? The objective of the study was to find new consumer buying behaviour information that can help to improve the competitive capabilities of rural grocery stores. The study identifies the most relevant store choice factors of an ideal grocery store and the...

The author, director of the public library in Garland, Texas, briefly describes the latest branch library in the suburban library system-a building in a former grocery store. Photographs illustrate the new facility.

Traditional models of economic development such as economic base and urban revitalization models have been found wanting. Both models rely on expert-based assessments of local development needs. More recent approaches call for a stronger focus on local development needs and resident skills as the basis for designing development strategies. One such neighborhood-based approach to development is presented in this paper. Its initial step was a survey of 444 households representing 1398 residents conducted in the Hamilton Hill and Vale neighborhoods of Schenectady, New York a 'downsized' community of about 65,000 residents in the Capital District of New York State. Survey results show a strong need for recreation, childcare, a grocery store, care for the elderly and home repairs. Residents' self-assessed job skills and interests appear to be well suited to meet these needs. Yet despite these promising results, barriers to neighborhood-based development persist. These barriers reiterate the long history of iso...

Luther Washington was a friendly, shy, intelligent boy, the oldest of five children who lived with their parents in Butterfield, Kansas. He was one of sixteen African Americans who attended Butterfield Central High. His father owned a small grocery store in the town's black district. His mother cooked dinners for one of the town's bankers. For some reason, which his parents never understood, Luther was fascinated by numbers. One day, when he was ten, he surprised his father by saying: "Dad, I've discovered an easy way to tell if a big number can be divided by four or eight and not have anything left over." The family was having breakfast. "Tell us about it," said Mr. Washington. "Well," said Luther, "if the last two digits"?his grade school teacher had taught him to distinguish digits from numbers?"can be divided by four with nothing left over, the big number also can be divided by four. Otherwise, it can't. And if the big number's last three digits are a product of eight, so is the big number." "Interesting," said Mrs. Washington. "But I can't see how that could be of any use to anybody." "I don't care whether it's any use or not. I just think it's neat." "I wish you wouldn't waste so much time on such things," said Mr. Washington. "All the math you'll ever need in life is knowing how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, and how to make change." "Maybe so," said Luther. "But there's something wonderful and mysterious about numbers."

The typical customers in an electronic grocery store (EGS) in Finland are wealthy dual-career families with small children, who live around large cities. Their expected benefits, reduced time and effort, are at least fairly well met by the existing EGSs. When comparing the users and the non-users of EGSs in our data, we find that in addition to the evidently important size of the household, the critical issues are threefold, and related to: the primary reason to choose an electronic channel over a traditional one; consumer preferences between lower price-level and better service; and information needs of the customers.

Citrus fruit (oranges, tangerines, grapefruit or lemons) purchased in a grocery store can be experimentally infected with readily-available sources of Penicillium digitatum to demonstrate the four basic steps of Koch's postulates, also known as proof of pathogenicity. The mould is isolated from naturally-infected citrus fruit into pure culture on artificial agar medium. The mycelium is then reintroduced into uninfected fruit from which the pathogen can be recovered. The entire set of procedures can be completed in as little as four weeks, using easily available equipment. In addition to demonstrating the importance of associating a disease with its causal agent, the exercise also allows for practicing sterile technique. None of the hundreds of students who performed these steps in college lab settings has ever experienced an allergic reaction to the fungus, making this a very safe, quick and inexpensive demonstration.

Time of day variables and exposure to food and food-related cues have been shown to impact our desire to eat. However, age and gender-related factors which likely affect appetite are rarely, if ever, examined. The purpose of the present study was to determine if younger, middle-aged, and older men and women differed in terms of hunger, dieting, and their reactivity to grocery store cues across the day. Hunger and dieting differences between the age groups were evident. Also, generally, middle-aged and older adults tended to report more hunger after strolling through a grocery store (especially during the afternoon and evening) while younger adults did not.

Standing in line at the grocery store not long ago, I overheard one young mother say to her friend, “I’d just like to go to sleep for the next 10 years and wake up when he’s 21.” The developmental phase known as adolescence is viewed by many as one that is, although inevitable, to be avoided at all costs. Health professionals generally provide a great deal of anticipatory guidance to parents about child development during infancy and the pre-school years, but few are prepared to help parents anticipate and celebrate what is truly special and exciting about adolescence. In this special issue, we hope to provide new information about this unique, unavoidable, exciting, and special phase of life. Adolescence encompasses the second decade of life and is characterized by profound changes in every dimension of the individual. Most notably, it is a time when persons become sexually mature (puberty), when they begin to think more abstractly (about themselves and others), and when social relationships take on new meanings for them. For the majority of individuals and their families, this is a special time of transition from being dependent on parents and older siblings to being fully independent. Most adolescents enjoy relatively good health, but the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, n.d.) asserts that one out of every ten adolescents has a mental illness leading to functional impairment. These youth are at high risk for dropping out of school, engaging in aggressive and violent behaviors, and experiencing a poor quality of life. Approximately 2 million of our nation’s youth each year will attempt suicide (National Alliance for Mental Illness, n.d.). Recent dialogues among health professionals have increased our awareness about the scope and severity of mental health needs among children and adolescents, but a number of barriers remain that prevent them from getting the services they need. One of the most significant barriers is stigma. Despite increasing knowledge about treatments and services that exist, many people remain fearful and suspicious of accessing them.

This study evaluated the effect that pictures had on the vividness of over-the-counter (OTC) medication packages. One hundred OTC medications, analgesic and cough-old products, fifty packages with and fifty without pictures, were selected randomly from a local grocery store. Product labels were evaluated by fifty pharmacy students who had completed an OTC medication didactic course and fifty students who had not completed the course. Packages with pictures were rated higher on vividness and were considered more interesting, reassuring, stimulating, and convincing compared to packages without pictures. Although, the effect of vividness was evident, pictures had no effect on product recommendation scores. Participants completing a OTC medication course had significantly lower product recommendation scores compared to those who had not completed the course. Packages were considered to have very little informational value as opposed to promotional value. Manufacturers may consider these results in fu...

Literal sentences use preferred word orders, in which prototypical members of taxonomic categories (e.g., an orange) precede nonprototypical ones (e.g., a lemon), rather than vice versa (as in The man bought an orange and a lemon in the grocery store; Kelly, Bock, & Keil, 1986). Similar word orders are also preferred in metaphorical expressions (e.g., milk precedes kisses in "The boy swallowed milk and kisses in his warm bed"). Sentences that violate this tendency are more frequently inverted in recall than those that do not. This word order is used more frequently in poetry.

Wal-Mart and Kmart, the two largest American discount retailers, have begun to utilize a supercenter retailing format that combines a full-service grocery store with a discount department store. Supercenters are expected to be the major format for future expansion of each of these firms. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spatial expansion strategies of each firm for the locations of its supercenters. Wal-Mart is quickly expanding its number of supercenters in modest-sized communities clustered around its grocery distribution centers, especially in Southern states. Conversely, most Super Kmart Centers are located inthe suburbs of widely scattered major metropolitan markets, and Kmart has yet to develop a grocery distribution network. Kmart currently has major financial problems that severely restrict the expansion of the Super Kmart Center format.